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作 者 ：赵娜,林威鹏,蔡昆争*,王建武

期 刊 ：生态学报 2010年 30卷 19期 页码：5327~5337

关键词：堆肥；番茄；青枯病；土壤酶活性；BIOLOG；土壤微生物多样性；主成分分析；

Keywords:compost, tomato, Ralstonia solanacearum, soil enzyme activity, BIOLOG, soil microbial functional diversity, Principal Component Analysis,

摘 要 ：合理施用堆肥能够有效地改善植物的生长条件和土壤的生态环境，从而提高植物对病害的抗性。通过盆栽实验,研究了家畜堆肥浸渍液及堆肥混土对番茄青枯病的防治效果及其对土壤酶活性和土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明，家畜堆肥浸渍液及堆肥混土均对番茄青枯病有一定防治效果，以体积分数1∶1、1∶3的浸渍液处理和质量分数10%的堆肥混土处理效果较好，分别降低病情指数69.4%，31.5%和13.0%。而且浸渍液处理效果优于堆肥混土处理，浓度越高抗病效果越明显。堆肥混土处理可提高土壤脲酶活性，对蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性影响不大；1∶1堆肥浸渍液处理能显著提高土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性。基于BIOLOG方法的土壤微生物群落功能研究表明，两种堆肥处理的平均每孔变化率（AWCD）值、Shannon多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数均较对照减小,而对于Alatalo均匀度指数则没有显著影响。不同堆肥处理间微生物碳源利用存在较大差异，堆肥混土处理的主要碳源是糖类和羧酸类物质，而浸渍液处理则是糖类和氨基酸类物质。通过主成分分析得到的堆肥处理聚类结果与各种处理的抗病性强弱分类情况相吻合，且与AWCD值、Shannon多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数的强弱分类也大致吻合。研究表明，施用家畜粪便堆肥主要通过改变土壤微生物群落多样性和土壤酶活性，提高番茄植株的抗病性。

Abstract:Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is the most important bacterial disease of tomato crops, traditional chemical control is limited because of its efficiency and also it may result in serious negative effects to the environment. Soil amendment with compost has been a viable agronomical practice alternative to suppress disease as well as an attractive waste management strategy. The addition of mature compost to soil improves soil ecological environment and favors plant development, thereby strengthens plant resistance to pathogen，especially for soilborne plant pathogens. Compost amendments therefore maintain and enhance the fertility and productivity of agricultural soils, allowing a sustainable land use. This study investigated impacts of compost soil mixture (CSM) and compost water extract (CWE) on tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum, soil enzyme activity and soil microbial community functional diversity. Results showed that both CWE and CSM strengthened tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum. Compared to the control treatment, application of volume fraction 1∶1 and 1∶3 CWE as well as mass fraction 10% CSM showed a good tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum, decreasing disease index by 69.4%, 31.5% and 13.0% respectively 27 days after disease inoculation. The CWE treatment had better tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum than that of the CSM treatment and such a resistance increased with the CWE content. The CSM treatment significantly increased soil urease activity but had no impact on soil sucrase and catalase activities. Compared with the control treatment, the 1∶1 CWE treatment significantly increased soil urease and sucrase activities. Based on the results from BIOLOG analysis for soil microbial community, two kinds of compost treatments significantly reduced the rate of substrate utilization (average well color development, AWCD), with the increase of compost concentration, the lower AWCD value was got. Shannon index and Simpson index of soil microbial community were also decreased after compost application as compared to those of the control treatment. The CMS and CWE treatment had no significant influence on Alatalo evenness. There was a distinct difference in carbon source utilization by soil microorganisms among compost treatments. The main carbon resources used by microbial were carbohydrates and carboxylic acid for the CSM treatment and were carbohydrates and amino acids for the CWE treatment. The classification resulted from principal component analysis (PCA) was accorded with the classification of the tomato resistance to bacterial wilt. This study suggests that livestock waste compost is one of the effective measures to control Ralstonia solanacearum, but the inhibitory effects depend on the treatment patterns and concentrations of compost, and the enhancement of tomato resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum by livestock waste compost is associated with the modification of soil microbial community functional biodiversity and enzyme activity, and as a result, enhance the competition and/or antagonism among microbes, leading to a decrease in plant pathogens activity.

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