1998年春末夏初,在美国的切萨皮克海湾的Choptank河出现了由微小原甲藻引发的大规模的赤潮.我们做了一系列与该藻赤潮发生机制有关的生理学特征实验.其中与氮吸收有关的生理学参数被应用于微小原甲藻赤潮发生动力学模型.为说明几个关键的生念及生理学过程在微小原甲藻赤潮发展和持续过程重的重要性,我们用该模型测试了几个关键过程点.模型测试的结果表明,河流输入充足的氮源是引起微小原甲藻赤潮的关键因素,而输入营养盐的组成结构对赤潮的发生并不起主要作用.然而在赤潮形成后,赤潮的维系依赖于还原态的氮源.在赤潮的维持过程中,微小原甲藻的倾向于吸收还原态的氮源的生理学特征起了很大作用.模型进一步表明微小原甲藻在低光照或黑暗条件下对氮的吸收仍然保持相当的吸收速率有利于该藻赤潮的发展.
In the late spring and early summer of 1998, an extensive Prorocentrum minimum bloom developed in the Choptank River of Chesapeake Bay, USA. A series experiments were conducted to determine the physiological characteristics of P. minimum in relation to its bloom development. These physiological characteristics in term of nitrogen uptake were applied toward the development of a simulation model of P. minimum bloom dynamics. Several scenarios were tested with this model to demonstrate the importance of some key ecological and physiological processes in the development and maintenance of P. minimum blooms. Model results suggested an initial pulse of sufficient nitrogen from river flow was essential for the bloom initiation, but the composition of this initial nutrient delivery was not significant in bloom initiation. However, the bloom was sustained by reduced nitrogen sources after its establishment. The physiological preference for reduced nitrogen uptake by P. minimum therefore plays an importance role in bloom maintenance, with reduced nitrogen representing more than 90% of total nitrogen uptake in the bloom peak period. The model further suggested that the ability of P. minimum to maintain a significant uptake of nitrogen under low light or dark conditions would be advantageous in its bloom development.
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theimportanccofIhephysiologicalrel tionships
measuredin neldstLldies，andtestwhetherphyslcal
and／orphvsiologiealprocessesplayedamlein山ebloom
deveIopmenlof【hisspecies．Themod lincludeseight
compartments(Fi2．3)．andallthemodelparametersand
theirvalucsarcdescnbedin1’ables1，2
Fig3 Dingr舯nmaticrepresenta村0Ⅱofnitroge叶based
modelfora只删血加“埘b100mdevelopment
Phytoplanktonequation(P)：TherateofchangeofP
埘加f珊"坍biomassfnrenectsthebalancebetween
nutrientup akeandIossesthroughgrazinga dmorEality：
dP／dt=(1-Y)妒一GI—mpP
Forthismodel．whichis b8sedonnutrient
sufficiencyduringthedevelopmentofthebloom，theK¨
wasestimatcdbasedonKs，vielding：
¨=V⋯(N“N+K))
TheinhibitionofN03。uptakebyP州fH砌“卅inthe
presenceofvariableconcentmtionsofNH4+hasalso
beenconsideredandquant讯edbvLomasndGlibert
f19991．
ZooplanktonequationsfZl：Thezooplanktonarc
assumedtograzephytoplankton，bacteriaande州tus
andtheauationcanbewrj廿enas：
dZ／dt=plGl+D2G2+p3G3一m71z—m：2Z
Bacteriaequation(B)：Thechangeinbacte—aI
biomasswithlimeis a如nctionofg而wthminus
resplratlOnndg眦mgbyzooplankton：
dB／dt=“I{B-丫BB·GfazjngB
Detritusequation(D)：ThedetritIlscompanment
wasde疗nedascomprisingfecalmaterials，andde d
ph”oplanktonandz oplankton．Tbmakethcmodelas
simpleaspossible，thedetrimscompartmentinthjs
modeIa soactsasthesedimentsi theroIeofnitmgen
regeneratlon．
dD／dt=(1。p1)Gl十(1一p2)G2一p3G3+mDP+m：2
Z-u。1D—Um2D
Nitrateequation(N03)；1twasassumedthatlhere
wasnorcgenerationofN03‘，sotherateofchangeof
N01。concentrationrenectsthebalancebetweenN03一
uptakeandadvectionf如m廿leriverinput．
dN03／dt=-Uptaken03+advcctjon
AdvectioninDutsandlosseswereonlvconsidcrcd
forthenu们entcomDanments，andwerea如 ctionof
riversDecincnowrateintheunitofdav“(v，innow
dividedbyecosystemv01ume)，theconcentratjonofa
sDeci厅cnut—entoutsidethebloom。andtheconcentration
ofaspeci行cnuIrientinsidethebIoompatch，andcanbe
depictedusi”g：
Advec“on=v(Cs㈣eCtn)
Ammoniumeq ation州H4)：Therateofchan2ein
NH4。wasassumedtorenectuplakeandregeneratjon
pmcesses．TheuptakeofNH4+wasfromtheuptakeby
phytoplanktondbacteria．TheregenemtionofNH4+
couldcomefromtheresDirationofbacte“aand
zooDlankton，alsotheremineralizationofdetritus．
dNH4，dt= 一 Uptakenh4+ Regenerationnh4+
advec“on
Ureaequation(Urea)：Changeinurearenected
uptakebyphytoplanktonandbacteria，andmuItiple
sources．Sourcesofurcawerezooplanktonexcretion，
bacteriaresDirationndDONbreak．down
dUrea／dt=- Uptakeuma+ Regeneratio”岫Ⅱ+
advectio“
DONequation(DON)：Intheneldmeasurements．
尸肌m打mfmdominatedpopulationsexhibitedsignincant
DONuptakerates．Thus，thechangeinDONwithtime
alsorenectedmultiDlesourcesandsinks．Thesinksfor
DONweremeuptakeofbacteriaandphvto口Iankton．and
froma watcrqualitymonitonngstation(ET5t2)of
ChesapeakeBayProgramintheChoptankRiverforthe
periodimmediatelypr cedingthebloomwereused．Urea
concentra“onswereb协inedfromthestudvofGlibeneI
al (2001)．Otherinitialdata，suchaszooDlankton
abundance，bacterialbiomass，柚dratesofregeneration．
wereobtainedfmmtheliteraturc，orwerebasedon
assumptionspreviouslydescribedfTables1 and2)．the
sourcesof‘ DONwerethephytopIanktonrelease，
zooplankton，andbacteri矾excretion，alsothebre kdown
ofdetritus．
dDoN／dt=一Uptak。DoN+RegenerationDoN+
advection
T铀lel ModeIinmalconditions
DescriQtionsSymbolvalue Un-I
Pminimmnbiom“s P 12 uMN
Zooplanktonbiomass Z 2 uMN
Bac e—ab{Omas8 B 2 uMN
Det—c【lsconcentrationD 2 uMN
N031cOncentrationN03。 15 LlMN
NH44concen廿ationNH4+ 5 uMN
Ureaconcentra“咖 urea 5 uMN
DONcOncenHa“onDO咐 5 uMN
Rivers盥cmcnowmte v 02 davl
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万方数据
万方数据
万方数据
2．6大苞栝楼发根培养体系的建立
2．6．1 发根农杆碱的检测结果如图5所示。从结果
}：看，以实生体了叶和茎作为对照，从了叶和茎上露
导出的发根的农杆碱检测呈现阳性，而且其迁移率与
标样相同，浇明转化成功。
图5大苞栝楼发根农杆碱的检测
F电5 Thedetenionofagmpineinthehairyootsof
THchosanth嘲bracteat丑Voigt
1收扦碱标样：2于叶发根表杆碱：3茎发根杜杆碱；4宾生体子叶农杆
碱：5．实牛体墓农杆碱
I．Ago砷Inem_rkeH2．Agropine0fhairymo忸fmmc tykdon；3，A即pine
ofh_irymobhmmstem；4．Agm—neofcotyledo毗曼Agmpineof日em
2．62发根培养体系的建寺发根农杆菌感染R1601
和R1000感染大苞杆楼外植体7d后，从子叶的形态
学下端中脉和边缘附近产生白色和淡黄绿色的愈伤组
织，并陆续长山发根(图6．1)。茎的生态学上端也有
瞬6发根培养体系
Fig6 Thehairy阳ots0f1Hchosanthe¨racteataVoigt
l了叶上诱导出的蔑根，2些L诱导山的垃根：3．无激素Ms培养基上培
养的笈报
Sed；onl：hairymobfmmcotyledon；s盹60n2：h_iryoots帅m“em；
sec“on3：h_i叫rDotsg唧nonMSmed；umf代eDfphytohomorn牯
愈伤组织的产牛，但足不如子叶的明显．且都为白色。
茎上的发根(图6．2)比子叶晚2d长出。部分发根具
有向上生长。发根比实生根粗而牛长迅速。把生长迅
速的发根从距根尖1cm处剪下，转移到无激素的Ms
培养基上培养，建立了发根培养体系(图6．3)。
参考文献
111 曾焕生，徐明芳，李定坚．2002大苞栝楼的曲用价值分
析iJ】．药物生物技术，9(5)I292．296．
121 T0ivnen—1993Ut“izationofha时motcul urefor
productionofsecondarymetabolltespl．丑fDr酣^加，，’昭t9：
12-20
【3l Pet{tA．davidC，DalliGA，etaI-1983．Futher眈tensionof
theopineconcept：plasmjdsin伽6粥，盯f“州砌扫qg删盱
cooperate如。叩inedegradalion【J】坳fG删＆珊，190：
204-214
『4l LeeHS，HuallgPLtKungH，ctall991TAP·29：an
antj_humanimmunode厅clencyvirusprote．nfmm
nic的s口nfh∞k洲ow试l、．Proc．№liA删SciUsA，镐：
6570—6574．
15I NgTB，Ch锄WY，YeungHw．1992．Proteinswith
abonifacient，nbosomeinactivating，immunomodulatorv
anU扎mofand删．AIDSactivitb竹omCucufb‰eae
{；o；j霉；二孽i÷蓦}：#警；尊舅；簪；§$二一g§；为 继细
胞培养之后又。有效的培养系统．因此，几乎所有双
子叶植物中⋯根部合成的次级代谫}物大多数都可以用
毛状根来生产，为利用发根培养技术牛产药用重要植
物次级代谢物曲物及食品天然色素、香精香料开辟了
新的途径吐天花粉蛋白质(Trichosanth{n，Tcs)由
多年生葫芦科植物藤本栝楼(开拓^∞∞mo^n·f『Dw“)
块根中分离纯化制成”J，近年来研究发现，天花粉蛋
白能抑制绒毛膜上皮癌细胞的生长及调节免疫反应和
抗肿瘤活性”J，尤其是天花粉蛋白GLQ223能够选择
性地抑制艾滋病(AIDs)病毒HIV在感染的免疫系
统细胞内的复制，减低免疫细胞中受病毒感染的活细
胞数16J．。本文以广泛分布于华南地区的大苞栝楼
(乃fc厅础棚砌甜6，酣r鲫衄vb碴t)阳。为外植体，研究了
以发根农杆菌R1601和R1000为诱导菌株，在不同培
养条件下的进行大苞栝楼(开i曲o∞”曲∞6Mc把口m
Voi斟)发根的诱导，建立了发根培养体系，为今后利
用发根生物反应器培养及利用该种药用资源生产药用
植物次级代谢物天花粉蛋白(T^chosant}lin)开辟新的
途径，为令后L_}I药植物发根培养牛产曲用植物次级代
谢产物实现产业化奠定理论基础，此研究国内外未见
报道。
I材料与方法
1．1大苞栝楼《n{ch∞anme曲Ⅲc把口船、70喀)佯j种r
和实生植株，由一1·国科学院华南植物研究所韦强老师
提供和鉴定。
发根农杆菌(爿gm6nc，已，mm柏七og彻酏)R1000
和R1601由t}J国科学院华南植物研究所提供。
1．2实验方法
1．2．1外植体的准备大苞栝楼的种予经常规消毒(先
基金项H：山』自、省科技J立关项目(2KM0250】G)和J自、肯自然科
学革务赘助(980022)
作青简介；僚 日月片(1962一)，盘．博十．剐教授，研究^向为H、境
生物技术
200
万方数据
还原态氮源在微小原甲藻大规模赤潮中的重要性--动力学模
型
作者： 范春雷， Glibert.P.M
作者单位： 美国马里兰大学环境科学中心Hom Point实验室
刊名： 生态科学
英文刊名： ECOLOGIC SCIENCE
年，卷(期)： 2003,22(3)
被引用次数： 2次
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引证文献(2条)
1.朱旭宇.江志兵.杜萍.黄逸君.陈全震.曾江宁 氮磷营养盐结构对有害藻类的影响[期刊论文]-江西农业学报
2011(1)
2.叶麟.徐耀阳.蔡庆华 香溪河库湾春季水华期间硝酸盐、磷酸盐的时空分布[期刊论文]-水生生物学报 2006(1)
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