全 文 ：第 3 5卷第 1期 江　苏　林　业　科　技 Vol.3 5No.1
2 0 0 8年 2 月 JournalofJiangsuForestryScience＆Technology Feb.2 0 0 8
文章编号:1001-7380(2008)01-0048-04
ProgenytestinginCordiaafricana
XUQing1 , BizuayehuGeremew2 , ZHANGYong-zhong3 , ZHANGJing-you1
JIANGNai-jian1 , MIAONai-yun1 , LIYu-ping1
(1.Agricultural, ForestryandWaterResourcesBureauofXinpuDistrict, LianyungangCity, Lianyungang222003, China;
2.MizanAgriculturalTechnicalVocationalEducationandTrainingColege, MizanTeferi, POBOX217, Ethiopia;
3.LianyungangCityForestPestControlStation, Lianyungang222000, China)
Abstract:CordiaafricanaLam.isanindigenousandmostcommerciallyusedtimberspeciesofEthiopia.Innatural
population, thereexistsaveryconsiderableseedsourcevariation.Asnosuficientprovenseedsourcesweresupplied, itis
essentialtoacquireelitetreestoraiseseedorchard.Inordertoselectelitemothertreesthroughtheperformanceoftheir
half-sibprogenies, bulkseedsampleswerecolectedfromdiferentnaturalpopulationsandexaminedforvariabilityinseed
morphologicalcharacter, seedgerminationandseedlinggrowthatnurserystage.Analysisofvariancerevealedsignificant
diferencesamongprovenancesinalstudiedatributes.Inthemeantimetheelitetreesforestablishingseedorchardwere
screenedoutinpilotstudy.
Keywords:Half-sibs;Drupes;Progeny;Plustree
非洲破布木子代测试＊
徐　卿 1 , BizuayehuGeremew2 ,张永忠 3 ,张景友 1
江乃建 1 ,苗乃运 1 ,李玉萍 1
(1.新浦区农林水利局,江苏 连云港 222003;2.Mizan职业技术教育和培训学院 , MizanTeferi217,埃塞俄比亚;
3.连云港市森防站 ,江苏 连云港 222000)
摘要:非洲破布木是埃塞俄比亚的本土商业木材树种 , 在自然种群中 ,存在着巨大的品种变异。由于当地苗圃优良
种质资源匮乏 , 筛选优良母树建立种子园非常必要。该研究从其不同的自然种群中 , 采集了大量的供试种子样品 ,
对其种子外部特征和在苗圃中发芽率和种苗生长表现 , 进行了观察;方差分析显示 ,在所有的研究属性中 , 不同种
源显示出较大的属性差异性 ,同时初步筛选出适合种子园所需的优树。
关键词:半同胞;核果;子代;优势木
中图分类号:S791　　文献标识码:A
1　Introduction
CordiaafricanaLam.isendemictoEthiopia, es-
pecialysuitablefordroughtarea, popularlyknownas
“Wanza” inAmharic(Ethiopianoficiallanguage).
Thespeciescouldbefoundthroughoutthecountry, ir-
respectiveoftheclimaticandedaphicconditions.Nev-
ertheless, itpreferstheregionsthatarecharacteristicof
fairlyhighamountofrainfalwithwarmclimate[ 1] .As
itsheartwoodishardanddurable, itnailsweland
takesagoodpolish, therefore, itisoneofthewidely
usedtimberwoodsinEthiopia.Itisalsousedforbee-
hive-boxesandmortars.Withediblefruit, itposesses
barkandrootsknowntohavemedicinalproperties.It
isausefultreespeciesforhomesteadsandoncrop-
lands, andconsequently, thelargestlocalplantedspe-
＊ 收稿日期:2007-08-20;修回日期:2007-09-19
作者简介:徐　卿(1966-),男 ,江苏赣榆人 ,高级工程师 ,学士 , “ 333”工程科学技术带头人 ,主要从事林业技术推广和森林病虫害防治
工作。
ciesnexttoexoticslikeEucalyptussppandCupressus
lusitanica[ 1-3] .Inspiteofthose, therearenosuficient
reliableseedsourcestomeettheincreasingdemands
forsuperiorwood.Sothefirststepincreatingreliable
andknownpedigreeseedsourcesissupposed, toselect
plustreesandevaluatethemthroughtheperformance
oftheirsiblings.SimilarstudieswerereportedbyKaro-
shiandPatilinTerminaliatomentosa, HaleandCanav-
erainWhiteSpruceandGenysinYelowBirch[ 4 -6] .
Thepaperpresentstheevidenceofavailablevariation
inthepopulation, besidestheperformanceoftheirhalf-
sibprogenies.
2　Materialandmethods
Thestudywascariedoutduringtheyear2004
-2005 inDepartmentofNaturalResourcesofMizan
AgriculturalColege, MizanTeferi, Ethiopia.The
siteexperiencestropicalclimatewithmeanannual
rainfalof2 800 mmandtemperaturevariesfrom18
-25 ℃.Tenphenotypicalysuperiortreeswerese-
lectedandidentificationnumbersweregiven.The
selectedtreeswereintheagegroupof8 -10 years.
Thetreemeasurementsliketotalheight, diameter,
and forking＆ branching habitswererecorded
(showninTable1).Welripenseeds(drupes)
werecolected, treated, shadedriedandstored.
Seedsoftenfamiliesweresowninnursery, raised
(10 m×1 m)inaRandomizedBlockDesignwith
threereplicationsof25 seeds.Eachseedbedwas
sowninwiththespacingof10 cm×10 cm.Theob-
servationongerminationpercentage, numberofleav-
esandseedlingheightwastakenatregularintervals.
StatisticalAnalysisbymeansofAnalysisofVariation
andLeastSignificantDiferenceTestingforalthe
parameterswasdonemanualy.
3　Resultsanddiscussion
ThefinalobservationsweretakenonMay25 ,
2005. Theparametersforimportantcharacters
Viz., averagegerminationpercentage, averagenum-
berofleavesandaverageseedlingheightwasrecor-
dedinTable2.AnalysisofVariancewasworkedout
foraltheparameters(Table2 -4).Fromtheanal-
ysisitisclearlyevidentthatthereissignificantvaria-
tionamongdiferentfamilies(trees)intheabove-
mentionedatributesstudied.
Table1　Characteristicsofplustreesinthestudy
表 1　研究所用的优势木特性
Plustree
identification
number
优势木序号
Totalheight/m
总高度 /m
Clearbole
height/m
枝下高 /m
DBH/cm
胸径 /cm
1 13.5 10.0 152
2 11.50 6.00 115
3 15.50 11.00 138
4 14.00 11.50 147
5 11.40 7.00 102
6 15.00 10.00 93
7 14.00 11.50 103
8 9.50 5.50 132
9 10.50 5.60 84
10 12.00 10.00 147
Table2　Theaverageparametersofplustreesongermina-
tion percentage, number of leaves and
seedlingheight
表 2　优势木种子发芽率 、叶片数 、苗高平均参数
Plustree
Identification
Number
优势木序号
Average
germination
percentage/%
平均发芽率 /%
Average
number
ofleaves
平均叶片数
Average
seedling
height/cm
平均苗高 /cm
1 61.33 5.11 4.52
2 22.10 3.13 4.58
3 22.23 6.5 10.16
4 57.33 5.60 9.37
5 22.04 3.75 8.92
6 22.30 2.33 3.27
7 22.33 6.42 11.66
8 22.60 4.82 10.23
9 20.08 5.00 9.30
10 2.66 4.13 10.00
49第 1期 XUQingetal:ProgenytestinginCordiaafricana
Table3　ANOVAforgermination
表 3　发芽率方差分析
Sourceof
Variance
变异来源
DF
自由度
SS
平方和
MSS
均方和
F-cal安全
系数计算值
(F值)
F-obs
P值
(概率值)
Replication
区组 2 81.1 40.55 18.26＊＊
F0.05(9, 18)
=2.47
Treatment
处理 9 12504 1389.33
F0.01(9, 18)
=3.62
Eror
误差 18 1369.6 76.08
Total
总和 29
　　Significantatboth5and1%;CD(CriticalDiference)=9.16;在
5%和 1%的显著水平上都有显著差异;临界差 =9.16
Table4　ANOVAfornumberofleaves
表 4　叶片数方差分析
Sourceof
Variance
变异来源
DF
自由度
SS
平方和
MSS
均方和
F-cal安全
系数计算值
(F值)
F-obs
P值
(概率值)
Replication
区组 2 1.75 0.875 8.47＊＊
F0.05(9, 18)
=2.47
Treatment
处理 9 44.45 4.938
F0.01(9, 18)
=3.62
Eror
误差 18 10.50 0.583
Total
总和 29
　　Significantatboth5and1%;CD(CriticalDiference)=1.08;在
5%和 1%的显著水平上都有显著差异;临界差 =1.08
Table5　ANOVAforseedlingheight
表 5　苗高方差分析
Sourceof
Variance
变异来源
DF
自由度
SS
平方和
MSS
均方和
F-cal安全
系数计算值
(F值)
F-obs
P值
(概率值)
Replication
区组 2 19.7 9.85 19.23＊＊
F0.05(9, 18)
=2.47
Treatment
处理 9 427.66 47.51
F0.01(9, 18)
=3.62
Eror
误差 18 44.47 2.47
Total
总和 29
　　Significantatboth5and1% (在 5%和 1%的显著水平上都有
显著差异);CD(CriticalDifference)=1.58(临界差 =1.58)
　　FromTable3andTable2 , itisclearthatthereex-
istsasignificantdiferenceinthegerminationpoten-
tial.TheseedsoftreeNo.1 gavehighestgermination
percentage(61.33%), folowedbyNo.4(57.33%),
No.8(22.66%), No.7(22.33%).Andthelowest
germinationpercentage(2.66%)wasreportedfrom
treeNo10.
Table4 andTable2 indicatedthatthenumberof
leavesperplantsignificantlydiferedfromtreetotree.
Thehighestnumberofleaves(6.5)wasreportedin
theseedlingsfromNo.3, folowedbyNo.7 (6.42),
No.4(5.60)andNo.1(5.11).Thelowestnumberof
leaves(2.33)wasfoundintheseedlingsfromNo.6,
folowedbyNo.2 (3.13)andNo.5(3.75).Thesig-
nificantdiferenceinplantheightisshowninTable4
andTable2.Themaximum heightofplant(11.66
cm)wasrecordedfromseedlingsofNo.7, folowedby
No.3 (10.16 cm), No.10 (10.00 cm)andNo.4
(9.37 cm)whiletheminimum(3.27 cm)wasrecor-
dedfromNo.6, folowedbyNo.2 (4.58cm).
Itisclearfromtheforegoingstatementthatthere
isasignificantvariationamongthetenfamiliestested.
ProgeniesfromNo.3, 4, and7 werehighlysuperiorin
termsofplantheight(cm)andnumberofleaves.
Therefore, treesNo.3, 4 and7couldbetreatedaselite
trees.Seedsfromthesetreescanbeusedinraising
seedorchardorlarge-scaleplantations.
4　Conclusionandprospect
Theselectedplustreeshaveconfirmedthesignifi-
cantdiferencebetweenthemthroughtheperformance
oftheirhalf-sibprogenies.Thehalf-sibprogeniesfrom
treeNo3, 4 and7 werefoundsignificantlysuperioro-
vertherestinsuchparametersasnumberofleavesand
plantheight.Thesetreesareelitetreesonprogenytes-
ting, hence, seedsfromthemcouldbeusedinfuturefor
establishingseedorchardorraisinglarge-scaleplanta-
tions.
Theresultclearlyshowsthatthereisatremendous
variationintheparametersfocusedinourstudy.Thus,
thereisawidescopeforselectionsofgeneticalysupe-
riortreesinthesamespeciesbyidentifyingthrough
performancetheirsiblingsattheirearlystages.Italso
50 江　苏　林　业　科　技 第 35卷
canbeconcludedthattheobservedvariabilityofthese
specieswouldimplicatesgeneticresourcesconservation
andtreeimprovement, especialyforthebalanceofthe
germplasmsupplyfromnurseries(whichtendstobe
exoticsoftwoods, hedgingandfruits), andgermplasma-
vailabilityfromenhancingtheprotectionandutilization
ofnaturalregenerationonfarm.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Iamhere, sincerelygratefultomyrespectivecol-
leaguesofDepartmentofNaturalResourcesofMizan
AgriculturalTechnicalVocationalEducationandTrain-
ingColegefortheircontributionanddirectiontothis
research, Iamalsoespecialypleasedtoappreciate
Mr.She, theeditorofJournalofNanjingForestryUni-
versityforgivingsomeinstructionandadvice.
References:
[ 1] 　LegesseN.Biology, Usesandpropagationtechniques.In:Indige-
noustreesofEthiopia[ R] . SLU Reprocentralen, Umea,
Sweden, 1995.
[ 2] 　ICRAF.Notesontheiridentification, propagationandmanagement
forusebyfarmingandpastoralcommunities.In:Aselectionof
usefultreesandshrubsforKenya[R].1992.
[ 3] 　KatendeAB.Identification, PropagationandManagementforAgri-
culturalandPastoralCommunities.In:Usefultreesandshrubsfor
Uganda[ R].Sweden:RegionalSoilConservationUnit(RSCU),
SwedishInternationalDevelopmentAuthority(SIDA), 1995.
[ 4] 　GenysJB.Diversityamongprogeniesofselectedphenotypesof
YelowBirch[ C].Lincoln:ProceedingsoftheSecondNorthCen-
tralTreeImprovementConference, 1981.
[ 5] 　HaleKN, CanaveraDS.PreliminaryresultsoftheWhiteSpruce
half-sibprogenytestinMaine[ J] .In:25thNortheasternForest
TreeImprovementConference, UniversityofMainSchoolofForest
Resources, Orono, Maine, July27-29, 1977.
[ 6] 　KaroshiVR, PatilCSP.VariabilitystudiesinTerminaliatomen-
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(上接第 42页)
治茶尺蠖和茶细蛾 、黑卵蜂防治茶毛虫 、红点唇瓢虫
防治长白盾蚧以及异色瓢虫防治茶蚜等均有较好的
控制效果。
3.3.3　病原微生物治虫　在生产中主要利用了真
菌 、细菌和病毒的防治 。真菌应用的是白僵菌 ,在小
雨 、雨后和湿度很高的天气喷洒 0.1亿 ～ 0.2亿 /mL
的孢子液 ,对茶黄毒蛾 、尺蠖类 、卷叶蛾类害虫有较
好的效果。细菌主要用苏云金杆菌防治鳞翅目害虫
的幼虫 。病毒可使用茶尺蠖 、茶黄毒蛾核型多角体
病毒制剂进行防治 ,防治关键要掌握在第 1代虫龄
整齐的初龄幼虫期。
3.4　化学防治
在无公害茶叶生产中 ,应根据不同的无公害茶
叶类型来确定化学防治方法。
3.4.1　绿色食品 A级茶园的防治 　防治病虫害
时 ,要在农业防治 、生物防治和物理机械防治的基础
上降低化学农药的用量 ,同时 ,限制使用化学农药 ,
在休采茶时可选择高效 、选择性强 、易降解的农药 ,
如辛硫磷 、溴氰菊酯 、吡虫啉等农病进行防治 ,同时
要按照国家颁布的安全使用标准使用。
3.4.2　绿色食品 AA级(有机茶或出口茶)茶园的
防治　在此茶园生产过程中 ,严格禁止使用任何人
工合成的杀虫剂 、杀菌剂 、除草剂 、生长调节剂和助
剂 ,只允许有限制地使用一些植物源农药 、矿物源农
药和动物源农药 ,如 2.5%鱼藤酮 300 ～ 500倍 、
0.2%的苦参碱 1 000 ～ 1 500倍等对鳞翅目害虫有
较好的防治效果 , 0.02 ～ 0.5度石硫合剂对螨类 、粉
虱类 、蚧类等有较好的防治效果 ,石灰半量波尔多液
对预防茶白星病 、茶云纹叶枯病效果明显。
参考文献:
[ 1] 　陈宗懋 ,陈雪芬.无公害茶园农药安全使用技术 [ M] .北京:金
盾出版社 , 2002.
[ 2] 　杨造林 ,郁盛万.运用黑光灯防治茶园害虫的效果探讨 [ J] .江
苏林业科技 , 2000, 27(2):43-44.
51第 1期 XUQingetal:ProgenytestinginCordiaafricana