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作 者 ：林先贵*,陈瑞蕊,胡君利

期 刊 ：生态学报 2010年 30卷 24期 页码：7029~7037

关键词：土壤微生物多样性；土壤微生物系统学；土壤微生物过程学；土壤微生物功能学；

Keywords:soil microbial diversity, soil microbial systematology, soil microbial processology, soil microbial ergology,

摘 要 ：土壤中蕴藏着高度的微生物多样性，在陆地生态系统中发挥着非常重要的功能，加强对土壤微生物资源的综合管理与开发应用是提升生态系统稳定性与生产力及农产品质量的重要途径。首先，土壤微生物多样性具有全球性的重大意义，有待完善对土壤微生物的检测与监测技术研究，进而实现土壤微生物多样性与土壤功能的耦合以及对土壤质量的评定；其次，土壤微生物作为一种宝贵的生产资料和可持续资源，要加强其在土壤肥力强化与保育、土壤障碍消减与调节、土壤污染控制与修复等3个领域的应用研究。最后，未来土壤微生物学发展将会形成土壤微生物系统学、土壤微生物过程学与土壤微生物功能学3个子学科，要建立土壤微生物种质资源库与遗传信息库，推进土壤微生物生理代谢过程、生物化学过程及生态行为过程的研究，联结土壤微生物与土壤功能的关系,并从土壤中的功能微生物出发对环境变化作出积极响应和主动调控。此外，原创性方法的建立与应用是限制土壤微生物学发展的技术瓶颈，联合生物地理学与生物信息学破译重要基因的特定生态功能，并将其应用到生态模型以及生态系统未知领域的研究中去，是土壤微生物学面临的挑战。

Abstract:Soil is one of the main reservoirs of microorganisms on the planet and soil borne microorganisms are one of the earth′s greatest sources of biodiversity. Soil microorganisms play an irreplaceable role in maintaining soil health and quality, contain tremendous economic values in agriculture, chemical, industrial and pharmaceutical industries, and in addition have great potentials in alleviating environmental crises such as global warming and loss of biodiversity. Therefore, the linkage between soil microdiversity and their ecological services, and the comprehensive management of soil microbial resources are considered necessary to maintain the stability of terrestrial ecosystems and to strengthen ecosystems productivity. Herein, we reviewed the improved techniques for detecting and monitoring soil microbes and their applications as a sustainable resource in many areas, predominantly in the enhancement and conservation of soil fertility, in the elimination and regulation of soil obstacles, and in the remediation and control of soil contamination. The field of soil microbiology is continually advancing, and may be generally divided into three sub-disciplines in the near future: soil microbial systematology, soil microbial processology and soil microbial ergology. Soil microbial systematology is to study taxonomy, diversity, phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of soil microorganisms, mainly including two aspects: (1) to establish soil microbial germplasm bank through traditional methods i.e. isolation and pure culture of microbes; and (2) to establish soil microbial genetic information bank through molecular biology techniques. These two sides are combined and provide the basis for the preservation, development and utilization of soil microbial resources. Soil microbial processology, taking microorganisms activities as subjects, is to study microbial metabolic processes, material transformation, energy transfer and information exchange in soils. Physiological processes, biochemical processes and ecological behavior processes are involved in this component. Furthermore the complexity of interactions in the soil, including interactions between microorganisms and interactions between microorganisms and plants or animals needs to be addressed in investigations of soil microbial processology. Soil microbial ergology aims at exploring ecological services of soil microorganisms in terrestrial ecosystems, obtaining knowledge in the coupling of soil microbial diversity and soil ecological functions, and predicting the responses of soil microbes to the environmental changes, and finally regulating soil ecological services actively. This field aims to answer the questions regarding the roles of soil microbes play in driving earth′s biogeochemical cycles, how to maintain and enhance soil fertility and productivity, how to participate in the maintenance of ecological stability when meeting disturbance, and how to restore or rebuild ecosystem services in degraded ecosystems and in contaminated soils. However, considering the impressively large microbial diversity and the highly heterogeneous environment observed in soils, complete description or sequencing of soil microorganisms is virtually impossible with the current technologies, thus the innovation of improved techniques will be another study frontier. With the help of biogeography and bioinformatics, decoding soil ecological functions of specific genes and applying them in the dark aspects of ecosystems will be a major challenge for future work.

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