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作 者 ：邓振镛,张强,王强,王润元,王劲松,王鹤龄,徐金强

期 刊 ：生态学报 2010年 30卷 14期 页码：3672~3678

关键词：黄土高原；旱作区；冬小麦；土壤贮水力；农田耗水量；水分生产力；水分利用率；

Keywords:the Loess Plateau, arid region, wheat, soil water storage capacity, soil water consumption, water productivity, water use efficiency,

摘 要 ：选择黄土高原旱作区8个冬小麦测站2m土层深度多年土壤贮水量与产量资料，从大气降水-土壤水-作物循环系统的理论观点出发，研究了土壤贮水力和农田耗水量对冬小麦水分生产力的影响。该区域是一个贮水和保水性能良好的天然土壤水库，半干旱区、半湿润区、湿润区1m和2m土层内最大贮水力分别为270、299、331mm和561、605、676mm，随湿润度增加而增大；但实际贮水能力只有111、183、269mm和230、370、550mm，相当于半干旱区、半湿润区和湿润区最大贮水力的41％、61％和81％，可达到最适宜贮水量的51％、76％、102％。半干旱区远不能满足冬小麦生长需要，达到严重干旱程度；半湿润区只能勉强维持生存需要，达到轻度干旱，必须采取一套有效保墒耕作抗旱措施。冬小麦全生育期2m土层农田实际耗水量和蒸腾系数分别为304-343mm和330-648，随干旱程度增加而增大。冬小麦全生育期降水量只能满足耗水量的65%-95％，有5%-35％的耗水量是从播前土壤贮水量补给的。冬小麦营养生长阶段浅层耗水量大于生殖阶段，但深层耗水量正好相反。土壤贮水量是该区域冬小麦生产力最重要因素，冬小麦土壤水分籽粒生产力为0.30-1.38kg/mm，平均为0.87kg/mm，生物产量生产力为1.416kg/mm，随干旱程度增大明显递减。旱作区冬小麦水分生产力低而不稳，但潜力很大。必须在肥力、耕作、管理等措施要跟上，水分生产力水平才能提高。

Abstract:Soil water storage capacity is the primary factor affecting crop productivity. To determine the effects of this capacity on winter wheat production in the Loess Plateau in western China, we have collected data of soil water content and winter wheat production over multiple years from eight observatory stations located in semi-arid, semi-humid and humid areas. These data were analyzed based on the circulatory theory of Air precipitation- Soil water-Plant (ASP). These areas were considered a high performance water resource. In semi-arid, semi-humid and humid areas, the calculated maximum soil water storage capacity was 270mm, 299mm, 331mm in 1 m depth and 561mm, 605mm, 676mm in 2m depth respectively. The capacity increases with increased humidity. However, the actual maximum soil water storage capacity determined was drastically lower, only 111mm, 183mm and 269mm in 1m depth and 230mm, 370mm and 550mm in 2m depth, corresponding to 41%, 61% and 81% of the maximum water storage capacity for semi-arid, semi-humid and humid areas, respectively. The capacity amounted to 51%, 76%, and 102% of the optimum water storage amount in these three areas. As a result, the semi-arid areas were far short of water supply to meet the requirement of winter wheat growth, causing a severe drought condition. Whereas, the sub-humid areas barely met the water supply, sustaining a mild drought condition. Hence, appropriate soil moisture conservation measures were necessary to increase wheat production in sub-humid areas. During the entire growth period of winter wheat, the transpiration ratio and water consumption in 2m soil layer were 330-648mm and 304-343mm, which increase with increasing drought conditions. Natural precipitation accounted for about 65%-95% of the water requirement, and pre-sowing soil storage water supplied 5%-35%. In shallow soil layer, winter wheat water consumption was higher during vegetative growth than that during reproductive growth period. In contrast, in deep soil layer, reproduction growth consumed more water than vegetative growth. For winter wheat, the soil water grain productivity was 0.30-1.38kg/mm with an average of 0.87 kg/mm. The biomass productivity was 1.416kg/mm. The productivity decreased dramatically with worsening drought conditions. These data suggested that the winter wheat water productivity in dryland areas of Loess Plateau in western China was low and unstable. To increase the water use productivity, appropriate measures in fertilizer use, farming techniques, management, etc will have to be taken into account.

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