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作 者 ：贺纪正*,葛源

期 刊 ：生态学报 2008年 28卷 11期 页码：5571~5582

关键词：微生物生物地理学；微生物多样性；群落结构；种-面积关系；距离-衰减关系；理论；

Keywords:microbial biogeography, microbial diversity, community structure, species-area relationship, distance-decay relationship, theory,

摘 要 ：生物地理学是研究生物（包括种群、群落等不同层次）地理分布格局及成因的一门交叉学科。微生物生物地理学的研究长期滞后于宏生物地理学。鉴于土壤微生物在调控生物地球化学过程和维持生态系统功能方面的重要作用，对其空间分布格局及形成机制的认识具有十分重要的理论和实际意义。随着分子生物学技术的发展，对微生物多样性的认知日益深入。越来越多的证据表明，土壤微生物群落结构和多样性具有一定的时空分布格局，从而对微生物全球性随机分布的传统观点提出了挑战。对当前土壤微生物生物地理学研究中的一些概念性问题，如微生物物种的定义、微生物多样性的定量测度、对微生物全球性随机分布的争论等，进行了系统评述；以微生物种-面积关系和距离-衰减关系为例对当前最新的土壤微生物生物地理学研究成果进行总结，并初步探讨了土壤微生物群落的地带性分布问题；在传统生物地理学理论的指导下，提出了一个可用于验证土壤微生物空间分布格局形成和机制维持的简单研究框架。这些对今后土壤微生物生物地理学的研究有一定借鉴和指导意义。

Abstract:Biogeography is the cross science of biology and geography to explore the spatial distribution pattern of the organisms (population, community etc.) and the mechanisms that generate and maintain such pattern. For centuries, biologists have studied distribution patterns of plants and animals at different spatial scales. While few similar studies has been carried out for microorganisms in the past due to the limitation of techniques. Considering the significance of soil microorganisms in biogeochemical cycling processes and maintaining ecosystem function, knowledge of the spatial patterns and mechanisms involved in soil microbial distribution is fundamental to develop sound management strategies of the terrestrial ecosystems. Culture-independent molecular techniques now make it possible to explore the microbial diversity more deeply and widely than ever before. As a result, differing from the traditional understanding of the microbial cosmopolitanism, increasing evidence supports the idea that free-living soil microorganisms vary in their abundance, composition and diversity across various taxonomic and spatial scales, which makes soil microbial biogeography a hot research topic in recent years. Here, with discussion to the conceptual frames including the microbial species concept, the quantitative estimation of microbial diversity, and the arguments for microbial cosmopolitanism, we illustrate recent progress in soil microbial biogeography by taking microbial species-area relationship and distance-decay relationship as examples, then initially explore the possible zonal distribution of the soil microbial biota, and develop a simplified theory framework which can be used to examine the mechanisms involved in the generation and maintenance of the soil microbial distribution pattern. This review illustrates significant advances in soil microbial biogeography and proposes perspectives and framework for future research.

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