全 文 ：Occurrence and Pathogenic Identification of Puccin-
ia coronata var． coronata Corda on Perennial
Ryegrass in Jiangsu Regions
ZHAO Gui-hua*
Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry，Jurong 212400，China
Abstract ［Objective］Pathogen identification and disease regularity of perennial ryegrass rust in Jurong area of Jiangsu Province was conducted．
［Method］Perennial ryegrass rust occurred in Science and Technology Demonstration and lawn greening band of campus in Jiangsu Polytechnic
College of Agriculture and Forestry in Jurong region of Jiangsu Province were randomly investigated and their incidence laws were observed． ［Re-
sult］Perennial ryegrass rust had the most serious occurrence in June each year in Jurong area of Jiangsu Province，the tender perennial ryegrass
sowed this year were more susceptible to the disease than the perennial ryegrass with two years generation;Puccinia coronata var． coronata Corda
was confirmed to be the pathogen of perennial ryegrass rust;when the temperature was about 25 ℃，it was the best condition for the occurrence of
rust disease，when the temperature was over 35 ℃，the disease would reduce or stop． ［Conclusion］Perennial ryegrass rust was first reported in
Jiangsu Province．
Key words Turf grass;Puccinia coronata var． coronata;Rust
Received:April 21，2010 Accepted:August 24，2010
Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province
(BK2008243)＆ State Forestry Bureau 948 Project(2006-4-79)
* Corresponding author． E-mail:zhao50050@sina． com
Puccinia is the largest genus of Uredinales，with about
3 000 to 4 000 species，distributing around the world． 218 spe-
cies are known in China，which mainly cause damage on the
plants in Asteraceae，Poaceae，Cyperaceae and Liliaceae．
Puccinia coronata var． coronata Corda is a variety with eco-
nomic importance，which can cause damage on 59 species of
plants［1］，in which there are more than 10 species of turf grass
plant［1 －2］， including Lolium perenne L．， L． multiflorum
Lam．［1，3］，Poa annua L．［3］，Agrostis mutsumurae Hack．［4］，
Bromus japonicus Thunb．，Calamagrostis epigejos (L．)Roth，
Elymus dahuricus Turcz．，Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud．［5］，
Avena sative Linn． and Leersia hexandra (Linn．)Awartz［6 －7］．
Perennial ryegrass is an important turf grass in the Yangtze
River delta． In recent years，with the expansion of lawn plant-
ing area，the rust disease caused by P． coronata has in-
creased with serious trend，causing serious influence on grass
production． The infected perennial ryegrass has poor growth
under lightly infected condition，otherwise it is withered and
dead in large area，seriously affecting their ornamental value
and resulting in huge economic losses．
Turf grass diseases occur throughout the world，some dis-
eases have been conducted in-depth study，and there are also
reports about different types of diseases and pathogens． The
pathogenic fungi of turf grass and pasture in Poaceae recorded
391 species in China［8］． In Canada，P． coronata caused oat
crown rust，and the alternate host of which was Rhamunus ca-
thartica Linn．［9 －10］，but wild Avena sterilis had resistance to
P． coronata［11］． Mendgen et al．(1983)successfully conducted
artificial culture for P． coranata of A． sativa with 1% sucrose
medium，and studied the genetic resistance of the rust fun-
gus［12］． The study mainly conducted pathogenic identification
and occurrence law observation of perennial ryegrass rust in
Jurong regions of Jiangsu Province in recent years．
1 Materials and Methods
1． 1 Disease investigation Perennial ryegrass rust occurred
in Science and Technology Demonstration and lawn greening
band of campus in Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture
and Forestry in Jurong region of Jiangsu Province were ran-
domly investigated and their incidence laws were observed from
May to October in 2008 and 2009，respectively．
1． 2 Identification of pathogen Rust spores were picked
with sterile needles to make temporary slide，which were ob-
served under German ZEISS Imager． A1 optical microscopy and
photographed，the size of spores (n = 30)were measured，and
rust species was identified according to the literatures［1］．
2 Results and Analysis
2． 1 Disease symptoms Investigation proved that the occur-
rence of diseased leaves of Perennial ryegrass rust showed
patchy shape，and the lesion gradually extended with the devel-
opment of disease，the area of lesions ranged from 0．1 －2 m2，
or even reached 4 －5 m2，large lesions generally caused by ar-
tificial cutting grass with comparatively large harm．
The disease mainly damaged the leaves，leaf sheath and
stem of perennial ryegrass． The occurrence of disease began
from the lower part of leaves，and gradually extended upwards
(Fig． 1a)． The lesions in leaves initially were small with fading
faint yellow，then gradually expanded，showing rhombus，spin-
Plant Diseases and Pests 2010，1(5) :15 －17
dle，oval and irregular shape (Fig． 1c)． The uredinia in lesions
were vertically arranged like the shape of strips，which were ir-
regularly arranged with scattered under severe condition，multi-
ple lesions converged，attaching to the big lesion，vertical ar-
rangement of uredinia with strip shape was more than 2 cm
(Fig． 1b － c) ;the uredinia in the initial stage was pale orange，
when the mature uredinia ruptured，yellow powder would ad-
here to hand，if orange uredinia with scattered production and
powder shape was caressed with hands． The fading faint lesion
would appear in the leaves with the opposite position of uredinia
production．
Note:a． Diseased leaves cluster;b － c． Uredinia．
Fig． 1 symptoms of perennial ryegrass rust
2． 2 Pathogen and its morphological characteristics
Pathogen:Puccinia coronata var． coronata Corda［1，13，14］，be-
longs to Puccinia Persoon，Puccinaceae，Uredinales，Teliomy-
cetes，Basidiomycotina． Uredinia was born on both sides of
leaves and mainly on the upper leaves，relatively small，oval，
orange-yellow，scattered，powdery;paraphysis was colorless，
rod shape，(24．55 －44．36)μm ×(3．6 －7． 11)μm，mean 31. 76
μm ×4. 31 μm;pedicels of urediospores was(8．12 －24. 55)μm ×
3．43 μm，mean 15． 93 μm ×4． 28 μm，urediospores spherical，
nearly spherical，oval or wide oval，few was pear shape，the
middle cytoplasm was yellow，(18． 24 － 28． 7)μm ×(16． 23 －
24． 91)μm，the cell wall was colorless to light color，unmatured
urediospore was smaller than the matured urediospore with
more thick and obvious cells，wall thickness was(1. 09 －2. 36)
μm，mean 1．6 μm; there were fine echinulate，colorless，
(1. 18 －2．18)μm length，mean 1． 62 μm;there was no visible
germ pore，the details were shown in Fig． 2 －3． The alternate
hosts，aeciospores，sexual spores and teliospores of the rust
had not been found in Jurong regions．
The rust fungi which damage turf grass included Puccinia
coronata var． lolii Erikss，Puccinia graminis Pers．，Puccinia
recondite Rob． et Desm． and Puccinia strirformis West．［15］;
P． coronata was divided into 10 varieties according to the mu-
tual inoculation results of aeciospores and urediospores［14］．
2． 3 Disease regularity The occurrence of perennial
ryegrass rust began in the middle of May，which was the most
serious in June，the appropriate temperature for the occurrence
of pathogen was about 25 ℃，higher temperature and relative
humidity (RH)was favorable to the occurrence and prevalence
of rust． When the temperature exceeded 35 ℃，disease would
reduce or stop．
According to literature records， the alternate host of
Fig． 2 Paraphysis(a)and immature urediospore (b)of
Puccinia coronata var． coronata
Note:a． Spinules on the surface immature urediospore，cell
wall is thicken;b． Mature urediospore．
Fig． 3 Urediospore of P． coronata var． coronata
P． coronata was the plants in Rhamnus Linn．［1］，but there was
no plant of this genus visible around the disease occurrence
place． The rust fungus could overwinter in the form of uredio-
spores，or in the form of mycelium in diseased tissues，or in
growing plants，without the existence of alternate host，and its
urediospore germinated in the following year and infected
L． perenne L． In disease occurrence place in former year，rust
disease could still be seen in next May．
In addition to seasonal temperature，relative humidity and
airflow factors，the occurrence of the rust disease was also re-
lated with mechanical mowing，irrigation，and people ＇s activi-
ties． Mechanical mowing lawn was an important transmission
mode of the disease，the occurrence area of the disease would
significantly increase after each mowing，sometimes causing
death in large area． In the environment with plentiful rainfall，
much fog and less sunshine，temperature was the dominant
factor affecting the influence of disease，re-infection was obvi-
ous． The activities of operating person or visitors on the lawn
could make rust disease spread to the other places with long
distance．
2． 4 Control Selection of resistant varieties was the main
method to control the disease，cultivation and management
61 Plant Diseases and Pests 2010
should be enhanced in ordinary times，mowers were forbidden
to use in disease occurrence place，and frequency of mowing
and irrigation should be reduced． In the area with serious oc-
currence of disease，20% Triadimefon EC，12．5% Dinicon-
azole WP 1 000 － 2 000 times dilution and 25% propiconazol
EC 2 000 times could be used to spray［5］，which had certain
control effect of disease．
3 Discussion
With the accelerated pace of urban construction，the re-
quired amount of turf grass is growing，diseases are occurred
frequently，which have become one of the important factors af-
fecting lawn landscape． According to the author＇s incomplete in-
vestigation，different grass seeds have been introduced from a-
broad for the past ten years． Because the quarantine is not
strict，some lawn diseases in foreign countries transmit to Chi-
na along with seeds． The diseases occurred in the seed origin
areas can be seen in different areas in China，such as Rhizoc-
tonia Brown Patch，Pythium blight，Fusarium blight，rust，Cur-
valaria leaf blight，slime mould and so on，only the serious de-
gree of disease occurrence are different．
Turf grass diseases researched by many scientists in all o-
ver the world，the identification of pathogen has developed from
traditional morphology to current combination of morphology
and molecular biology，which can better reflect the genetic rela-
tionship between species and the accuracy of identification．
The research of turfgrass fungal diseases is still in the phases
such as investigation of disease categories，occurrence stage
and regional distribution，symptom description，identification of
pathogen，and chemical control［3］．
Therefore，the key of controlling lawn diseases is to breed
the turf varieties with disease resistance，drought resistance
and salt tolerance，which should be coordinated with turf man-
agement technology，chemical and biological control meas-
ures，comprehensively resolving control technology of lawn dis-
ease has become the urgent issue to solve．
In Jurong area of Jiangsu Province，perennial ryegrass
rust has the most serious occurrence in June each year，the
tender perennial ryegrass sowed this year are more susceptible
to the disease than the perennial ryegrass with two years
growth，which make lawn die in large areas with obvious alope-
cia areata phenomenon，causing serious economic losses． Ac-
cording to the morphological measurements and comparison of
urediospores of pathogen，P． coronata var． coronata Corda is
confirmed to be the pathogen of perennial ryegrass rust． Stud-
ies showed that when the temperature was about 25 ℃，it was
the best condition for the occurrence of rust disease，when the
temperature was over 35 ℃，the disease would reduce or stop．
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江苏地区黑麦草冠柄锈病的发生和病原鉴定
赵桂华 (江苏农林职业技术学院，江苏句容 212400)
摘要 ［目的］对江苏句容地区黑麦草锈病进行病原菌鉴定和发病规律研究。［方法］分别对 2008年和 2009年 5月中旬至 10月在江苏省句容
市江苏农林职业技术学院科技示范园和校园的草坪绿化带发生的黑麦草锈病进行随机调查和发病规律观察。［结果］在江苏句容地区，黑麦草
锈病每年 6月份发生最严重，当年播种的幼嫩黑麦草比 2年生成丛黑麦草更易感病;确定冠柄锈菌(Puccinia coronata var． coronata Corda)为句容
地区的黑麦草锈病病原菌;25 ℃左右最适合锈病发生，当气温超过 35 ℃时，病害减轻或停止。［结论］黑麦草锈病在江苏省为初次报道。
关键词 草坪草;冠柄锈菌;锈病
基金项目 江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK2008243);国家林业局“948”项目(2006-4-79)。
作者简介 赵桂华(1952 － )，男，山东费县人，教授，从事植物病害研究。
收稿日期 2010-04-21 修回日期 2010-08-24
71ZHAO Gui-hua． Occurrence and Pathogenic Identification of Puccinia coronata var． coronata Corda on Perennial Ryegrass in Jiangsu Regions