Abstract:Glaciations especially the Pleistocene glaciations have important effects on the patterns of spatial distribution and genetic structure of organisms. Glacial refugium is the area where plants and animals could survive the severity climate and physical condition during glaciations, in particular the last glaciation. Studies on the glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization patterns can help reveal the relationship of different flora and fauna, understand speciation, and improve biodiversity conservation....