Abstract:Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inhabit a variety of ecosystems including farmland, forests, grasslands, deserts, marine beaches, saline soils, coal-mine spoil heaps, and industrially polluted zones. The biodiversity of AM fungi is considerable. The first objective of this paper was to survey the species richness, spore density, frequency, and relative abundance of AM fungi in the island forest-land of Bohai Bay, Shandong Province, the saline soils in Yellow River Delta, the coal-mine spoil heaps in south...