全 文 ： 赫冬梅，段舜山. 近海海洋生态系统与有害赤潮的发生综述[J]. 生态科学,2011,30(4):454-458.
HE Dong-mei，DUAN Shun-shan. A review on interaction between marine ecosystem and harmful algal blooms[J]. Ecological Science,
2011, 30(4): 454-458.

近海海洋生态系统与有害赤潮的发生综述
赫冬梅，段舜山
﹡

暨南大学水生生物研究中心，广州 510632

【摘要】 海洋生态系统是地球生物圈的重要组成部分。目前，人类活动已经严重破坏了海洋生态系统，导致了海洋生态系统
的失衡。赤潮的发生正是这种不平衡的具体体现。文章讨论了人类活动对海洋生态系统的负面影响以及对近海海域赤潮发生
的推波助澜作用；主要综述了影响赤潮发生和消亡的生态条件及环境影响因子。最后，强调了学科交叉研究在管理和防范赤
潮的发生，维护近海海洋生态系统健康服务功能的必要性，并提出了一些相应的对策和措施。
关键词：赤潮；人类活动；海洋生态系统；失衡；富营养化
doi:10.3969/j.issn. 1008-8873.2011.04.015 中图分类号：Q789 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1008-8873(2011)04-454-05
A review on interaction between marine ecosystem and harmful algal blooms
HE Dong-mei，DUAN Shun-shan﹡
Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632，China

Abstract: Marine ecosystem plays important roles in ecology, but now it has been severely destroyed by human beings. Occurrence of
harmful algal blooms (HABs) is an indicator of marine ecosystem imbalance. Human-induced impacts on ocean ecosystem and HABs
outbreaks are briefly discussed. Moreover, this review mainly summarizes environmental factors regulating HABs triggering and
vanishing processes. Finally, it highlights the need for interdisciplinary research in the management and control of HABs. Corresponding
countermeasures have also been suggested.

Key words: harmful algal bloom (HAB); human activity; marine ecosystem; imbalance; eutrophication















收稿日期：2011-06-08 收稿，2011-06-20 接受
基金项目：国家自然科学基金(40876074).
作者简介：赫冬梅（1972—），女，博士后，微藻生理生态。
∗通讯作者，段舜山教授，Email: tssduan@jnu.edu.cn.
第 30 卷 第 4 期 生 态 科 学 30(4): 454-458
2011 年 7 月 Ecological Science Jul. 2011

万方数据
1 Introduction

Marine ecos ystem, especially coastal area, is of great
socio-economic and environmental significance and is
the vital component of global change. In China, the gold
costal zones from north to south are the most dynamic
economy areas. However, both climate change and
human activities have greatly changed the marine
ecosystem, due to the overpopulation and natural
resources exploration.
In the past few decades, there has been a worldwide
increase in the reports of red tides. Obviously, ocean
ecosystem becomes more fragile. The issue has
attracted scientist concern and become an important
research field in the world. Never before have people
been cared about marine environmental problem with
such tremendous enthusiasm.
Here, we review phenomena of harmful algal blooms
(HABs), environmental variations and the possible
mechanisms of HABs dynamic process. A brief
summary is also presented on the disequilibrium of
marine ecosystem caused by human activities and
global climate change for estuarine and coastal marine
ecosystems.

2 Influence of human activities on ocean ecosystem

Global environmental change and sustainable
development are both crucial challenges human being
are facing. The increase of greenhouse gas, mostly due
to fossil fuel burning and deforestation, are supposed to
substantially impact the climate in the future, and this
view has been generally accepted
[1,2]
.
The current trend of global warming resulting in
complex variation of many marine organisms, makes
ocean ecosystem more susceptible. For example, The EI
Nino is one of visible climate variation with large scale
of impact on the marine ecosystem. Phytoplankton
massive proliferation caused by higher temperature was
in accordance with the EI Nino event
[3]
. Another
examples are corals extensive mortality worldwide due
to unusually high temperature
[4]
and vanish of
mangrove communities
[5]
. This disappearance of
species seriously damaged community structure of
aquatic organisms and marine biological resources
[6]
.
On the other hand, along with the fast development of
economy, human factors directly do harm to the
environment by discharging untreated waste water,
chemical fertilizers and pesticides from the urban
sewage and aquiculture, resulting in the water quality
deterioration. Consequently, Humans now strongly
influence almost every major aquatic ecosystem, from
species ranges to composition of the marine
communities, which in turn, lead cascading changes on
a large scale
[7,8]
. There are many studied showed that
nutrient inputs have had profoundly negative effects
upon water quality worldwide and increase the
frequency of red tide
[9]
.

3 Harmful algal blooms (HAB) phenomenon and its
damage

Along with increasing population and economic
development, the most important impact of the
human activities on the estuarine area lies in altering the
structure and function of the marine ecosystem in recent
decades
[5,6,8,9]
. As an abnormal ecology phenomenon
with the outbreak growth and group in a short time,
occurrence of HAB is just the consequence of this
transformation.
Moreover, human-induced the imbalance of marine
ecosystem deepened the frequency and severity of this
disaster. Because of the sewage come from industry and
town living increase continuously
[7]
, the extent of time
between two HAB events has become shorter and
shorter, its influence and damage have been became
progressively worse.
Frequent occurrence of the harmful bloom seriously
harmed coastal environment, biodiversities and natural
resources. Epidemic outbreak and massive cell density
of red tide organisms block respiratory organs of fish
and shrimps, causing their asphyxiated death. The death
of phytoplankton depletes oxygen by the
bacterial decomposition, thereby lead to the changes of
physical and chemical properties in sea water and
deterioration of water quality
[10]
. Some bloom-forming
4 期 赫冬梅，等：近海海洋生态系统与有害赤潮的发生综述 455

万方数据
species produce extracellular secretion or toxin
[11]
, and
lead to hypoxic environment making marine life dying.

4 Key factors regulating the dynamic process of algal
bloom

The mechanism causing red tides is complex. Even
though we have incomplete knowledge of the factors
leading to its incidence worldwide, the HAB dynamic
process may attribute to two main factors: nutrients
input leading to eutrophication and natural physical
process including water upwelling. It is pointed that
changing environmental conditions either contribute to
its initiation as well as its termination.

4.1 Eutrophication and the occurrence of red tides
Most harmful algal are autotrophic organisms，Nutrition
is substantial basis for algal growth. Loaded Nutrients
containing nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) silicon(Si) are
essential for proliferation of phytoplankton cells，
especially the concentration and ratio, are the important
environmental factors influencing the initiating and
vanishing of harmful algal blooms
[12,13]
.
A general increase in nutrient discharges during the last
few decades has caused various changes in the algal
community structure along the coast. Many researchers
argued that sudden increase in the availability of
nutrients and environmental changes favoring algae
growth
[14,15]
, and there are lots of data relating this
aspect
[15,16]
. For example, red tide species population
density showed a remarkable increase that paralleled to
the rise of content of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in
Daya Bay
[17]
. In fact, during the late period of HAB,
depletion of nutrition cannot support algae cell
proliferation and eventually lead to red tide
disappearing.
In addition ， due to the difference of nutritional
requirements，nutrition input has influence on the
competition of dominant species and community
success
[16,18]
. In another example, increased nutrient
loading to the Southern North Sea has resulted in the
colonial bloom-forming alga phaeocystis following the
initial diatom bloom. This succession shift is attributed
to silicon-limitation leading to collapse of the diatom
assemblage and giving place to phaeocystis
[19]
.

4.2 Physical processes contributing to harmful algal
blooms
The preceding discussion would lead one to believe that
eutrophication and the increase in nutrients loading are
likely the primary cause for HABs occurring. In fact,
Physical processes also contribute to harmful algal
blooms dynamic course, by the interaction with
nutrition conditions.
Illumination, temperature and salinity regulate the
growth and reproduction of bloom-forming organisms
directly and indirectly，and keep them physiologically
active. Meanwhile, they affect horizontal and vertical
distribution of harmful algal species. Light is energy
source for photosynthesis, so it is prerequisite of
triggering red tides in coastal environmental system
[20]
.
There are also some researches indicate that stable and
suitable temperature promote the occurrence of HAB,
but sharp variation result in HAB disappearing. Under
the suitable conditions, temperature directly influences
the growth process by regulating enzymatic reaction or
respiration in the algae cells. Instead, during the late of
harmful algal blooms, sharp variation promotes HAB
disappearing rapidly
[21]
.
The complexity of hydrodynamic characteristics such as
diffusion and upwelling in coastal zones directly
contribute to the formation and disappearance of HAB
[22]
. The red rides usually occur coastal waters, where
water current exchanges weakly, favoring plant cell
aggregation and propagation.

4.3 Interactions between microorganisms and
harmful algae
Microorganism, especially bacteria, is an
important component of food chain in coastal system.
Due to the close interaction between bacteria and
harmful microalgae, bacteria play a vital role in the
harmful algal blooms and toxic species
[23]
.
The ways in which bacteria interact with unicellular
algae are extremely diverse. Like other environmental
factors，microorganisms serve a double functions during
456 生 态 科 学 Ecological Science 30 卷

万方数据
the triggering and disappearing of HAB. On the one
hand, the major portion of essential nutrition for
phytoplankton division, directly come from sewage of
the offshore, others depend on the decomposition of
organic pollutants and organisms after death by the
bacteria in the sea water
[24]
.
virus is also considered to play a potentially important
role in structuring phytoplankton communities, marine
viruses in the red tide algal could explain the
dramatically rapid termination of this red tide
[25]
.
Whether bacteria regulate the HABs dynamic process or
not is unsure. Given that bacteria may be contributing to
the disappearance of HAB, additional research should
be need to fully evaluate the interaction between
bacteria and HAB termination.
influence of bacteria on HAB population dynamics, the
role of bacteria in the production of toxins normally
attributed to the algae,

5 Challenge of management and suggestions

Harmful algal events have been serious constraint to the
economic development of coastal areas, as a potential
hazard to the human health, wildlife and ecosystem
[26]
.
Mechanisms influencing initiation and vanish of
harmful algal blooms are diverse. Due to the complexity
of interactions, current modeling and experiment studies
cannot interpret intrinsic mechanism of this incident. So
it is difficult to prevent and control the HAB as far as it
occurs. The scenario calls for a coordinated scientific
and management approach. Information integrated from
various discipline coupled with improved monitoring
system, will help predict and migrate HABs.
Some scientists suggest that the recent explosion of the
blooms is due to the nutrient pollution of coastal waters.
So the control pollutants discharging, For example,
reducing agricultural runoff and, is a major strategy
taken to prevent HAB outbreaks. Only by this way can
we recovery aquatic environment and protect marine
resources, thereby realize sustainable development in
coastal areas.

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458 生 态 科 学 Ecological Science 30 卷

万方数据
近海海洋生态系统与有害赤潮的发生综述
作者： 赫冬梅， 段舜山， HE Dong-mei， DUAN Shun-shan
作者单位： 暨南大学水生生物研究中心,广州,510632
刊名： 生态科学
英文刊名： ECOLOGICAL SCIENCE
年，卷(期)： 2011,30(4)

参考文献(26条)
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red tide alga[期刊论文]-Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology 2002(1)
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microalgae[期刊论文]-Ocean Science 2002(03)
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environment and system[期刊论文]-Advances in Earth Science 2002(03)
13.Louis Peperzak Climate change and harmful algal blooms in the North Sea 2003
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Harmful Algal Blooms 2007
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research in next phrase in china[期刊论文]-Advances in Earth Science 2005(04)
16.Alverson K;Bradley R;Pederson T Environmental variability and climate change 2001
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countermeasures in China 2003(01)
18.Hui Wang;Shijie Bai;Wenwei Cai;Tianling Zheng Modulating marine ecosystem by marine viruses-A review[期刊论文]-Acta
Microbiologica Sinica 2009(05)
19.Kirsten Christoffersen;Susanne Lyck;Anne Winding Microbial activity and bacterial community structure during
degradation of microcystins 2002
20.Rousseau V;Leynaert A;Daoud N;Lancelot C Diatom success,silicification,and silici acid availability in Belgian
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[期刊论文]-Marine Environmental Science 2004(02)
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Consequences 2002(04)
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ecological environment in Daya Bay[期刊论文]-Journal of Oceanography In Taiwan Starit 2005(02)
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algal blooms and eutrophication:Examining linkages from selected coastal regions of the United States 2008
26.Fang tao Effects of irradinance,nitrate and phosphate on growth of phytoplankton in Changjiang estuary 2008

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