全 文 :菌 物 系 统 22(3):402~409, 2003
Mycosystema
西双版纳地区龙脑香科植物根围的 AM真菌*
石兆勇 1,2 陈应龙 2 刘润进 1
(1莱阳农学院菌根实验室 山东莱阳 265200; 2中国林业科学研究院 热带林业研究所 广东广州 510520)
摘 要: 调查了版纳地区龙脑香科植物根围的丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae, AM)真菌的资源状
况。共分离鉴定出 Acaulospora属 9种, Archaeospora属 2种, Glomus 属 23种, Paraglomus属 1种,
Scutellospora属 2种, 其中Acaulospora rehmii, Glomus convolutum, Glomus magnicaule 3种为我国的
新记录种。
关键词: 无梗囊霉属, 球囊霉属, 类球囊霉属,盾巨孢囊霉属,新记录种
中图分类号:Q939.5 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1007-3515(2003)03-0402-0409
AM真菌是林地土壤中最为普遍(Gerdmann, 1968)、最为重要的真菌类群(Read, 1994)。已
有调查表明,80%以上的植物能与 AM真菌形成丛枝菌根(Trappe, 1987),可见,菌根在自然界
中是广泛存在的。菌根是生态系统的重要组成部分,具有促进植物对营养元素的吸收和生长发育,
提高植物的抗逆性,改善植物的根际环境及保护物种多样性的功能。Grime 等 (1987)和 Read
(1990)研究认为菌根共生体是决定生态系统多样性的潜在因素,菌根能够影响植物群落的结构
和功能。菌根菌群落的任何变动都会导致植物群落组成的改变,包括植物的生存、竞争和多样性,
引起自然生态系统生物学上的变化(Miller & Allen,1992; Molina et al., 1992)。丛枝菌根多样性的保
存对环境保护和植物的可持续生产是至关重要的 (Giovannett & Gianinazzi-Pearson, 1994)。
龙脑香科 Dipterocarpaceae植物是亚洲热带雨林的的特征性树种,关于这类植物的AM,国内
尚未见报道;国外在早年有人对龙脑香科植物的 AM做了有限的调查工作,也仅限于检查不同龙
脑香科植物的根系上是否存在 AM,但并没有其 AM 真菌做细致的分类鉴定(Shamsudin, 1979;
Chalermpongse, 1987)。本文首次报道了版纳地区龙脑香科植物根围的 37 种 AM 真菌,其中
Acaulospora属 9种, Archaeospora 属 2种, Glomus 属 23种, Paraglomus属 1种, Scutellospora属 2
种。
1材料与方法
从版纳地区不同龙脑香科植物的根围取土壤约 2kg,填写采样记录。将土样与灭菌的河沙混匀
于温室内接种三叶草、烟草等对 AM真菌进行加富培养,培养 3~5个月后,用湿筛倾析-蔗糖离心
法获取孢子,在体视镜下先观察记录孢子的颜色、大小、连孢菌丝的特征、孢子果形态等;在此
基础上,用微吸管挑取孢子置于载玻片上,加浮载剂如水、乳酸、乳酸甘油、PVL、PVLG 等在
Olympus显微镜下观察、测定孢子的颜色、大小;孢壁颜色、类型、厚度等特征;内含物的性质;
*基金项目: 国际热带木材组织(ITTO)PD38/98项目(2001-2003)和中国林科院基金重点课题 2001-03 (2002- 2004).
E-mail: Runjinliu@lyac.edu.cn
收原稿日期:2002-08-05-,收修改稿日期:2002-12-18
DOI:10.13346/j.mycosystema.2003.03.014
3期 石兆勇等:西双版纳地区龙脑香科植物根围的AM真菌 403
鉴定中辅助使用Melzer’s试剂、棉兰试剂,观察孢子的特异反应;对有代表性或特异性的特征随
时拍照。综合以上观察结果,根据 Schenck & Perez(1988)的“VA菌根真菌鉴定手册”和在 Internet
上(http://invam.caf.wvu.edu)提供的种的描述的图片,并参阅鉴定材料和近几年发表的新种、新
记录种等(王幼珊等,1996,1998;张美庆等,1996,1997,1998;赵之伟等,1997;盖京苹等,
2000;Morton & Redecker,2001)进行种属的检索、鉴定。本文所述各标本均保存于本实验室,
标本号与寄主植物的对应情况列于表 1。
表 1 标本号与寄主植物
Table 1 Sample codes and host plants
标本号
Sample codes
宿主植物
Host plants
学名
Scientific name
PW01 坡垒 Hopea hainanensis Merr. et Chun
PW02 版纳青梅 Vatica xishuangbannaensis G.D. Tao et J.H. Zhang
PW03 坡垒 Hopea hainanensis Merr. et Chun
PW04 河内坡垒 Hopea horgayensis Trad-blot
PW05 小瘤龙脑香 Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.
PW06 香坡垒 Hopea odorata Roxb.
PW07 娑罗双 Shorea robusta Gaertn.
PW08 毛坡垒 Hopea mollissima C.Y.Wu.
PW09 望天树 Parashorea chinesis Wang Hsie
PW10 羯布罗香 Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn.f.
PW11 羯布罗香 Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn.f.
ML12 版纳青梅 Vatica xishuangbannaensis G.D. Tao et J.H. Zhang
ML13 坡垒 Hopea hainanensis Merr. et Chun
ML14 云南娑罗双 Shorea assamica Dyer
ML15 小瘤龙脑香 Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.
ML16 具翼龙脑香 Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb.
ML17 青梅 Vatica astrotricha Hance
ML18 坡垒 Hopea hainanensis Merr.et Chun
ML19 娑罗双 Shorea robusta Gaertn.
ML20 缠结龙脑香 Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer
ML21 越南龙脑香 Dipterocarpus retusus Bl.
ML22 羯布罗香 Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn.f.
ML23 广西青梅 Vatica guangxiensis S.L.Mo.
ML24 狭叶坡垒 Hopea chinensis Hand.-Mazz.
ML25 锡兰龙脑香 Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Thw.
ML26 毛坡垒 Hopea mollissima C.Y.Wu.
ML27 河内坡垒 Hopea horgayensis Trad-blot
BB28 望天树 Parashorea chinesis Wang Hsie
MD29 羯布罗香 Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn.f.
404 菌 物 系 统 22卷
2结果与分析
共鉴定出 AM真菌 37种,其中国内新记录种 3种(带*者)。详细描述新记录种的形态特征,
国内已报道种仅给出寄主植物所对应的标本号。
双网无梗囊霉
Acaulospora bireticulata Rothwell & Trappe, Mycotaxon, 8: 471~475, 1979.
标本号:PW01, PW04, PW05, PW09, ML21, BB28
细齿无梗囊霉
Acaulospora denticulata Sieverding & Toro, Angewandte Botanik, 61:217~223, 1987.
标本号:PW01, PW02, PW04, PW05, PW09, ML18, ML21
丽孢无梗囊霉
Acaulospora elegans Trappe & Gerdemann, Mycologia Memoir, 5: 76, 1974.
标本号:PW06, PW11, ML16, ML18, BB28
凹坑无梗囊霉
Acaulospora excavata Ingieby & Walker, Mycowtaxon, 5: 99~105, 1994.
标本号:PW03, PW07, BB28, MD29
孔窝无梗囊霉
Acaulospora foveata (Trappe & Janos) Schenck & Spain, Mycologia, 76:685~699,1984.
标本号:PW02, ML17, PW10, ML26, MD29
浅窝无梗囊霉
Acaulospora lacunosa Morton, Mycologia, 78: 641~648, 1986.
标本号:PW02, PW04, PW07,PW09, ML19, ML21, BB28
瑞氏无梗囊霉*(图 I-1, I-2)
Acaulospora rehmii Sieverding & Toro, Angewandre Botanik, 61:217~223, 1987.
孢子果未见,孢子浅黄至黄棕色,老的孢子常呈红棕色至黑红棕色,球形,近球形,82~175µm。
孢子无柄。孢壁 4层。L1黄色至黑红棕色厚 3~13µm外表有迷宫似的纹饰,纹饰宽 1~4.5µm,高
1~5µm。L2为无色膜状壁,厚 0.5~2.0µm。L3与 L4紧连在一起,厚 0.5~1.5µm,在Melzer’s试剂
中呈红色。
标本号:PW09, BB28, MD29
细凹无梗囊霉
Acaulospora scrobiculata Trappe, Mycotaxon, 6:359~366,1977.
标本号:PW05, ML12, ML22
刺无梗囊霉
Acaulospora spinosa Walker & Trappe, Mycotaxon,12:515~521,1981.
标本号:PW01,PW02,PW06,PW09,ML13,ML18,ML26,ML28
格氏原囊霉
Archaeospora gerdemannii (Rose, PWaniels & Trappe) Morton & Redecker, Mycologia, 93(1): 181~195,
2001.
3期 石兆勇等:西双版纳地区龙脑香科植物根围的AM真菌 405
标本号:PW07,PW11,ML14
薄壁原囊霉(=多产球囊霉 G. fecundispora)
Archaeospora leptoticha (Skenck & Sminth) Morton & Redecker, Mycologia, 93(1): 181~195, 2001.
标本号:PW02,PW07,PW09,ML13,ML14,BB28
聚丛球囊霉
Glomus aggregatum Schenck & Smith emend. Koske, Mycologia, 77: 619~630, 1985.
标本号:PW03,PW05,PW10,ML12,ML13,ML15,BB28
双型球囊霉(A)
Glomus ambisporum Smith & Schenck, Mycologia,77:566~574,1985.
ML21,PW07,ML27,MD29
苏格兰球囊霉
Glomus caledonium Nicolson & Gerdemann, Mycologia,60:313~325,1968.
标本号:PW08,PW09,ML16,ML22,BB28
柑橘球囊霉
Glomus citricolum Tang & zang, Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 6: 295~304, 1984.
未见孢子果。孢子单生生于土壤中。孢子呈圆球形或近圆球形、卵形或不规则的近卵形,
35-72×55–90 µm。近褐色或黄色,孢壁较光滑或微粗糙,间或有突起,突起高 0.3-0.8µm。孢壁 2
层,外层厚 3.2-8µm;内层壁薄,0.2-2µm。孢壁呈淡黄色。
标本号:PW09,PW08,MD29,ML17
近明球囊霉
Glomus claroideum Trappe & Gerdemann, Mycologia,74:77~92,1982.
标本号:PW02,PW04,PW09,ML16,ML22,BB28
明球囊霉
Glomus clarum Nicolson & Gerdemann, Mycologia,71:178~198,1979.
标本号:PW10,PW11,ML13,ML17,MD29
缩球囊霉
Glomus constrictum Trappe, Mycotaxon,6:359~366,1977.
标本号:BB28,MD29
卷曲球囊霉*(图 II)
Glomus convolutum Gerdemann & Trappe, Mycologia Memoir, 5: 76, 1974.
未见孢子果。厚垣孢子黄色至深棕色,81~193×67~193µm,球形至椭球形。每个孢子都被厚
5~50µm的菌丝套包被。孢子含有深棕色油滴状内含物。孢子壁厚 8~15µm,层状壁,在乳酸中呈
无色至浅黄色,在Melzer’s试剂中呈深橘红色。
标本号:BB28
沙荒球囊霉
Glomus deserticola Trappe, Bloss & Menge, Mycotaxon,20:123~127,1984.
标本号:PW04,PW06,PW07,PW09,ML16,ML22,BB28
两型球囊霉
406 菌 物 系 统 22卷
Glomus dimorphicum Boyetchko & Tewari, Can. J. Bot., 64:90~95, 1986.
标本号:PW04,ML15,ML16,BB28
长孢球囊霉
Glomus dolichosporum Zhang & Wang, 菌物系统, 16(4): 241~243, 1997.
标本号:PW01,PW02,PW03,PW04,PW05,PW06,PW07,PW08,ML26,MD29,BB28
幼套球囊霉
Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann, Mycotaxon, 6:29~32,1977.
标本号:PW01,PW02,PW03,PW04,PW05,PW06,PW07,PW09,PW10,PW11,ML12,BB28
地球囊霉
Glomus geosporum (Nicolson & Gerdemann) Walker, Mycotaxon,15:49~61,1982.
标本号:PW07,PW09,ML14,ML24
团集球囊霉
Glomus glomerulatum Sieverding, Mycotaxon,29:73~79,1987.
标本号:PW01,PW02, PW06,PW07,ML12, ML16,ML17
何氏球囊霉
Glomus hoi Berch & Trappe, Mycologia,77:654~657,1985.
标本号:ML16,BB28,MD29
根内球囊霉
Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, Mycologia,74:77~92,1982.
标本号:ML14,ML19
大果球囊霉
Glomus macrocarpum Gerd. & Ttappe, Mycologia Memoir, 5: 76, 1974
标本号:PW07,PW08,PW09,PW10,PW11,ML12,ML13,ML22,ML23,ML24,ML25
宽柄球囊霉*(图 I-3, I-4)
Glomus magnicaule Hall, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 68: 341~356, 1977.
孢子单生于土壤中,棕色,表面常沾有碎屑,球形,近球形,125~175µm,孢子壁 2层,年
轻时孢子外壁呈黄棕色,层状壁,厚 9~20µm,内壁厚 4µm,无色至浅棕色。连点处菌丝宽 35~58µm,
连点稍缢缩,连孢菌丝内宽 4~9µm。成熟孢子,连点处壁增厚几乎完全堵塞连点。
标本号:ML24
微丛球囊霉
Glomus microaggregatum Koske, Gemma & Olexia, Mycotaxon, 26: 125~132, 1986.
标本号:PW02,PW03,PW04,PW06,PW08,ML16,ML17,ML22,ML25,BB28,MD29
小果球囊霉
Glomus microcarpum Tul. & Tul., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts. Sci., 57: 291~350, 1925.
标本号:PW01,PW04,PW06,PW08,PW10,ML12,ML19,ML24,ML27,BB28
摩西球囊霉
Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.)Gerd. & Trappe, Mycologia, 60: 313~325, 1968.
标本号:PW01,PW02PW,05,PW06,PW07,ML12,ML13,ML16,ML17,ML18,ML27
3期 石兆勇等:西双版纳地区龙脑香科植物根围的AM真菌 407
网状球囊霉
Glomus reticulatum Bhattacharjee & Mukerji, Sydowia, 39: 14~17, 1980.
标本号:PW07,PW09,ML14,ML27
图Ⅰ AM真菌孢子
1~2. 瑞氏无梗囊霉: 1. 完整孢子, 2. 孢壁表面的迷宫状饰物; 3~4. 宽柄球囊霉: 3. 完整孢子,
4. 一压碎孢子,稍缢缩的连点
Fig. I Spores of AM fungi
1~2. Acaulospora rehmii: 1. A whole spore; 2. the ornamentation labyrinthiform folds on the
spore surface; 3~4. Glomus magnicaule, 3. A whole spore, 4. a crushed spore with slightly
pinched point of attached hypha.
图Ⅱ.卷曲球囊霉
1. 完整孢子, 2. 菌丝包被
Fig.II.Glomus convolutum
1. A whole spore, 2. mantle on
the spore surface
408 菌 物 系 统 22卷
地表球囊霉
Glomus versifome (Karsten) Berch, Can.J.Bot., 61: 2608~2617, 1983
标本号:PW07,PW09,PW11,ML14,ML15,ML16,ML17,ML21,ML23,ML27
隐类球囊霉
Paraglomus occltum (Walker) Morton et Redecker, Mycologia, 93(1): 181~195, 2001.
标本号:PW03,PW07,PW27,MD29
全球盾巨孢囊霉
Scutellospora aurigloba Walker & Sanders, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 68: 341~356, 1977.
标本号:BB28
美丽盾巨孢囊霉
Scutellospora calospora Walker & Sanders, Mycotaxon,27:219~235,1986.
标本号:ML17,MD29
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ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI of DIPTEROCARP ACEAE IN
XISHUANGBANNA, SOUTHERN YUNNAN
SHI Zhao-Yong1, 2 CHEN Ying-Long2 LIU Run-Jin1
(1Mycorrhiza Laboratory, Laiyang Agricultural College, Laiyang, Shandong Province 265200;
(2Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, CAF, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510520)
ABSTRACT: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi of Dipterocarpaceae in Xishuangbanna, Southern
Yunnan were investigated. Nine species of Acaulospora, 2 species of Archaespora, 23 species of Glomus, 1
species of Paraglomus and 2 species of Scutellospora were isolated and identified. Among them,
Acaulospora rehmii, Glomus convolutum and Glomus magnicaule are new recorded species in China.
KEY WORDS : Acaulospora, Glomus, Paraglomus, Scutellospora, new recorded species