Abstract:Guandishan Forest region is a typical mountain secondary forest region in North China. All of the original forest has been destroyed by centuries of human activities, especially the clear cutting and man made forest fire during the Japanese Occupation between 1940 and 1945. After that, the forest landscape is totally in a restoration process. Now, the forest landscape is highly heterogeneous and complicated. So it is a challenge to determine if there is any stable pattern or trend of the landscape elements...