通过田间试验，研究了菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥和中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥与无机复混肥等价格施入对小麦产量、氮素利用率以及土壤微生物多样性的影响。结果表明，3种堆肥原料有机无机复混肥处理的小麦子粒产量（5838.8～6243.1 kg/hm²）为化肥处理（5880.4 kg/hm²）的99.3%～106.2%，差异不显著。猪粪处理和菜粕处理的小麦子粒的氮素累积量（分别为100.2 kg/hm²和95.8 kg/hm²）显著高于化肥处理（85.9 kg/hm²）和中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥处理（84.5 kg/hm²）；3种有机无机复混肥的氮肥回收效率和氮素利用率（包括氮素生理利用效率和氮素子粒生产效率）都高于化肥处理的氮肥回收效率和氮素利用率。对各处理土壤DNA条带采用邻接法分析表明，施入外源有机物质(菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥与中药渣堆肥)可以改变土壤的微生物细菌群落结构，而施入化肥对土壤的微生物细菌群落结构影响较小。本试验条件下，施用3种堆肥原料的有机无机复混肥可以获得与施用化肥相当的小麦子粒产量，提高小麦的氮素回收和利用效率，改变土壤微生物细菌群落结构。

A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of applications of organic-inorganic mixed fertilizers (OIMF) and chemical fertilizer (CF) on yield of wheat, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and soil microbial diversity. Rapeseed cake compost (RCC), pig manure compost (PMC) and Chinese medicine residue compost (CMC) was mixed with CF (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). The costs of all the treatments except the CK were same. The results show that the wheat yields of the three OIMF treatments are from 5838.8 to 6243.1 kg/ha which are about 99.3%–106.2% of the yield of the CF treatment (5880.4 kg/ha). The total N accumulation amounts of wheat in the PMC (100.2 kg/ha) and RCC (95.8 kg/ha) treatments are significantly higher than those of the CF (85.9 kg/ha) and CMC (84.5 kg/ha) treatments. The N recovery rate (NRR) and NUE (N physiological use efficiency and N grain production efficiency) of the three treatments of OIMF are higher than those of the CF treatment. Results of the neighbor joining analysis indicate that the applications of organic fertilizers could alter soil bacterial communities, while the application of CF has little effects on soil bacterial communities. Compared with the CF treatment, applications of the three kinds of OIMF could obtain the same grain yields of wheat, increase the NRR and NUE, and improve soil bacterial communities under the same cost of the fertilizations.