全 文 :山东科学
SHANDONG SCIENCE
第 26 卷 第 1 期 2013 年 2 月出版
Vol. 26 No. 1 Feb. 2013
收稿日期:2012-06-21
基金项目:河南省省院合作项目(201206)
作者简介:刘雨晴(1981 -) ,女,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为植物源农药研究与开发。Email:myjoe00@ 163. com
DOI:10. 3976 / j. issn. 1002 - 4026. 2013. 01. 008
黄荆化学成分及其生物活性研究进展
刘雨晴1,2,薛明2,赵天增1,张海艳1,于立芹1
( 1.河南省科学院天然产物重点实验室,河南 郑州 450002; 2. 山东农业大学植物保护学院,山东 泰安 271018)
摘要:本文综述了黄荆化学成分的研究进展,描述了黄荆不同类别的化学成分及其在医用、杀虫、抗菌活性等方面的研究
应用概况。
关键词:萜烯;黄酮类;生物碱;木脂素;生物活性;黄荆
中图分类号:Q965. 9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1002-4026(2013)01-0035-09
Research advance of ingredients from Vitex negundo Linn.
and their activities
LIU Yu-qing1,2,XUE Ming2,ZHAO Tian-zeng1,ZHANG Hai-yan1,YU Li-qin1
(1. Key Laboratory of Natural Products of Henan Academy of Sciences,Zhengzhou 450002,China;2. Department
of Entomology,School of Plant Protection,Shandong Agricultural University,Taian 271018,China)
Abstract∶ This paper surveys research advance of the ingredients of Vitex negundo Linn. The paper also presents its
different ingredients and its applications in medicine,insecticidal and antifungal activities.
Key words∶ terpenes;flavonoid;alkaloid;lignan;activity;Vitex negundo Linn.
黄荆(Vitex negundo Linn.) ,落叶灌木或小乔木,高可达 6 m,枝叶有香气;新枝方形,灰白色,密被细绒
毛;叶对生,掌状复叶,具长柄,通常 5 出,有时 3 出;小叶片椭圆状卵形,长 4 ~ 9 cm,宽 1. 5 ~ 3. 5 cm,中间的
小叶片最大,两侧次第减小,先端长尖,基部楔形,全缘或浅波状,或每侧具 2 ~ 5 浅锯齿,上面淡绿色,有稀疏
短毛和细油点,下面白色,密被白色绒毛;圆锥花序,顶生;萼钟形,5 齿裂;花冠淡紫色,唇形,长约6 mm,上唇
2 裂,下唇 3 裂;雄蕊 4,2 强;子房 4 室,花柱线形,柱头 2 裂;核果,卵状球形,褐色,径约 2. 5 mm,下半部包于
宿萼内;花期 6 ~ 8 月,果期 8 ~ 9 月,生于向阳山地。黄荆又叫黄荆子、荆条、五指风等,是马鞭草科黄荆属植
物,原产于印度,主要分布在温带和热带地区,在我国河南、山东、山西、陕西、甘肃、浙江和江苏等地均有分
布。
1 黄荆化学成分研究
黄荆种子、叶片、树皮和根中含有多种结构新颖、生物活性强的次生代谢物质,已见黄荆化学成分的报道
有 120 多种,分别是萜烯类、黄酮类、植物甾醇、木脂素及其衍生物等[1 - 3]。
山 东 科 学 2013 年
1. 1 萜烯类化合物及其衍生物
萜烯类化合物是黄荆中种类最丰富,数量最多的一类化合物,并且不断有新骨架被发现,药效实验显示
其具有很强的生物活性。因此多年来,萜烯类化合物的分离鉴定一直是黄荆化学成分研究的重点和热点。
自上个世纪六十年代以来,国内外学者对黄荆的内含物进行了大量研究,现已从该植物的种子、叶片、根和茎
的树皮中分离和鉴定出 61 种萜烯类成分,其中单萜有十余种,见表 1。
表 1 黄荆植株中单萜类化合物
Table 1 Monoterpenes of V. negundo
部位 中文名 英文名 结构 参考文献
叶子 对伞花烃 P-Cymene 单环单萜 [4]
叶子 γ-萜品烯 γ-Terpinene 单环单萜 [5]
叶子 β-水芹烯 β-Phellandrene 单环单萜 [5]
叶子 β-蒎烯 Beta-Pinene 单环单萜 [1]
叶子 香桧烯(刺柏烯) Sabinene 双环单萜 [1]
叶子 莰烯 Camphene 双环单萜 [6]
叶子 α-蒎烯 α-Pinene 双环单萜 [1]
叶子 蒈烯 Carene 双环单萜 [7]
叶子 / Abieta-7,13-Diene 双环单萜 [4]
花 α-侧柏烯 α-Thujene 双环单萜 [1]
花 大香叶烯 D Germacrened 无环单萜 [1]
花 月桂烯 Myrcene 无环单萜 [1]
花 E-(Β)-罗勒烯 E-(Β)-Ocimene 无环单萜 [1]
花 蒈烯-3 Δ-3-Carene 双环单萜 [1]
黄荆中含有 21 种单萜衍生物,分别是:4-松油醇(4-Terpine-Ol[4])、乙酸松油酯(Terpinyl Acetate[8])、乙
酸龙脑酯(Bornyl Acetate[7])、香草酸又名香荚兰酸(Vanillic Acid[9])、1,8-桉树脑(1,8-Cineole[7])、桉树脑又
名桉叶素(Eucalyptol[5])、樟脑(Camphor[8])、乙酸芳樟酯(Linalyl Acetate[1])、硭牛儿醇又名香叶醇
(Geraniol[1])、香茅醇(Citronellol[1])、马鞭草烯酮(Verbenone[1])、香茅醛又名香草醛(Citronellal[1])、顺 -桧
烯水合物(Cis-Sabinene Hydrate)、E-(Β)-罗勒烯(E-(Β)-Ocime Ne[1])、反式 - 氧化芳樟醇(Trans-Linalool
Oxide[1])、顺式 -氧化芳樟醇(Cis-Linalool Oxide[1])、α-松油醇(α-Terpineol[1])、α-乙酸松油酯(α-Terpinyl
Acetate[1])、柠醛檬(Citral[6])。
黄荆中含有 13 种倍半萜化合物,分别是:β-石竹烯(Beta-Caryophyllene)[8]、α-愈创烯(α-Guaiene)[4]、
别-香树烯(Alloarom Adendrene)和法呢烯(又名金合欢烯,β-Farnesene)[5]、Δ-榄香烯(Delta-Elemene)[7 - 8]、
β-愈创烯(β-Guaiene)[7]、α-依兰烯(α-Ylangene)、α-古巴烯(又名 α-胡椒烯,α-Copaene)、α-葎草烯(α-
Humulene)、β-没药烯(β-Bisabolene)、γ-杜松油烯(γ-Cadinene)、α-古云烯(α-Gurjunene)、β-波旁老鹳草烯又
名 β-波旁烯(β-Bourbonene)[1]。
黄荆中含有 11 种倍半萜衍生物,分别是:β-桉叶油醇(β-Eudesmol)[10]、石竹烯氧化物(Caryophyllene
Oxide )[4]、斯巴醇(Spathulenol)[4]、3-Formyl-4,5-Dimethyl-8-Oxo-5H-6,7-Dihydronaphtho(2,3-b)Furan[11]、青
蒿亭(Artemetin[12])、绿化白千层醇(Virdiflorol[13])、兰桉醇(Globulol[4])、乙酰石竹酸(Acetyl Oleanolic
Acid[11])、β-红没药醇(β-Bisabolol[1])、橄榄醇又名榄香醇(Elemol[1])、橙花叔醇( (Z)-Nerolidol[1])。
黄荆种子中含有一对半日花烷型二萜,即(rel 3S,5S,8R,9R,10S,13S,16S)-3-acetoxy-9,13-epoxy-
16-hydroxy-labda-15,16-olide 和 (rel 3S,5S,8R,9R,10S,13S,16R)-3-acetoxy-9,13-epoxy-16-hydroxy-
labda-15,16-olide,它们是非对映异构体[14]。
黄荆中含有 8 种三萜类化合物,分别是:
(1)角鲨烯,又名鲨鱼烯(Squalene)[13];
(2)桦木脑酸(Betulinic Acid)[15];
(3)熊果酸,又名乌苏酸(Ursolic Acid)[15];
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第 1 期 刘雨晴,等:黄荆化学成分及其生物活性研究进展
(4)3β-Acetoxyolean-12-En-27-Oic Acid[3];
(5)2α,[3α-Dihydroxyoleana-5,12-Dien-28-Oic Acid[3];
(6)2β,3α-Diacetoxyoleana-5,12-Dien-28-Oic Acid[3];
(7)2α,3β-Diacetoxy-18-Hydroxyoleana-5,12-Dien-28-Oic Acid[3];
(8)羽扇豆醇(Lupeol[16])。
黄荆中含有 6 种环烯醚萜烯类化合物[4,17]。分别是:穗花牡荆苷(Agnuside)[13]、Lagundinin[10]、2-P-
Hydroxybenzoyl Mussaenosidic Acid[18], 6-P-Hydroxybenzoyl Mussaenosidic Acid[18], Negundoside[19]、
Nishindaside[20]。
1. 2 生物碱类
黄荆中含有 1 种生物碱类化合物,即苯基萘型木脂素生物碱黄荆素碱 A[21]。
1. 3 黄酮类及其衍生物
黄荆中含有 15 种黄酮类化合物[18]。分别为:
(1)毛地黄黄酮(Luteolin[21]) ;
(2)荭草素(Orientin[22]) ;
(3)牡荆苷(Vitexin) ;
(4)山奈酚 (3,4,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone)[9];
(5)查耳酮[23];
(6)黄酮苷 C-Glycosides[9];
(7)5,7,3-Trihydroxy,6,8,4-Trimethoxy Flavones[24];
(8)5-Hydroxy-3,6,7,3,4-Pentamethoxyl Flavone[18];
(9)蔓荆子黄素(Vitexicarpin[21,24]) ;
(10)异荭草素(异荭草苷) (Isoorientin[21]) ;
(11)黄酮苷 6-C-Glucosyl-5-O-Rhamnopyranosyl Trimethoxy Wogonin[23];
(12)黄酮苷 Acerosin-5-O-Glucoside-Monoacetate[23];
(13)5,3-Dihydroxy-7,8,4-Trimethoxy Flavanone[25];
(14)6-C-Glucosyl-Flavonoids[23];
(15)5β-Hydro-8,L1,13-Abietatrien-6Α-Ol[12]。
1. 4 木脂素及其衍生物
黄荆中含有 7 种木脂素和 7 种木脂素衍生物[21],木脂素分别是 6-Hydroxy-4-(4-Hydroxy-3-Meth-
Oxyphenyl)3-Hydroxymethyl-7-Methoxy-3,4-Dihydro-2-Naphthaldehyde、Negundin A、Negundin B、(+ )-
Diasyringaresinol、(+)-Lyoniresinol、(+)-(-)-Pinoresinol和(+)-Lyoniresinol-3a-O-Β-D-Glucoside[2]。
Masateru Ono于 2004 年,从黄荆种子中分离出 7 种木脂素衍生物[21],分别是:
(1)Vitedoin A
[6-Hydroxy-4β-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxy-Phenyl)-3Α-Hydroxylmethyl-5-Methoxy-3,4-Dihydro-2-Naphthaldehyde];
(2)Vitedoamine A
[6-Hydroxy-4-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl)-7-Methoxy-3-Nicoticmethyl-2-Naphthoic Acid-Γ-Lactam];
(3)Vitedoin B
[(Rel-3S,5S,8R,9R,10S)-3-Acetoxy-14,15,16-Trinor-13,9-Labdanolide];
(4)Detetrahydroconidendrin;
(5)Vitrofolal E;
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山 东 科 学 2013 年
(6)Vitrofolal F;
(7)2R,3Β-7-O-Methylcedrusin。
1. 5 植物甾醇
黄荆叶子,根和树皮中含有两种谷甾醇类物质,分别为 β-谷甾醇(Beta-Sitosterol[8]) ,谷甾醇
(Sitosterol[11])。
1. 6 有机酸类
黄荆中含有三种酚酸类物质,分别是:对羟基 - 苯甲酸(P-Hydroxybenzoic Acid[15,21]) ,Phenolic
Acids[26],二甲基甲酚(Bis[1,1-Dimethyl]Methylphenol[4])。
1. 7 其它成分
另外黄荆中还含有三十一烷醇 (Hentriacontanol[15])、D-果糖 (D-Fructose[21])、Negundoside[19]、
Alkaloids[26]和环戊烯二醛(Rotundial[27])。
2 黄荆生物活性研究
2. 1 黄荆的医用活性
黄荆的种子、根、茎、叶、花均可以入药,具有去痰、止咳、缓解支气管痉挛等作用,并能防治甲醛性关节炎
肿胀的发展,对细菌有较广泛的抑制作用[28]。黄荆挥发油对慢性气管炎有疗效,现已有挥发油胶囊投放市
场[29]。
黄荆提取物具有明显的抗氧化性,具有抗氧化活性的主要是黄酮类化合物,比如毛地黄黄酮通过抗氧化
活性达到抑制白内障的作用[30]。
黄荆根甲醇提取物具有抑制脂加氧酶的活性,Vitrofolal E表现一定的抗丁酰胆碱酯酶的活性[2];黄荆中
的木脂素类物质具有清除自由基活性[21]。
2. 2 黄荆的杀虫活性
2. 2. 1 黄荆的杀虫谱和作用方式
目前,国内外对黄荆杀虫活性的研究,主要集中在对黄荆叶片的直接利用和黄荆种子与叶片粗提物的杀
虫活性方面。黄荆具有广泛的杀虫谱(见表 2)。
表 2 黄荆杀虫谱
Table 2 Insecticidal scope of V. negundo
部位
Part
防治对象
Tartget
作用方式
Action mode
参考文献
Reference
叶
稻飞虱、叶蝉、穗蚜 直接利用 [34]
绿豆象、四纹豆象 Callosobruchus maculatus 直接利用 [21]
麦蛾 直接利用 [35,36]
马铃薯麦蛾 Phthorimaea operculella 直接利用 [37]
伊蚊和库蚊 直接利用 [38]
蛴螬 直接利用 [39]
绿豆象、四纹豆象、杂拟谷盗 Tribolium confusum、赤拟谷盗 Tribolium
castaneum、玉米象、谷蠹 Rhizopertha dominica
驱避、熏蒸、触杀、种群控制 [26,31]
库蚊、按蚊、伊蚊 驱避、生长发育抑制 [40 - 41]
小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾 Prodenia litura、萝卜蚜 Lipaphis erysimi、菜青虫 Pieris
rapae、棉铃虫 Heliothis armigera、Plecoptera reflexa、飞扬阿夜蛾 Achaea
janata
驱避、杀卵、胃毒、拒食、生长抑
制
[10,42 - 43]
马铃薯蠹蛾 Phthorimaea operculella、蔗螟、螟蛾、翠纹钻夜蛾 Earias
vittella、Epilachna septima、Diaphania indica 拒食
、杀卵、忌避、生长抑制 [44]
稻飞虱、异稻缘蝽 Leptocorisa acuta、稻纵卷叶螟 毒杀 [45 - 46]
桑蓟马 Pseudcden drothrips、稻蓟马 Chloethrips oryzae 毒杀、种群抑制 [47 - 48]
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第 1 期 刘雨晴,等:黄荆化学成分及其生物活性研究进展
续表 2
部位
Part
防治对象
Tartget
作用方式
Action mode
参考文献
Reference
叶
花生潜叶蝇 Aproaerema modicella、果蝇、椒木果蝇 Gitona distigma 拒食、生长和种群抑制 [49 - 50]
一点金刚钻 Earias pudicana、黑尾叶蝉 Nephotettix bipunctatus、黄秋葵叶蝉 种群抑制 [51 - 52]
欧洲粉蝶 Pieris brassicae、豆斑芫菁 Mylabris pustulata、萝卜蝽 Bagrada
cruciferarum 杀卵
、拒食 [53]
种子
米象 拒食 [54]
菜青虫、小菜蛾、麦长管蚜 Macrosiphum avenae、棉蚜 Aphis gossypii、大猿叶
甲 Colaphellus bowringi、苹果黄蚜 Aphis citricola、桃蚜 Myzus persicae
触杀、毒杀、忌避 [55 - 56]
对黄荆杀虫活性成分的研究,主要是对储粮害虫和卫生害虫。伞花烃对麦蛾 Sitotroga cerealella 有毒杀
活性[18];β-蒎烯对麦蛾有驱避作用[18];β-桉叶油醇对小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella等农业害虫的卵和幼虫有毒杀
活性[10];α-蒎烯和桉树脑对玉米象 Sitophilus zeamais 成虫具有趋避、熏蒸和触杀作用,对玉米象种群繁殖有
强烈的抑制作用,持续控制效果十分理想[31];乌苏酸对蓖麻螟蛉 Achoea janata 3 龄幼虫有拒食作用[15];绿化
白千层醇对绿豆象 Callosobruchus chinensis 产卵有抑制作用,对米象 Sitophilusoryzae Linne 有拒食作用[13];环
戊烯二醛对埃及伊蚊 Aedes aegypti有驱避作用[17]。
2. 2. 2 黄荆的作用机理
对黄荆杀虫机理的研究较少,黄荆提取物对稻纵卷叶螟 Cnaphalocrocis medinalis的乳酸脱氢酶有强烈的抑
制作用[32];对棉红蝽 Dysdercus cingulatus中肠消化酶系造成严重损害,使消化酶含量降低[33]。本实验室卢传
兵[31]报道了黄荆中萜烯类成分桉树脑和 α-蒎烯对玉米象 AChE 有显著的抑制活性,IC50分别为6. 05 × 10
3 和
2. 88 ×103 mg /L,表明 AChE是桉树脑和 α-蒎烯的作用靶标之一。
2. 2. 3 黄荆的增效作用
黄荆提取物能够增强其他组分的杀虫活性,黄荆种子提取物和吡虫啉混用能够增加吡虫啉对桃蚜的驱
避作用[56];其与莱氏野村菌 Nomuraea rileyi以 14. 22:1 比例混合对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的联合作用较强[57];与核
型多角体病毒联合使用,能够使棉铃虫的取食率、对食物的利用率和排泄受到影响,破坏中肠细胞组织,抑制
其消化酶的活性[58 - 59],增加棉铃虫的死亡率;与印楝油联合对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera 的拒食作用增
强[58]。
在较低的浓度下,黄荆提取物和细菌毒素对美洲稻弄蝶的肠道酶系联合作用,能够抑制碱性磷酸酶、酸
性磷酸酶和 ATPase酶的活性[60];其与核型多角体病毒联合作用能够严重损害棉铃虫中肠细胞组织,降低其
消化酶的活性[61]。
2. 2. 4 黄荆对天敌的安全性
黄荆提取物对大草蛉、草蛉(卵、幼虫、成虫)、绿草蛉、稻螟赤眼蜂 Trichogramma japonicun(卵、幼虫、蛹、
成虫)、猎蝽、螟黄赤眼蜂 Trichogramma chilonis和异色瓢虫 Harmonia axyridis(成虫)等昆虫天敌均具有较好
的安全性[55,62 - 63]。
2. 3 黄荆的抑菌活性
黄荆提取物有广谱的抑菌活性,既可以抑制球菌也可以抑制杆菌;既可以抑制革兰氏阳性菌,又可以抑
制革兰氏阴性菌。
黄荆叶片提取物可以通过抑制分生孢子的萌发及菌丝体的生长,防止镰刀菌引起的金合欢 Acacia
farnesiana落叶病[64],对大豆真菌 Colletotrichum truncatum、Fusarium oxysporum 和 Macrophomina phaseolina 有
明显的抑制作用[65],还能抑制芽腐病菌 Fusarium oxysporum丝体的生长和菌核的产生[66]。
3 结语
利用黄荆防治病虫害,目前只是停留在对其叶粉和粗提物的直接应用阶段,而植物性杀虫剂的开发利用
93
山 东 科 学 2013 年
在资源和环境方面存在诸多问题,因此其研究与开发的重点应是间接开发利用。事实也确实如此,间接利用
是当前国外植物性杀虫剂研究开发的重点,也是我国这类研究发展的方向。因此我们可以在前人研究的基
础上,继续研究黄荆的杀虫成分,探讨其作用机理,为这一杀虫植物的进一步开发利用和仿生合成奠定基础,
该研究对于实现害虫的可持续治理有着重要的理论和实践意义。
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