全 文 ：北美外来植物中原产东亚类群的学名考证
马金双
(中国科学院昆明植物研究所,云南 昆明暋650204)
摘要:作者在整理北美外来入侵植物中发现一些起源 (或主要分布)于东亚植物的学名,在北美乃至欧洲
使用非常混乱。本文特将有关重要类群整理出来,包括异名、原产地、北美的分布以及必要的讨论等。
关键词:外来植物;北美;原产地;东亚;分类群;修订
中图分类号:Q949暋暋暋暋暋暋暋文献标识码:A暋暋暋暋暋暋暋文章编号:0253灢2700(2010)01灢014灢11
NomenclaturalNotesonAlienVascularPlantsinNorth
AmericaOriginatedfromEastAsia
MAJin灢Shuang
(KunmingInstituteofBotany,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Kunming,650204,China)
Abstract:Thescientificnamesoftwenty灢threealienvascularplantsinNorthAmerica,originatingfromEast
Asia,arereviewedhere,sincetheirusesinNorthAmericaaredifferentfromthoseinEastAsia.Mostare
takenfromtheinvasiveplantsliteraturesinNorthAmericaaswelasinEurope,butafewarealsofromn灢
ativeflorasinEastAsia.Thesynonymsforeachacceptedspecies,alongwiththeirdistributionsbothin
NorthAmericaandinEastAsia,withdiscussionifnecessary,arealsoprovided.
Keywords:InvasivePlants;NorthAmerica;NativetoEastAsia;TaxonomicNotes
1.Alhagimaurorum Medik.inVorles.Churp灢
falz.Phys.灢Ocon.Ges.2:397,1781.Syn.
A灡pseudalhagi(M.Bieb.)Desv.inJ.Bot.Agric.
1:120,1813,A灡graecorum Boiss.,Diagn.Pl.
Or.Nov.2(9):114,1849(Fabaceae).
Camel灢thornisanativespeciesfoundin
northwestChina(northGansu,westNeiMeng灢
gu,westQinghai,Xinjiang),northernIndia,
andcentralandwestAsiaaswelasNorthAfri灢
ca,naturalizedin manypartsofworld,inclu灢
dingsouthernAfrica,AustraliaandUSA:AZ,
CA,CO,ID,NM,NV,TX,UT,WA.
Yakovlev(1979)suggestedthatthefivespecies
ofAlhagiin‘FloraofUSSR暞shouldbetreatedas
onespecies,andAwmack& Lock(2002)treated
alspeciesofAlhagiasA灡maurorum ,withsyno灢
nymsincluding A灡sparsifoliaofcentralAsiaand
China(Xu,1998),A灡pseudalhagi (Bal,1968;
Bossardetal灡,2000)andA灡graecorumofEurope
(Bal,1968).
2.Ampelopsisheterophyla (Thunb.)Sieb.&
Zucc.inAbh.Math.灢Phys.Cl.Konigl.Bayer.
Akad.Wiss.4(2):197,1845.Syn.Vitishetero灢
phylaThunb.in Murray,Syst.Veg.ed.14:
244,1784,&Fl.Jap.103,1784(Vitaceae).
PorcelainBerry,anativespeciesfromfar
eastRussia,northernJapan,Koreaandeastern
China,toHimalayas,IndochinaandthePhilip灢
pines,andhasbeencultivatedsincethe1870sin
云 南 植 物 研 究暋2010,32(1):14~24
ActaBotanicaYunnanica暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋DOI:10灡3724/SP灡J灡1143灡2010灡09078
Receiveddate:2009灢04灢20,Accepteddate:2009灢11灢26
作者简介:马金双 (1955-)男,研究员,主要从事植物分类学研究。
USA:CT,DC,DE,GA,IL,KY,MA,MD,
MI,NC,NH,NJ,NY,OH,PA,RI,VA,
WI,WV.
Thisisanextremelyvariablespecies,and
manyvarietiesandformshavebeendescribed
bothfromthenativeareaandfromunderculti灢
vation(seebelowfordetail).Moreover,thereis
stilnoconsensusonnomenclatureeveninthen灢
ativearea:theJapanesetreateditasA灡glandulosa
(Momiyama,1977;Ohba,1999),the Chinese
treateditasA灡heterophyla(Li,1996;1999),but
thesametaxonwasrecordedasA灡brevipedunculata
inNorth America (Antenen,1996)andEurope
(Richardson,1997).Here,abroadconceptisa灢
dopted,withoutfurtherdivision,andthemost
commonsynonymsofthisspeciesincludesat
leastthefolowing:
A灡glandulosa (Wal.)Momiy.inFl.E.
Himalaya2:78,1971,&var灡glabrifolia(Hon灢
da)Momiy.inJ.Jap.Bot.52:30,1977;
A灡brevipedunculata (Maxim.)Trautv.in Trudy
Imp.St.Peterb.Bot.Sada8:178,1883,&
var灡hancei(Planch.)RehderinJ.Arn.Arb.2
:177,1921,& var灡glabrifoliaHondainBot.
Mag.Tokyo45:423,1931;A灡heterophyla
(Thunb.)Sieb.& Zucc.var灡brevipedunculata
(Regel)C.L.LiinChin.J.Appl.Envirn.Bi灢
ol.2(1):47.1996,& var灡hanceiPlanch.in
DC.Monogr.Phan.5:457,1887,&var灡glab灢
rifolia(Honda)Nemoto,Fl.Jap.Suppl.:463,
1936,&var灡kulingensis(Rehd.),C.L.Liin
Chin.J.Appl.Envirn.Biol.2(1):47,1996,
& f.elegans (K.Koch)Voss,Vilm.Blu灢
meng.ed.3,1:183,1894,&var灡citruloides
(Lebas)RehderinL.H.Bailey,Stand.Cycl.
Hort.1:278,1914;A灡humulifoliaBungevar灡
heterophyla (Thunb.)Koch,Hort.Dendr.
48,1853;A灡brevipedunculata(Maxim.)Trau灢
tv.in TrudyImp.St.Peterb.Bot.Sada8:
178.1883,& var灡maximowiczi (Regel)Reh灢
derinL.H.Bailey,GentesHerb.1:36,1920,
& var灡citruloides (Lebas)RehderinL.H.
Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 135, 1923, &
var灡kulingensisRehderinL.H.Bailey,Gentes
Herb.1:36,1920,&f.citruloides(Lebas)
RehderinJ.Arn.Arb.2:176,1921,&f.el灢
egans(K.Koch)RehderinJ.Arn.Arb.2:
176,1921,& var灡citruloides(Lebas)Rehder
inJ.Arn.Arb.4:135,1923,&var灡elegans
(K.Koch)L.H.BaileyinGentesHerb.4:
135,1923,& var灡heterophyla(Thunb.)Ha灢
ra, Enum. Sperm. Jap. 3: 133, 1954;
A灡regelianaCarr.in Rev.Hort.440,1866;
CissusbrevipedunculataMaxim.,Prim.Fl.A灢
mur.68-69,1859.Vitisglandulosa Wal.,
Fl.Ind.2:479,1824;V灡heterophylaThunb.
var灡maximowiczi Regelin TrudyImp.St.灢
Peterb.Bot.Sada2:392,1873,&var灡elegans
RegelinGartenfl.22:197,1873,&var灡vestita
Rehd.inMitt.Deutsch.Dendr.Ges.21:189,
1912;V灡humulifoliaBungef.glabraDebeaux
inActaLinn.Soc.Bordeaux31:132,1876.
3.Araliaelata(Miq.)SeeminJ.Bot.6:134,
1868.Syn.DimorphanthuselatusMiq.,Comm.
Phytogr.95,t.12,1840;A灡spinosavar灡elata
(Miq.)Sarg.,Silva5:60,1903.
Japanese Angelica灢Tree,nativeto north灢
east,southandsouthwestChina,Japan,Korea
andfareastRussia (Wen,2000),hasbeen
widelycultivatedin North Americasincethe
1830s,butnaturalizedandescapedfrom the
MiddleAtlanticregiontoNew Englandinthe
1900s.However,itwasmisidentifiedasA灡spinosa
(LamontandFitzgerald,2001;Zebryk,2003;
Sorrie,2005),anativespeciesofNorthAmerica
fromthe MiddleAtlantictothesouthernand
southeasternUSA,withalongmainaxisofin灢
florescenceatthetopofthestem.Thisspecies,
however,hasno mainaxisofinflorescenceat
al,withfruitandseedsmalerthanthatof
A灡spinosa(Mooreetal灡inprint).Naturalized
inUSA:MA,NH,NJ,NY,PA;andCanada:
ON.
511期暋暋暋MAJin灢Shuang:NomenclaturalNotesonAlienVascularPlantsinNorthAmericaOriginated...暋暋暋
4.Chenopodiumalbum L.,Sp.Pl.1:219.
1753(Chenopodiaceae)
WhiteGoosefoot,nativetoEurasiaand/or
introducedintoNorthAmericaisstiluncertain
inorigin(Zhu,1979;ClemantsandMosyakin,
2003),butiscertainlyknownasaworldwide
weed.Thisisoneoftheworstweedsandmost
widespreadplantsinthe world.Hundredsof
segregatemicrospeciesandinfraspecificentities
oftheC灡albumaggregatehavebeendescribed
and/orrecognizedbyvariousauthors.Someau灢
thorshaverecognizednumeroussegregateinter灢
gradingspecies,whileothershavedevelopede灢
laborateinfraspecifichierarchieswithnumerous
subspecies,varieties,forms,andevennumer灢
oussubforms,orhavecombinedbothapproa灢
ches. Unfortunately, neither approach has
broughtsatisfactoryanduncontroversialresults
(ClemantsandMosyakin,2003).Widespreadin
USA:AK,AL,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,DC,
DE,FL,GA,HI,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,
LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,MT,
NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,NV,NY,OH,
OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,
VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;andCanada:
AB,BC,LB,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,ON,
PE,QC,SK,YT.
5.Dioscoreapolystachya Turz.in Bul.Soc.
Imp.Nat.Mosc.10(7):158,1837;RazinFl.
N.Amer.26:483,2002.Syn.D灡batatasDc灢
ne.Rev.Hort.3:243,1854(Dioscoreaceae).
TheChineseyam originatesfrom eastern
China(northeasttosouthwest),cultivatedas
edibletubers,andwasintroducedintoUSAas
anornamentalvine.In1970s,ithadnotyet
beendocumentedasescapingfromcultivation.
By1986,however,itwasreportedtohavebe灢
comenaturalizedandwasobservedinareasout灢
sideofcultivationinUSA:AL,AR,CT,DC,
GA,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MD,MO,MS,
NC,NJ,NY,OH,OK,PA,SC,TN,VA,
VT,WV.
Thisspecieshasbeenfrequentlymisidenti灢
fiedasD灡batatasinvariousreferencesinEurope
(King,1986)andNorthAmerica(Zhengetal灡,
2004)and D灡oppositifoliaL.(Mueleretal灡,
2003).ThenameofD灡oppositaThunb.(Fl.
Jap.151,1784)hasalsobeenusedinthesense
ofD灡polystachya,whichisanearliernamefor
D灡batatas.Itwasbasedonamisidentification
ofJapanesematerialasthestrictlyIndianspecies
D灡oppositifoliaL.,whichwascitedasasyno灢
nymintheprotologue,thusrenderingD灡opposita
nomenclaturalysuperfluousaswelasanilegit灢
imatename(TingandGilbert,2000).
6.Elymusrepens(L.)GouldinMadro昸o9(4):
127.1947.Syn. Elytrigia repens (Linn.)
Nevsk.inAct.Inst.Bot.Acad.Sci.URSS1
(1):14,1933;Agropyronrepens (L.)P.
Beauv.Ess.Agrostogr.102,146,180,t.20,
f.2.1812;TriticumrepensL.,Sp.Pl.1:86,
1753(Poaceae).
Creeping Wild Ryeis nativeto Eurasia
(temperateEuropeandcentralAsia,northwest
China),butcanalsobefoundinmanypartsof
SouthAmerica,Australia,NewZealandandIn灢
donesia;itisalso widely distributed across
NorthAmerica,especialyinvasiveingrassprai灢
riezonesand/orwetlandsofwesternNorthA灢
merica.USA:AK,AR,AZ,CA,CO,CT,
DC,DE,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,MA,MD,ME,
MI,MN,MO,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,
NM,NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,
TN,TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;
Canada:AB,BC,LB,MB,NB,NF,NS,NT,
ON,PE,QC,SK,YT.
ThisspeciesiswidelyacceptedasElymus
repensinEurope(Melderis,1980)andmuchof
theworld (Mabberley,1992;PlantBook,p.
203),buttheformerRussiannameisstilfol灢
lowedbytheChineseasElytrigiainChina(Kuo
andTsui,1987).
61暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋 暋暋暋暋暋暋暋云暋南暋植暋物暋研暋究暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋第32卷
7.Falopiaauberti (Henry)Holubin Folia
Geobot.Phytotax.6:176.1971;A.J.Liin
Fl.Reipubl.PopularisSin.25(1):102,1998
& A.R.Li,A.E.Grabovskaya灢Borodina,S.
P.Hong,J.McNeil,H.Ohba,& C.W.
ParkinFl.Chin.5:317,2003.Syn.Polygo灢
numauberti HenryinRev.Hort.1907:82,f.
23&24,1907(Polygonaceae).
ChinaFleeceVineisanativespeciesfrom
northtosouthwestChina (Gansu,Guizhou,
Henan,Hubei,NeiMenggu,Ningxia,Qing灢
hai,Shaanxi,Shanxi,Sichuan,Yunnan,and
Xizang).Someauthorsputthisspeciesunder
Polygonum (Akeroyd,1989;Sorrie,2005),
andsomeevenconsiderittobethesameasFal灢
lopiabaldschuanica(Regel)Holub (Baileyand
Stace,1992),basedonP灡baldschuanicum Re灢
gel(TrudyImp.St.Peterb.Bot.Sada8:684.
1883)inUSA:CO,MA,MI,NY,PA,UT,
VA,WA
8.Firmianasimplex(L.)W.WightinUSDA
Bur.Pl.Industr.Bul.142:67,1909.Syn.
F灡platanifolia(Linn.f.)MarsiliinSagg.Sci.
Lett.Acc.Padova1:106-116,1786;Sterculi灢
aplatanifoliaL.f.,Suppl.Pl.423.1781,Cul灢
hamiasimplex (L.)NakaiinBul.Nat.Sci.
Mus.Tokyo31:76,1952;Hibiscussimplex
L.,Sp.Pl.ed.2:977,1763(Sterculiaceae).
ChineseParasolTree,nativetoChina(from
northtosouth,alsocultivatedwidely)andJa灢
pan,is treated as F灡platanifolia in China
(Hsue,1984).USA:AL,AR,FL,GA,LA,
MD,MS,NC,SC,TN,TX,VA.
9.FrangulaalnusMiler,Gard.Dict.(ed.8),
No.1,1768;Syn.RhamnusfrangulaL.,Sp.
Pl.1:193.1753.(Rhamnaceae).
Glossybuckthorn,nativetoEurope,Asia
and North Africa,iscommonly accepted as
Frangulaalnus Milerin Europe (McKean,
1997;Tutin,1968).However,itwastreated
asRhamnusfrangulaL.inChina(distributedin
Xinjiangonly,Chen,1982)andinNorthAmer灢
ica(McClain,1996;KrockandWiliams,2002,
FrappierandEckert,2003;Sorrie,2005).It
wasintroducedtoNorth Americapriortothe
1900sforhorticulturalpurposes,andiswide灢
spreadin USA:CO,CT,IA,IL,IN,KY,
MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,NH,NJ,NY,OH,
PA,RI,TN,VA,VT,WI,WV,WY;and
Canada:MB,NB,NS,ON,PE,QC.
10.Humulusscandens(Lour.)Merr.inTrans.
Amer.Philip.Soc.n.ser.24,2:138,1935;
S.S.ChanginFl.Reip.Pop.Sin.23 (1):220
-221,1998;Z.Y.Wu,Z.K.Zhou & B.
BartholomewinFl.Chin.5:75,2003.Syn.
Antidesmascandens Lour.Fl.Cochinch.2:
157,1790(Cannabaceae).
JapaneseHophasprobablyarrivedinNorth
Americaduetointentionalcultivationattheend
ofthenineteenthcentury.NativetoChina(na灢
tionalwideexceptQinghaiandXinjiang),Ja灢
pan,KoreaandVietnam,itisalsonaturalizedin
Europe,butfrequentlyusedas Humulusja灢
ponicusSieb.&Zucc.bothinEurope(Nelson,
1989)andinNorthAmerica(Smal,1978;Sor灢
rie,2005).WidespreadinUSA:CT,DC,DE,
GA,IA,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,MD,ME,
MI,MN,MO,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,
PA,RI,SC,TN,VA,VT,WI,WV;and
Canada:ON,QC.
11.Kochiascoparia(L.)SchraderinNeuesJ.
Bot.3:85.1809;G.L.ZhuinFl.Reip.Pop.
Sin.25(2):102,1979,G.L.Zhu,S.L.Mo灢
syakin&S.E.ClemantsinFl.Chin.5:385,
2003.Syn.Bassiascoparia(L.)A.J.Scott.in
Fed.Rep.81 (2-3):108,1978;Chenopodi灢
umscopariumL.,Sp.Pl.1:221.1753(Che灢
nopodiaceae).
MexicanSummerCypressfromEurasiaand
Africa,cultivated throughout China, widely
711期暋暋暋MAJin灢Shuang:NomenclaturalNotesonAlienVascularPlantsinNorthAmericaOriginated...暋暋暋
naturalizedinAustralia,andNorthandSouth
America,isanextremelyvariablespecies,and
severalforms,varieties,andsubspecieshave
beendescribed(Mosyakin,2003).Thenomen灢
clatureisalsoextremelyconfusingsinceithas
beenclassifiedeitherasBassia(BalandAker灢
oyd,1993)orChenopodiuminhistory.Widely
spreadinUSA:AZ,CA,CO,CT,DE,IA,
ID,IL,IN,KS,KY,MA,ME,MI,MN,
MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NM,
NV,NY,OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SD,TN,
TX,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;and
Canada:AB,BC,MB,NB,NS,ON,QC,SK.
12.Landoltiapunctata(G.Mey.)Les&D.J.
Crawford,Novon9:532.1999.Syn.Spirodela
punctata(G.Mey.)C.H.ThompsoninAnn.
Rep.Miss.Bot.Gard.9:28,1898;Lemna
punctataG.Meyerin Prim.Fl.Esseq.262,
1818;Spirodelaoligorrhiza (Kurz)Hegelm.
(Lemnaceae).
Dotted Water灢flaxseed,native to warm灢
temperatetosubtropicalregionswithmildwin灢
tersinChina(Fujian,Henan,Hubei,Sichuan,
Taiwan,Xizang,Yunnan,andZhejiang),Indi灢
a,Indonesia,Japan,Malaysia,thePhilippines,
Thailand,Vietnam,andalsofoundinAfrica,
Australia,NorthAmerica,thePacificIslands,
andSouthAmerica.Ithasbeenmoreoftentrea灢
tedin Lemna (Crowand Helquist,2000)in
NorthAmericaorSpiroleda (Lawatree,1980)
inEurope.WidespreadinUSA:AL,AR,AZ,
CA,DC,DE,FL,GA,IL,KY,LA,MA,
MO,MS,NC,OK,OR,PA,SC,TN,TX,
VA.
13.Lespedezathunbergi (DC.)NakaiinBul.
For.Exp.Sta.Chosen.6:1-101,1927.Syn.
L灡formosa (Vog.)Koehne,Deuts.Dendrol.
343,1893; Desmodium formosum Vog.In
Nov.Act.Acad.Leop.灢Carol.19,suppl.29,
1842;D灡thunbergi DC.Prodr.2:337,1825
(Fabaceae).
Thunberg曚sBushclover,fromeasternAsia
(from JapantoIndia),hasbeentreatedas
L灡formosainChina(LiandChen,1995),and
iswidespreadinUSA:AR,CT,FL,GA,IL,
IN,KY,LA,MA,MD,MI,MO,NC,NJ,
NY,PA,SC,VA;andCanada:ON.
14.Lithospermum arvense L.Sp.Pl.132,
1753;Syn:Buglossoidesarvensis(L.)Johns灢
toninJ.Arn.Arb.35:42,1954(Boraginace灢
ae).
Corn Gromwel,anativeof Eurasia,is
treated as Lithospermum in China (Wang,
1990;Zhuetal灡,1995),butasBuglossoidesin
Europe(Fernandes,1972)andinNorthAmeri灢
ca(Sorrie,2005).WidespreadinUSA:AL,
AR,CA,CO,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,ID,
IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,
MO,MS,MT,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NY,
OH,OK,OR,PA,RI,SC,SD,TN,TX,UT,
VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,WY;andCanada:BC,
MB,NS,ON,QC.
15.LonicerastandishiJacquesinJ.Soc.Nat.Hort.
Paris5:514,1859.Syn.Lonicerastandishi
Carr.inFl.Ser.Jard.l曚Eur.13:63.1860
(Caprifoliaceae).
Standish曚sHoneysuckle,fromEurasia,was
introducedinaroundthe1800s,asornamental
and wildlifeplants,andisoftenrecordedas
L灡standishi ‘Carr.暞,laterasynonyminUSA:
IL,KY,MD,NY,PA,VA.
16.Lygodiumscandens (L.)Sw.inSchrad.
Journ.106,1801;R.C.ChinginFl.Reip.
Pop.Sin.2:109,1959.Syn.L灡microphylum
(Cav.)R.Br.Prod.Fl.N.Hol.162,1810;
UgenamicrophylaCav.Icon.Descrip.Pl.6:
76,pl.595,f.2,1801;Ophioglossumscan灢
densL.Sp.Pl.2:1063,1753(Lygodiaceae).
TheOld Worldclimbingfern,nativetoOld
81暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋 暋暋暋暋暋暋暋云暋南暋植暋物暋研暋究暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋第32卷
Worldtropicsand subtropics,from south and
southwestChinatotropical Asia,istreatedas
L灡microphyluminNorthAmerica(Zhengetal灡,
2005).Itwasrecognizedasapotentialproblemnot
longafternaturalizationinUSA:FL.
17.Nephrolepishirsutula(Forst)Presl,Tent.
Pterid.79,1836.Syn. Davalia multiflora
Roxb.inCalcuttaJ.Nat.Hist.& Misc.Arts
&Sci.India4:515,pl.31,1844;Polypodium
hirsutulumForst.,Prodr.81,1786;N灡multi灢
flora(Roxb.)Jarret & MortoninContr.US
Nat.Herb.38:309,1974(Dryopteridaceaeor
Nephrolepidaceae).
TheAsianSwordfernhasbeentreatedin
FloraReipublicaePopulusSinicaetwiceindiffer灢
entfamilies,Dryopteridaceae(Ching,1959)and
Nephrolepidaceae (Wu,1999),and wasalso
frequentlyrecordedasamemberofPolypodium
inNorthAmerica.NativetotropicalAfricaand
tropicalAsia(China:Taiwan,Fujian,Guang灢
dong,Guangxi,Hainan,andYunnanandsouth
Japan),itiscultivatedin Europe (Pageand
Bennel,1986),naturalizedinFloridaandHa灢
waioftheUnitedStates,theCaribbean,tropi灢
calSouthAmerica,andtheMascarenes.
18.Polygonum posumbuBuch.灢Ham.ex D.
Don,Drodr.Fl.Nep.71,Feb.1825;A.J.Li
inFl.Reip.Pop.Sin.25(1):29-30,1998.
Syn.Persicariaposumbu(Buch.灢Ham.exD.
Don)H.GrossinBot.Jahrb.Syst.49(2):
313,1913;P灡caespitosum BlumeBijdr.532,
Dec.1825(Polygonaceae).
TheAsiaticWaterPepperhasbeentreated
eitherasPersicariaposumbu(Buch.灢Ham.ex
D.Don)H.GrossinNorthAmerica(Costeaet
al灡,2005),orasP灡caespitosumBlumebymany
others.ItisnativetoChina,India,Indonesia,
Japan,Korea,Myanmar,Nepal,the Philip灢
pines,Thailand,and wasintroduced around
1910from Philadelphiainto North America,
USA:AL,CT,DC,DE,FL,GA,IA,IL,
IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,
MO,MS,NC,NE,NJ,NM,NY,OH,PA,
SC,TN,TX,VA,VT,WI,WV;andCanada:
BC,NB,ON,QC,SK.
19.Puerariamontana(Lour.)Merr.inTrans.A灢
mer.Philos.Soc.,n.s.24(2):210.1935.Syn.
Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var灡lobata
(Wild.)Maesen&S.AlmeidainJ.BombayNat.
Hist.Soc.85(1):234,1988(Fabaceae).
TheKudzuhasaverycomplexnomencla灢
ture:itwasfirstwidelyusedasP灡thunbgeriana
(Piper,1920;Alexander,1930;Hutchinson
andDalziel,1958).VanderMaesen(1985)re灢
visedthe genus,but wrongly recognized as
P灡lobatavar灡montana,whichwasfolowedby
manyworksbothlocalyandworldwide,evenin
recentyears(Sunetal灡,2005).Afewyears
later,therightnameforKudzuwascorrectedas
P灡montana(Lour.)Merr.var灡lobata(vander
MaesenandAlmeida,1988),butthiscorrection
waspublishedinalocaljournalgivenlittleat灢
tentionbytheworlduntilanotherreportinthe
USAtenyearslater(Ward,1998).Today,itis
stilconfused;forexample,arecentindustrial
monographofPueraria(vanderMaesen,2002)
treatedKudzuasP灡montanavar灡lobatainthe
botanicalsection,butsomeotherchaptersinthe
sameworkusedonly P灡lobatavar灡montana.
More confusing is that the three varieties
(var灡thomsoni ,var灡lobata and montana)
namedbyvanderMaessenareverydifficulttoi灢
dentifyinthefield (LiZhenyu,PE,personal
comm.ofMarch13,2006).Infact,itwasnot
acceptedbyrecentwork (Culen,1995;Cox,
1999;CronkandFuler,2001).Therearemore
namesforKudzuifonechecksmodernlitera灢
tures.Forexample,itisrepresented by 182
P灡lobata,42P灡thunbergiana,13P灡montana,6
P灡thomsoni ,and3P灡hirsutaunderKudzuin
BIOSIS(1980-2005).
911期暋暋暋MAJin灢Shuang:NomenclaturalNotesonAlienVascularPlantsinNorthAmericaOriginated...暋暋暋
Kudzuisanimportanttraditionalmedicine
inEastAsia (Guetal灡,1996;Zhouetal灡,
1995;Zhuetal灡,2002)aswelasakindoffood
ineast,southandsoutheastAsia(Alexander,
1930).Itwasintroducedin1876attheCenten灢
nialExpositioninPhiladelphiaasanornamental
plantfromJapan(BelandWilson,1989),de灢
velopedforuseasforageinthe1920sinFlorida
(Piper,1920),andpromotedinthe1930sby
theUnitedStatesSoilConservationServicefor
erosioncontrol(Alexander,1930;vanderMae灢
sen,1985;BelandWilson,1989)aswelasfor
varioususesinotherfields(Piper,1920;Por灢
terfield,1938).Kudzucoveragewas3milions
hm2inthe1950sinUSA,butduetoitsrapid
growth,itsmotheredtrees,housesandtele灢
phonepoles,andfurtheruseascoverwasdis灢
couraged.Itwasdeclaredaweedin1972 (van
derMaesen,1985),andin1981itwasaboutto
bedeclaredapestbecauseitaffectedc.22000
hm2ofcommercialforestinthestateofGeorgia
(vander Maesen,2002;Shores,1997).As
largeimpenetrablemasses,growingoverwoody
vegetationandabletocompletelyengulfun灢
woodedareas(Godfrey,1988),Kudzucancom灢
pletelyenvelopatree,kilingitbyshuttingout
allight(BelandWilson,1989);itisaserious
andwidespreadinvaderofsemi灢naturalornatu灢
ralhabitat(CronkandFuler,2001)acrossthe
USA (McClainetal灡,2006).Thelessonof
Kudzu,deliberatelyintroducedasausefulplant
withencouragementinthebeginningandresul灢
tinginbeingforbiddenasanotoriousinvasivein
theendisanexcelentcaseininvasivebiology
(Lowney,2002).
Kudzuisnativetoeast,southtosoutheast
Asia,including Bhutan (Griersonand Long,
1987),China(Wu,1994;1995)(exceptHei灢
longjiang,NeiMengguandQinghai),northeast
India(Naithani,1990;KumarandSane,2003),
northernThailand (Lockand Heald,1994),
Malaysia(LockandFord,2004),andthePacif灢
icIslands(CronkandFuler,2001).However,
duetolongtimecultivation,theoriginisuncer灢
tain,butthoughttobearoundwarmtropicalA灢
sia,including south China,northeastIndia,
BurmaandThailand.Fromthere,itwasintro灢
ducedinto Africa (Hutchinson and Dalziel,
1958;Burrows,1989),Asia,Europe(Kartm灢
azovaetal灡,1981;Yakovlevetal灡,1996),O灢
ceaniaandAmerica(D曚Arcy,1980;Bodnerand
Hymowitz,2002).USA:AL,AR,CT,DC,
DE,FL,GA,HI,IL,IN,KS,KY,LA,MA,
MD,MO,MS,NC,NJ,NY,OH,OK,PA,
SC,TN,TX,VA,WV.
20.Reynoutriajaponica Houtt.Nat.Hist.2
(8):640,T.51,f.1,1777;A.J.LiinFl.
Reip.Pop.Sin.25(1):105-106,1998,A.
R.Li&C.W.ParkinFl.Chin.5:319,2003.
Syn.PolygonumcuspidatumSieb.& Zucc.in
Abh.Math.灢Phys.Cl.Konigl.Bayer.Akad.
Wiss.4 (3):208.1846;Falopiajaponica
(Houtt.)RonseDecraeneinBot.J.Linn.Soc.
98(4):369,1988(Polygonaceae).
JapaneseKnotweedisnativetoChina,Ja灢
pan,Korea,fareastRussia,widelycultivated
andbecoming a weedin otherpartsofthe
world.ItwasprobablyintroducedtoNorthA灢
mericainthelate1800sasanornamentalplant
andhasalsobeenusedforerosioncontroland
forlandscapescreening.Ithasspreadthrough
northandcentralEurope,Australia,NewZeal灢
andand mostpartsofUSA:AK,AR,CA,
CO,CT,DC,DE,GA,IA,ID,IL,IN,KS,
KY,LA,MA,MD,ME,MI,MN,MO,MS,
MT,NC,NE,NH,NJ,NY,OH,OR,OK,
PA,RI,SC,TN,UT,VA,VT,WA,WI,
WV;andCanada:BC,MB,NB,NF,NS,ON,
PE,QC.
Therearethreegeneraandtwoepithetsfor
JapaneseKnotweedinthenomenclaturalfield:
theplantmaterialbroughttoBritainfromJapan
wasnamedReynoutriajaponicaHoutt(1777),
02暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋 暋暋暋暋暋暋暋云暋南暋植暋物暋研暋究暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋暋第32卷
andadditionalplantmaterialwasnamedPolygo灢
numcuspidatumSieb.&Zucc.(1846).Laterit
wasdiscoveredthetwoplants wereidentical
(Makino,1901;Beerlingetal灡,1994).Howev灢
er,modernresearchworksuggestthisspecies
shouldbeputinthegenusFalopia(RonseDe灢
craeneand Akeroyd,1988;BaileyandStace,
1992;Beerling etal灡,1994;1995;Seiger,
1996;Cox,1999),buthasneverbeenaccepted
bylocalflorasineastAsia;itisalsoknownas
PolygonumcuspidatuminEuropeandNorthA灢
merica(Akeroyd,1989;Sorrie,2005).
21.Sapiumsebiferum (L.)Roxb.,Hort.Ben灢
gal.69,1814,Annot.inFl.Ind.ed.2,3:
693,1832;Syn.Triadicasebifera(L.)Smal,
FloridaTrees59,1913;Crotonsebiferum L.,
Sp.Pl.2:1004,1753(Euphorbiaceae).
Chinesetalowtree,asaspeciesofSapium
(s.l.),agenuswithworldwidetropicaldistri灢
bution,centered mainlyin the New World
(Tseng,1997),hasbeenwidelyacceptedinthe
world (Jubinsky,1996;Cronk and Fuler,
2001;RogersandEvan,2002;Rogers,2003;
WalandDarwin,1999).Recently,however,it
hasbeenassignedtoTriadica(Esser,2002)a灢
gain,aseparategenusfrom Sapium butonly
distributedinAsia.ItwasintroducedfromChi灢
natoSouthCarolinainthe1700sandthenin
significantnumberstotheGulfCoastintheear灢
ly1900sforseedoilunderrecommendationfrom
theUSDAfromthe1920sto1940s.Itisalsoor灢
namental(stil soldandplanted),with waxy
seedstraditionalyusedtomakecandles.Itisn灢
ativetothesouthofYelowRiverinChina,Ja灢
pan,VietnamandIndia,andisalsocultivatedin
EuropeandAfricaandinUSA:AL,AR,FL,
GA,LA,MS,NC,SC,TX.
22.Setariaglauca(L.)Beauv.Ess.Agrose.51:
178,1812;G.Y.ShenginFl.Reip.Pop.Sin.
10(1):357,1990.Syn.S灡pumila(Poir.)Roe灢
mer&J.A.Schultes,Syst.Veget.2:891,
1817;PanicumglaucumL.,Sp.Pl.3d.1:56,
1753;P灡pumilumPoir.inEncycl.M湨th.Bot.
4:273,1816(Poaceae).
TheYelow Bristle Grass,from the Old
WorldtropicsandEurasiantemperates,wasin灢
troducedintoAustraliaandNorthAmericaand
isfrequentlyusedasS灡pumilainEurope(Grass
Team,Eur.Gard.Fl.2:42,1984)andNorth
America(Rominger,1962).Itisdistributedin
USA:DC,DE,KY,LA,OR,WV;andCana灢
da:ON,SK.
23.SparganiumerectumL.,Pl.Sp.971,1753
(Sparganiaceae).
TheExoticBurReed,fromEurasiaandNorth
America(CookandNicols,1987),isawidespread
aquaticplant,dividedintoS灡minimum Wal.and
S灡angustifolium Michx.(Chen,1992;Cook,1980;
Synnott,1984)in Eurasia,and S灡eurycarpum
Engelm (Kaul,2000;Crow and Helquist,
2000)in North America,alsodistributedin
USA:CA,CT,IA,ID,IL,IN,MA,MD,
ME,MI,MN,NC,ND,NE,NH,NJ,NY,
OH,OR,PA,SD,VA,VT,WA,WI,WV,
WY;andCanada:AB,NB,NF,NS,ON,PE,
QC,SK.
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