免费文献传递   相关文献

Estimation to Dead Surface Combustible Parameters and Evaluation of Potential Surface Fire Behavior of Artificial Coniferous Forests in Chengde County

承德县人工针叶林地表枯死可燃物参数估测及潜在地表火行为评价


The dead surface combustibles of artificial coniferous forests in Chengde were focused in this paper. Predicting models between fuel loading and the stand and landform factors, as well as between water ratio of combustibles and weather factors were established with a regression analysis method. The models were effective in calculating fuel loading and water ratio. Fuel loading, water ratio and thickness of combustibles are regarded as the parameters of potential surface fire behavior. Based on a cluster analysis, the potential surface fire behavior of different forest lands was divided into 3 classes: strong, medium, or weak surface fire. The results indicated that most of artificial coniferous forests were in the status of medium surface fire, the risk of surface fire of mixed forests was lower than pure forests, and that of sapling forests and half-mature forests was higher than near-mature forests.


全 文 :! !"" ! #$#
% $ $ &$ #$ %
& ’ ( )
’()*+,)- ’)./-* ’)+)(-*
/012!"*+02#$
3456*
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
% $ $ &
PQhlmRKacCS+NT(]-hH9DEcCU*^ST"
/L&#$% !1’% o’(% !)&7 Q"7! ,:*! +L:!
F#2 Vddv)H EUM $8"$$$T%2 Vd_’*) bt $8#$$$T72 bE|&’V bE $98"$$T!2 ]8|&’V ]8 $98!$$f
$%&U <>:2&TLp;E}TLp;j|CTCD’S[pg
’()*+#’89%27 ,-./0#- ,12+##$$# : 8!;;3%$$&4#$ : $#97 : $"
|&’#U%$$; : $& : $!P
j()*UVdw\]&’(Q)*F$8#$77%f~y@RwP
!"#$%&#$’( #’ )*&+ ,-./&0* 1’%2-"#$23* 4&.&%*#*." &(+ !5&3-&#$’( ’/ 4’#*(#$&3
,-./&0* 6$.* 7*8&5$’. ’/ 9.#$/$0$&3 1’($/*.’-" 6’.*"#" $( 18*(:+* 1’-(#;
<=0 >=0?@=#*% AB=CD =01@!
F#2 !"#"$ %&’() *+$,"’-$(. /)0+12$03&4 $8"$$$T%2 51’$647(4’" *+$,"’-$(. &8 !"#"$ 90&:$+1 $8#$$$T
72 ;&’"-(’. 94’"04 &8 <$+1=40+ >&4+(.*!"#"$ <’&,$+6" <$+1=40+ $98"$$T!2 ;&’"-(’. 94’"04 &8 >)"+1:" >&4+(.*!"#"$ <’&,$+6" >)"+1:" $98!$$f
92"#.&0#U ,BJ KJ=K LEMN=4J 40OPEL5@P1JL 0N =M5@N@4@=1 40C@NJM0EL N0MJL5L @C (BJCDKJ QJMJ N04ELJK @C 5B@L R=RJM 6 SMJK@45@CD
O0KJ1L PJ5QJJC NEJ1 10=K@CD =CK 5BJ L5=CK =CK 1=CKN0MO N=450ML*=L QJ11 =L PJ5QJJC Q=5JM M=5@0 0N 40OPEL5@P1JL =CK QJ=5BJM
N=450ML QJMJ JL5=P1@LBJK Q@5B = MJDMJLL@0C =C=1HL@L OJ5B0K6 ,BJ O0KJ1L QJMJ JNNJ45@TJ @C 4=14E1=5@CD NEJ1 10=K@CD =CK Q=5JM M=5@0 6
UEJ1 10=K@CD*Q=5JM M=5@0 =CK 5B@4VCJLL 0N 40OPEL5@P1JL =MJ MJD=MKJK =L 5BJ R=M=OJ5JML 0N R05JC5@=1 LEMN=4J N@MJ PJB=T@0M 6 >=LJK 0C
= 41EL5JM =C=1HL@L*5BJ R05JC5@=1 LEMN=4J N@MJ PJB=T@0M 0N K@NNJMJC5 N0MJL5 1=CKL Q=L K@T@KJK @C50 7 41=LLJLUL5M0CD*OJK@EO*0M QJ=V
LEMN=4J N@MJ 6 ,BJ MJLE15L @CK@4=5JK 5B=5 O0L5 0N =M5@N@4@=1 40C@NJM0EL N0MJL5L QJMJ @C 5BJ L5=5EL 0N OJK@EO LEMN=4J N@MJ*5BJ M@LV 0N
LEMN=4J N@MJ 0N O@IJK N0MJL5L Q=L 10QJM 5B=C REMJ N0MJL5L*=CK 5B=5 0N L=R1@CD N0MJL5L =CK B=1NWO=5EMJ N0MJL5L Q=L B@DBJM 5B=C CJ=MW
O=5EMJ N0MJL5L 6
<*; =’.+"U =M5@N@4@=1 40C@NJM0EL N0MJL5LTNEJ1 10=K@CDTQ=5JM M=5@0 0N 40OPEL5@P1JTR05JC5@=1 LEMN=4J N@MJ PJB=T@0M
W&’SSHLp;XW&p8~j!;SW
2*j/KL5’S[pgOX~?,P]8|[
R@E5*de~<>:2&*&Ke!~SDJ
2cE*OX’S[~roH]+*zb*mKLC
D’S[pg~z{*q’SSHLp;~M^E
}Aj|CopwxQRF’B=C "( 07 2*%$$%f*;G
^iXYYh&@~CD’S[pgbv*#*[
g\OP*3*)=C0Lp;E}FG+:*%$$"T
_>L(*%$$8fxLp;j|CF~_&(*%$$#f?
g%&~z{op*}~QR*G0Lp;~E|
e$XCD’S[pghiAO67~^LQR@
YEHP9s>$wpM*~&@x’%x8-(K
Lz{{&M^Lp;E|~x823*9YME
|gCD’S[pg~?@./*mYh&’~C
D’S[pgop@^9?@(}*LYmI^’
68iKj~!’X
YYh&@^3~Lp;@]AbY*gh’&[
~@}O6]O|}j!A6cQ}*;G+bL
’>P&[~[9>?P
> 56<=
#2# :;<() ]8|([Vdw\dy*x,
ade//*\d"TR~wtLC*$by8w
"2& X &2$ Y*{|}D !"$ X ;"$ OOWR*%}E}
7D 8$& %d*Z[?w2*OH)*3(’8
9*T)@T*,dwr*P./Y-H;/.g
N*.bcw*./=sc+Pr$~ ## %Xf$
~ "%gon~[[#*|R),"dib1#x,
o(xC=Vxd*(T*Gb&eP
#2% pEab %$$;$ "%d[]8|d*(&
ex1#&enzR*Q}Yh~&@^3x&G*t
ubSSH~xPF<$+4- (0#470"8&’?$-fa&xJ2P
F@0’$A 1?"7$+$$fa&xxPJ2P[(&*>$sk
E]~vvip 7$ O Z 7$ O~u’*u’N}@A
&vA!,x!"xU+x{gx&’xQR,x&G(’%y
&’z{*vM* %& -0<*"; {u’~|}*B
7xP-G&xxP,!&xJ2P7G&xxPJ
2P[(&-G&xxPJ2P[(&,!&M !
{*xP7G& "#{*J2P-G& "!{P
Lp;E}~8tUDu’R25mQG"s
kip ${ " % & " %0uv*yzSJ;~w,*
8*r-uvR " ’*"( ’y "(( ’iNLp;~z
S}*‘u2I^_‘8tj|CPMu’~8t
hiop*rD #3\& "f*%N $-\&P
Lp;@^/OU" ’ iNLp;$$$(J;
b*jg0[ ()$ *%~0D*U2y’7T"( ’iN
Lp;$$$’@ib*jg ()! + #)$ *%~0D5T
"(( ’iNLp;$$$jg #)! + ,)$ *%~8$F6
Vt(*#((!fP
&R8-z{~8tUru’g " -68]*
@/t$ -:*"*?fxwz,S68‘uh3
".iM’d ")$ %^~*?xZmz,yQ8w,P
")- <=78 n‘IK%NW+ #. ’TE+S}*$\{3b8S}*
qrlr-uvRYh1^Lp;j|CULp;
j|CF0f1FzS} 2+S}f3+S} & "((0P
l}0uvRLp;j|Cym:1^~Lp
;zS}L8rlMu’AMwx0<~ "*"(*
"(( ’iNLp;~E}F45H’%2 #fP
"). ;m’SSHLp;bKL~ .-&@z{F{gxU
+x&’xQR,fy - -’%z{F+~x!(x!
,f?g+:}*>$3qIJ@Bv{&M^Lp
;E}a45z{~|)x823P4-vvXO
kmz:}Y_c0~+:}*(bemz:}b
#$kG~+:}F6Vt(*#((.f*t$~Hu7
g ()($*Ok7g ()"PGLp;j|Ca8-z
{R~lKQR#$~XIJ@Bv7~6yVu
vP|}^6#$ 6766"")$@AP
#f)^@Bv >$ 876|}^6KL*t$
KL)^@Bv*Y " ’iNLp;E}x’S!L
p;E}xLp;~j|CySJ;b~w,?g
)^~z{*m #9-0<~CD’S[pgbvo
p)^@B*)^M;#$r!M;*)^vvg;
rbvyv*Q})^QRet@}/O*mM&’
~CD’S[pgop(}@}P
! efL)T
#)" klw;:6IJ>?%@!A0;<2B
T56 {EMu9|}*;&3A&G~Q,m
M^Lp;E}opVc@BFm "fP
;m "LYllUwx~ , 1<>:2&^3
m " Yh&@^3~’SSHLp;E}
:;5< " 8=>? @ABC>*= CA=D DE>?;F5 EC ?;CC=B=FFG @G>F? GHI=@
"UJ2P-G& 6>ID;F5 CEB=@G@ EC ! < "#$%&’&&T#UJ2P7G&
J>DCK%>GAB= CEB=@G@ EC ! < "#$%&’&&T-UxP-G& 6>ID;F5 CEB=@G@ EC
( < )*+,%*$-./#&0T .Ux P 7 G & J>DCK%>GAB= CEB=@G@ EC ( <
)*+,%*$-./#&0T $U x P , ! & L=>BK%>GAB= CEB=@G@ EC ( <
)*+,%*$-./#&0T!UxPJ2P[(&-G& 6>ID;F5 %;M=? CEB=@G@ EC
( < )*+,%*$-./#&0 >F? ! < "#$%&’&&T,UxPJ2P[(&,!&
L=>BK%>GAB= %;M=? CEB=@G@ EC ( < )*+,%*$-./#&0 >F? ! < "#$%&’&& <
7*’SSHLp;E})+~gJ2P7G&*B
fgxPJ2P[(&,!&*J2PM&’~L
p;E}cxP&%+PDM&’^3~’S!L
p;E}7*" ’ iNLp;E}SKVLmnc
+T"(( ’iNLp;E}45$GW~2@zb2
t~20~=*5SKVLUZmcf*9/;xP
gl*X0[#~2@’,c3#0*L=XX0[
#+4uDa+4,hU,{fSDPmh2^3
g5*^ [X0SW7[#~M1^Lp;E}y
+[X0SW$#*D2tU,"noh$GmL
p;E}~KLP5Lp;E}R~rs9YX6
zAkm~*GXE1z{{E?$~QRP
g};M^Lp;E}aBKLz{WR~l
K*>$3qIJ@BvmYh&@^3~Lp;
E}at‘~&@x&’z{opIJ@BFE/
(*#((,fPz " ’iNLp;E}SSp8~0p
U,*’S!Lp;E}SS’SLp;ab~=
}*9QRNOm " ’iNLp;E}x’S!Lp
;E}op@B**X~lK23HS "P
Xi_LV*{&~M^Lp;E}aKLz
{~lK23$[x8XLp~PmMIJvUo
p@B*-1&@^3~ " ’iNLp;E};Xn
26z{~KLcgT#*qU+mxPJ2P[
.!" & ’ ( ) .$"
C ! BCa)*\cCS+NT(V8AYZ[\!
"#$%! &’()’**+,- .,/’0* ,1 /’#/ *2)1#3’ 12’0 0,#/+-( 1,) /+11’)’-4 *4#-/ 456’*
&@^3 !"#$% "&’( iN )*+(,-#. 23 /0%(- ! "
xPJ2P[(& /*1(% 203(4"4 02
# 5 $%&’(%)*+,-./ #$% 0 5 1-)(.2..
6 7 3 8 9 ::;<== > ?@A;@B=4B C;ADD ==;:B:!!
!q )0"#- 3 8 9 ? ==A;:6? > B BBB;<=D4? 9 BB6;DAD4< C;AA@ 6?B;AD:!!
J2Pa& EF3( 203(4"4 02 0 5 1-)(.2.. 6 7 3 8 A CC6;DD@ 9 ?!q )0"#- 3 8 D @?C;::D46 9 B??;DB64< C;AA6 BBA;AA=!!
xPa& EF3( 203(4"4 02 # 5 $%&’(%)*+,-./ 6 7 3 8 B ?6A;@CC > BB=;B@D4B C;D<6 :;BCB!
!q )0"#- 3 8 9 D CBA;DC@ > ?<<;@664B > A;==D4= > ABC;:664D C;A=< BA;B@:!!
! 46U{g GHIT4BUU+ )3(( 7(*.7"T4?U&’ J#$0’& %*#+("(3T4@UQR, J30K$ %($4*"&T4=U+~ L-(M#"*0$T4DU!(F17vf!-0’(
-0N#"*0$F#44*.$+($"fT4(&yxPa&~ 6 7 iNLp;E}=X^K
L*J2Pa&~ 6 7iNLp;E}NO;X!
,~-?$*+cX545!,~2*jm0~~
=PG ?1&@^3~’S!Lp;E}NO;E
-z{~(/KLUmxPJ2P[(&g5*!
Lp;E}NO;&’y!,~vhKL*&’m
B=X^dKL*G!,mB=X-?$T{gy
!,{E?$[J2P&’S!Lp;E}~*
0*{gmB%m^KL*G!,mB=X-KLT
GxP&~!Lp;E}NOXU+x+~x!({
E?$~QR*q45Mz{|7~2**!E}j
2*~=P237*U+x!, B-z{lk~f|
cE*mLp;E}~KLcT#P474O.l
~X*M237H>Hu~z{9kmLp;~E
}Y=XKL*4L=Xt‘~u’Db^z{"
~rsc0SDP
B;B klw;:6IJ>?%@!)-y%CD
56 getLp;j|Ca&R8-z{~l
K*YYh&@^3’SSH!Lp;~byj|
Cgz:}*>$EFLqIJvvop@B*X#
$Hi_*{&hxPJ2P[(&xJ2Pa&x
xPa&a&R8-z{~EFIJ23FS BfP
C 7 BCa)*\cCS+NT(ARrq[\!
"#$%7 8,/’0* ,1 9#4’) )#4+, 1,) /’#/ *2)1#3’ 12’0 0,#/+-( ,1 /+11’)’-4 *4#-/ 456’*
&@^3 !"#$% "&’( 23 /0%(- ! "
xPJ2P[(& /*1(% 203(4"4 02 # 5 $%&’(%)*+,-./ #$% 0 5 1-)(.2.. 3 8 ==;BCC 9 ?;6==%6 > C;?<<%B 9 ?;:=:%? C;A:= B6;DCD!
J2Pa& EF3( 203(4"4 02 0 5 1-)(.2.. 3 8 ?C;C=B 9 ?;C6D%6 > C;A:6%B 9 ?;B6<%? C;A=A BD;xPa& EF3( 203(4"4 02 # 5 $%&’(%)*+,-./ 3 8 6;:A? 9 C; C;D6@%B 9 @;C:?%? C;:A@ 6C;DD6!!
!%6U8w Q*3 "(+’(3#"F3(T%BUZmz, R(-#"*M( 7F+*%*"&T%?U*? S*$% 4’((%5
)S BLYllULp;j|C~IJvU(
ELRca*Yh&@^3j|C~*0VX)Q
8w,xZmz,YA*?vhat~*w,A*?
mB=X-KL*GZmz,mB=X~X^KLP
B;? {|IJEF=GH;< 6fM&’CD’
S[pg~)^QRA(}?@ gOeXYM-
&’~CD’S[pgbv*;Lp;9I~@H
lO*Y’SSH!Lp;E}x6 7iNLp;E
}xLp;j|CySJ;b~w,g)^z{*m
BA-0<~CD’S[pgbvop)^*)^Q
RHm BP
m7@#/gu]R~M;*M;@,*STp
=@ZC*tu B@;@B^gDRM;/O**Xrs
T#~ ?-DP)b*nYh&’CD’S[pg
@grsT#~ ? - F^E5>(*BCC6fPgo2
qetM^~?@@R*0M0<~|}D @-C
D’S[pg@^./"@/opW;917*q
DSJ;w,x’S!Lp;E}x6 7iNLp;
E} ?-./"*jo|7;0X*~4;; 6X
BA17*GDLp;j|C4-./"Qo;*X
0~4;1g 6 X BAPl}M./~*@7Lq
rlM0D)^@B~j!"QEM0g~{E@7*LtCD’S[pg(}~Zm/
O*9op@}hi*hiQRgM0pg~Zm?<~CD’S[pg@g ?^U?{xPJ2P[
(&-G&x?{xP-G&xxP7G& Bg<’
S[^3T?{xPJ2P[(&,!&xJ2P-
G& 6xJ2P-G& BxJ2P-G& @xJ2P-
G& D T :xxP7G& 6xxP7G& ? T Dx? {x
P,!&g7,’S[^3TJ2P-G& ?xJ2
P-G& =x? {J2P7G&#g?,’S[^
3P4O.l~X47S5~?<(X2-Zm~
uj*9YXEmkG"~?)^@B7 6CI&’*+cXJ2P-G& @
=D6! 6C# +mE(U]8|<>:2&’SSHLp;E|x8ACD’S[pghi
m ! M&’CD’S[pg~)^QR
"#$% ! &’( )*+,-(. .(,+*- /0 1/-(2-#3* ,+.03)(
0#.( 4(’35#/. /0 6#00(.(2- 0/.(,-*326,
7 8 9UxPJ2P[(&-G& 7 8 9 :/% 7 8 :/% 9 /0 ;31*#2$
<#=(6 0/.(,-, /0 ! % "#$%&#’()*+,- 326 . % /+’&,0,,T> 8 ?UxPJ2P
[(&,!& 7 8 9 :/%7 8 :/% 9 /0 2(3.@<3-+.( <#=(6 0/.(,-, /0 ! %
"#$%&#’()*+,- 326 . % /+’&,0,,TA 8 7>UJ2P-G& 7 8 B :/% 7 8
:/%B /0 ,31*#2$ 0/.(,-, /0 . % /+’&,0,,T7C 8 7AUJ2P7G& 7 8 9
:/% 7 8 :/%9 /0 ’3*0@<3-+.( 0/.(,-, /0 . % /+’&,0,,T7B 8 !DUxP-G
& 7 8 9 :/E7 8 :/% 9 /0 ,31*#2$ 0/.(,-, /0 ! % "#$%&#’()*+,-T!7 8
!?UxP7G& 7 8 ? :/E7 8 :/% ? /0 ’3*0@<3-+.( 0/.(,-, /0 ! %
"#$%&#’()*+,-T!A 8 !FUxP,!& 7 8 9 :/E7 8 :/% 9 /0 2(3.@
<3-+.( 0/.(,-, /0 ! % "#$%&#’()*+,- %
>Jgh!!^*g7,’S[^3*5B{E*@
7Zmc0Pmo0<~M[pg./op@B*
km42\%~NOVzL=Xo&’D’S!L
p;E}xLp;j|C !-./"ao^~BC
&’VcZ,*SY>Jg2^TG 7 ’iNLp;
E}~*@7T#0[BC&’*m{E*@7b
Zmc*~KL*+D2tU,"5To./mC
D’S[pgKLc*P
!fYh&@^3CD’S[pg@B ;&
@^3~Q,mM&’~CD’S[pgbvop
@B*#S >P
0TS >*VUJ2Pa&cxPa&A[(
&g5*OX’S[~roHc**b C-0<~C
D’S[pgg?,’S[^3*KSwx~J2
Pa&u’|}~ >CECG*G/9Hlk<’S[
^3~&’TxPa&yxPJ2P[(&9#b
^[?,’S[^3~&’*NOb<’S[y7
,’S[ !-^3*OX’S[~roHZmc0*
B7xPJ2P[(&<’S[y7,’S[^3
~&’MK2’*GxPa&<’S[^3&’~
VLZmc0*4+D2tU,"5Th[(&O
X’S[~roHca&0*DTh[(&~;&
2!O<[a&P
C ! /WXDEcCU*^Yg
"#$%! &#’( )* +),-’,.#/ 012*#3- *.2- $-4#5.)2 )* 6.**-2-’, *)2-0,/#’60
^/
H*3,,#0#)3-#/2
(}
I32J
CD[pg K/-(2-#3*
,+.03)( 0#.( 4(’35#/.
0:/E /0 ,-326 326 1/#2- /0 1/-(2-#3* ,+.03)( 0#.( 4(’35#/.
"^ H*3,," < L(3J M CD 7F9!f*!F!!f*9F>9f*7BF9?f*7F >!f*!DF9?f*!!F>Ff
!^ H*3,,! 7 N(6#+< CD 8 AC
>FADf*CF?Bf*?FCFf*AF?!f*BFC!f*7DF>7f*7!FA!f*79FADf*7>FA9f*!7
F?Bf*!9F?>f*!>FCDf*!CFCDf*!?FCCf*!AF?Af*!BFA7f*!F ??f
#^ H*3,,# ? ;-./2$ O AC F BBf*77FB!f*7CFB?f*7?FABf*7AFBBf
C 7 BCa)*\DEcCU*^AUV
"#$%7 8)9+#2#,.5- #’#/:0.0 )* +),-’,.#/ 012*#3- *.2- $-4#5.)2 $-,;--’ 0,#’6 ,:+-0
CD’S[pg(}
I32J /0 1/-(2-#3*
,+.03)( 0#.(
4(’35#/.
xPJ2P[(&
N#=(6 0/.(,-, /0 ! % "#$%&#’()*+,-
326 . % /+’&,0,,
J2Pa&
K+.( 0/.(,-, /0 . % /+’&,0,,
xPa&
K+.( 0/.(,-, /0 ! % "#$%&#’()*+,-
0<|}
P-’( ,-326
Ko&3~VL
K./1/.-#/2 3))/+2-(6 0/.
,-326 -Q1(,RG
0<|}
P-’( ,-326
Ko&3~VL
K./1/.-#/2 3))/+2-(6 0/.
,-326 -Q1(,RG
0<|}
P-’( ,-326
Ko&3~VL
K./1/.-#/2 3))/+2-(6 0/.
,-326 -Q1(,RG
< L(3J 9 CD D D > 99E9
7 N(6#+< 9 CD ? C>EC B ??EA
? ;-./2$ D D C >CEC D D
9fYh&G~&’CD’S[pg@B ;
&G~Q,mM&’~CD’S[pgbvopV
c@B*QRHS CP
)S CLYllU-G&y7G&SW~&’
CD’S[pg@Z[ 9-(}*M&’Rrsc
**^ [?,’S[^3~&’T#E[,!&*0
T@BFCM)^z{~wx7Ok*! {?,’
S[^3~-G&’~Lp;j|CaBC-G&
’,C*GB 7 ’iNLp;E}y’S!Lp;
E}4 !-z{~|7T#+[BC-G&’*a
??7 & ’ ( ) >C"
C ! BCaZacDEcCU*^UV
"#$%! &’()#*#+,-. #/#012,2 ’3 )’+./+,#0 24*3#5. 3,*. $.6#-,’* $.+7../ #8.2
CD’S[pg(}
!"#$ %& ’%()#(*"+
,-.&"/) &*.)
0)1"2*%.
-G& 3"’+*#4 &%.),( 7G& 5"+&67"(-.) &%.),( ,!& 8)".67"(-.) &%.),(
0<|}
97%-#( %& ,("#:
K-G&~VL
;.%’%.(*%# "//%-#():
&%. ,"’+*#4 &%.),(,<=
0<|}
97%-#( %& ,("#:
K-G&~VL
;.%’%.(*%# "//%-#(): &%.
,"’+*#4 &%.),(,<=
0<|}
97%-#( %& ,("#:
K-G&~VL
;.%’%.(*%# "//%-#(): &%.
,"’+*#4 &%.),(,<=
< >)"$ ? @ABC D DDBD E E
7 F):*-7 ? @ABC G GGB? ? DEE
? 3(.%#4 A D@BA H HHBH E E
H{?,’S[^3~7G&’Vc/,*4+5
T4 A-z{m-G&’S[~KLZmc*T7
G&SW~&’^[7,y?,’S[bY~vK
h IIBC=*T#E[-G&*4X)[42SW~
:>;^[X0~m9SW*M^Lp;~E}Z
mc+*GMXYKLm&’0Z[Nd<=^~
"[ZEH%;*Lp;~j|Cc,!&f*zb
7G&X2-roHZmc+~$GSWTGwx
~ ?{,!&7*9#b^[?,’S[^3~&
’*OX’S[~roHZmcfP
9 e|L{|
9QR{&~M^Lp;E}a&@x&’z
{*Lp;j|Ca8-z{~IJlK23~(
ELRca*D&[O6>?7*LY$g78Lp
;E}ALp;j|C*4523+DThLp;
E}ALp;~j|Cbv;E1zA~KL*X
Ez{{E?$~~QR*GMKLz{~?$T
YNZhP237S_A~z{wxG6*G/2
y@z{LY;W&,=&27M**qrGFC
O*gW&Lp;~O6]O25F!WKFY-v
(*AEEIfP
;Lp;9I~@HlO*QE)^@B~Q
R*0]8|<>:2&CD’S[pg@g H-
(}F’0Z(*DCCCf*on*y@&’^[7,y
<’S[bY*?,’S[&’~VLZmc0P
m[^[?,’S[bY~&’O\]%L*5+
Y=>P<,y7,’S[bY~&’FsQ>*
AEEDf*4gh’&’y(b:mH~opc&[[
]OhQ}Pc’S[OX~roHg5*xPJ
2P[(&O0[J2Pa&yxPa&*,!&
O0[-G&y7G&P
9QR{&~x823YAmCD’S[pg
~?@*YJgh’W&[[~O6]OLN~Q
}*G/;mIh^’68~>?}*^ $i7c
+P{7J[e[4vd~,X*YJOQR’S
Lp;*;:o0|}8YALp;~^jx|b@
EbvaCD’S[pgQEIg*YF^ix8
XY[pgOX~:YP
] ^ , -
Y-v*9 ’*Gq‘*( J AEEI J *wY0#7&nW&HLp;
E}ABKLz{ J XY)’X*AKFDfUGE L GGJ
_>L*4U;*(‘G J AEEK J de"W0<>xP&’SSHL
p;-z}QR J &’,=O6*FGfUGH L GIJ
G+: J AEEG J >$&@@Az{78W&’>Lp;E}~QR J
&’()*@DFGfUC? L DEEJ
’0Z*E5>*Roe J DCCC J %07Wd!NO:>^3CD[
pg?@ J \d&’*))<*AKFGfUAE L A@J
6Vt*l (*)3* J AEE? J 0}(&nNOLp;^3’SL
p;E}@B J \d&’*))<*H@F?fUH@ L H?J
6Vt*M&9*R0{ J AEE@ J W&Lp;E|a&@@AlK J
+41p)<*DHFAfUKE L KGJ
~_&*E{G*pQK*( J AEED J 2178W&Lp;j|C~v
v J [1()*DEFHfUDGC L D?AJ
sQ> J AEED J ’>Lp;a&3[o(}?@ J Gq&’(t*
F?fUH L ?J
E5>*’0Z*p~7*( J AEED J %0W&CD[pg|}@^A
?@./QR J &’()*HKFDfUDED L DE?J
E /*&\T J AEEK J 0}(&nJ2P&Lp;23A[pgb
v J +41p)<*D?FAfUDAK L DHAJ
31"# M N*5- 5 O*N*- P Q*!" #$ J AEEA J Q*2*,*%# %& &%.),( &-)+ (R’) ".)", %&
5)*+%#4S*"#4 ;.%2*#/) 0R -,*#4 TU3J V%-.#"+ %& W%.),(.R !),)"./1*DH
FDfU?D L ??J
=>?@A :;K?D! DE# +mE(U]8|<>:2&’SSHLp;E|x8ACD’S[pghi