大型底栖动物在河流生态系统中发挥着重要作用。2003年6月至2004年6月间对汉江流域2级河流——黑竹冲河大型底栖动物群落优势种类的生产力进行了为期一周年的调查研究。结果表明,主要优势种小裳蜉(Leptophlebia sp.)和蜉蝣(Ephemera sp.)的生活史均为一年两代,蜉蝣的两个代之间界限比较明显;小裳蜉成虫羽化主要发生在秋季和冬季,而蜉蝣成虫羽化主要发生在夏季和冬季。小裳蜉和蜉蝣种群的生物量和多度均出现两次峰值。采用体长频率法(size-frequencymethod)测算的周年生产量分别为:小裳蜉,38.0362g·m-2·a-1,P/B为11.4;蜉蝣,76.0318g·m-2·a-1,P/B为11.8。
Macrozoobenthos community plays an important role in material cycle and energy flow in riverine ecosystem. During June, 2003 to June 2004, an investigation on the life cycle and production of dominant species of macrozoobenthos community in a second-grade river of Hanjiang River catchment was carried out. From the upper reach to the lower reach of Heizhuchong stream, we chose six types of habitats to sample. Station 1(S1) lied in the middle of the stream with big round rocks there in the upper reach, station 2(S2) was in the inner part of a weir with cobble substratum, station 3(S3) in the middle of a peacefully flowing section with gravel-sand bottom, station 4(S4) at the side of the riparian with aquatic macrophytes and snags, station 5(S5) was in the middle of the riffle, station 6(S6) at the lower reach with a sewage outlet ca 100 meters upper. At each station, two quantitative samples were taken with a 167μm Surber net, and the samples were sieved with a 167μm net, sorted in a porcelain dish with naked eye. The specimens were kept in 10% formalin for later processing. The life cycle of Leptophlebia sp. and Ephemera sp. was analyzed by the monthly size frequency distribution, the cohort and annual production were estimated by size frequency method. The results showed that the dominant species Leptophlebia sp. and Ephemera sp. appeared to develop two generations per year, and there was a little overlap with the two generations of Leptophlebia sp., but it could not be a matter to make out the two generations. As far as Leptophlebia sp. was concerned, the pupation mainly occurred in fall and winter; while pupation of Ephemera sp. mainly occurred in summer and winter; the abundance and biomass of the Leptophlebia sp. population reached their highest peaks(913 ind.g·m-2, 0.992 0 g·m-2) in October and August,respectively, while the abundance and biomass of the Ephemera sp. population reached theirs(107 indg·m-2,2.3639 g·m-2) in June and March. The cohort production and cohort P/B ratio of the Leptophlebia sp. population were 19.0181 g·m-2·a-1 and 5.7, the annual production and P/B ratio were 38.0362 g·m-2·a-1 and 11.4. The cohort production and cohort P/B ratio of the Ephemera sp. population were 38.0159 g·m-2·a-1 and 5.9, the annual production and P/B ratio were 76.0318 g·m-2·a-1 and 11.8.
全 文 : 万方数据
万方数据
1期 闫云君,等:黑竹冲河小裳蜉(Leptophlebiasp.)和蜉蝣(Ephemerasp.)周年生产量 99
动态,两次峰值也分别出现在次年3月和6月,在次
年3月份达到主峰值,为2.3639g·m~,在6月份达
到次峰值,为1.0798 g·m~。其它各月中生物量保
持在一个较低水平上。
2.2生活史
2.2.1小裳蜉小裳蜉体长频率分布逐月动态如图3。从
图3可以看出,每年的6月、9至12月均有成虫羽化,
至随后交配后产卵,繁殖主要发生在2月和7~8月,
图3黑竹冲河小裳蜉种群的龄期频率分布逐月动态
Fig.3Monthlyinstarf equencydistributionsforLeptophlebia
spinHeizhuchongstream
因此可初略划分出两个世代,即’2月~6月一个世代,
6月~次年1月一个世代,两个世代间有少许重叠。
2.2.2蜉蝣蜉蝣体长频率分布逐月动态如图4。由图
4可以看出,成虫羽化主要发生在6月和11月~次年
的2月,随后交配后产卵,繁殖则主要发生在6~7
月和11月,因此可以划分出两个世代,即6月~11
月一个世代,12月~次年6月一个世代,两个世代间
几乎没有重叠的现象。
图4黑竹冲河蜉蝣种群的龄期频率分布逐月动态
Fig.4Monthlyinstarf equencydistributiongforEphemerasp.
inHeizhuchongstream
1季15a,b黑竹冲河小裳蜉(a)和蜉蝣(b)体重(湿重,Ww,mg)与体长(L,mm)关系
Fig.5a,bRelationshipbetweenbodyweightOVw,mgwetweight),bodylength皿,mm)ofLept phlebiasp(a)andEphemerasp(b)
inHeizhuchongstream
表1龄期频率法测算的黑竹冲河小裳蜉周年生产量
TableIAnnualproduction(g·m。2wetwt)ofLeptophlebias estimatedbysize-frequencymethodinHeizhuchongStream
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万方数据
100 生态科学 24卷
表2龄期频率法测算的黑竹冲河蜉蝣周年生产量 。
Table2Annualproduction(g·In.2wetwt)ofEphemerasp.estimatedbysize-frequencymethodinHeizhuchongStream
’
体长组 密度 体均重 生物量 减员数 减员个体均重 损失量 生产量
SizecllassDensityMeanwt BiomassNo.10ssMeanwtatloss Wtloss Production
!翌里! 型竺::堕≥ l!坚2 丝:堕:! 【塑旦::里:! (里盟 选:望:) 焦:里:!
o~3 5.6 0.0003 0.0017 .77.70 0.0007 —0.0521 —0.5212
3“83.3 0.0015 0.1250 .18.60 0.0026 -0.0489 -0.4886
6-9 101.9 0.0046 0.4687 40.80 0.0076 0。3106 3.1062
9-12 61.1 0.0126 0.7699 .27.80 0.0176 -0.4894 —4.8944
12~15 88.9 0.0246 2.1869 64.80 0.0326 2.1124 21.1244
15~18 24.1 0.0432 1.041l 16.70 0.0541 0.9038 9.0380
18~21 7.4 0.0678 0.5017 1.80 0.0864 0.1554 1.5545
21~24 5.6 0.1100 0.6160 3.70 0.1301 0.4813 4.8126
24—27 1.9 0.1538 0.2922 0.00 0.1819 0.0000 0.0000
27~30 1.9 0.2I51 0.4087 1.9 0.2255 0.4285 4.2845
2.3体长一体重关系
黑竹冲河小裳蜉(Leptophlebiasp)和蜉蝣
(Ephemerasp)的体湿重(Wwrag)与体长(L,mm)的
回归关系如图5a,b所示,回归方程分别为:
小裳蜉:Ww=O.0092L3‘恺(n=52,r--0.9878,p<0.000O)
蜉蝣:Ww=0.00015L2一(n=38,r=0。9935,p<0。oooo)
2.4周年生产量
2.4.1小裳蜉由于小裳蜉一年完成两个世代,因
此周年生产量为其同龄群(cohort)的2倍。根据
体长频率法(size.frequencymethod)测算的小裳
蜉同龄群生产量和周年生产量如表1。由表1可
知,小裳蜉同龄群生产量和周年生产量湿重分别
表3不同水体蜉蝣生产力和P/B系数比较
Table3Comparisonofsecondaryproduction(mgDW·m"2)andP/Bratiowithotherstudiesofmayflyspecies
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Caenis.1uctuosa 6349.81 15.98 Mediterraneansemi ridstream(Murcia,Spain)Peffan,eta1.1999
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Experimentalpo ds(Virginia,U.S.A.)
Experimentalstream(Alabama,U.S.A.)
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Experimentalstream(Dorset,OK)
Reach7(NorthemSpain)
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inRockSpringsRun(centralFlorida,USA)
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ANorthernSpainstream
inHeizhuchongStream,Hubei,P.R.China
inHeizhuchongStream,Hubei,P,R.China
ChristmanandVoshell,1992[1
61
Rodgers,1982
BenkeandJaeobi,1994
Weltonetal.,1982
Gonz{tlez,eta1.2001
Gonzhlez,eta1.2001
ChristmanandVoshell,1992
Oertli(1993)
MacFarlaneandWaters,1982
Pergm,1997
SalasndDudgeon,2003
SalasndDudgeon,2003
SalasndDudgeon,2003
SatasndDudgeon,2003
SalasndDudgeon,2003
Lobinske,AIiandStout,1996
Lobiiaske,AliandStout,1996
Gonzalez,eta1.2003
Gonzfilez,eta1.2003
Thisstudy,2004
Thisstudy,2004
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万方数据
1期 闰云君,等:黑竹冲河小裳蜉(Leptopblebiasp.)和蜉蝣(Ephemerasp.)周年生产量 101
为19.018g·m~茅1138.0362g·m~;同龄群P/B系
数为5.7,周年P/B系数为11.4。
2.4.2蜉蝣同样地,由于蜉蝣一年亦完成两个世
代,其同龄群生产量和周年生产量如表2。由表2
可知,蜉蝣同龄群生产量和周年生产量湿重分别
为38.0159g·m。2和76.0318g·m~:同龄群P/B
系数为5.9,周年P/B系数为11.8。
3讨论
蜉蝣目昆虫广泛存在于世界各种淡水水体中,特
别是在河流生态系统中形成优势类群,在系统的物质
循环和能量流动中起着重要作用,而且该类群对水质
变化比较敏感,在国外已被广泛用于水质监测。因此,
国外对该类群的研究工作开展比较早,也较为深入。
有关河流生态系统中蜉蝣类群结构、功能及营
养基础的研究工作报道也不少见【8‘12l。从功能摄食
群看,蜉蝣多属于刮食者(scraper)和收集者
(collector),是河流等水体生态系统营养链中极为
重要的一环,对维系生态系统食物网的复杂性有着
十分重要的意义。而我国对蜉蝣目的研究起步比较
晚,大多数工作主要集中在类群的分类学,以及与
其它底栖动物形成的群落在水质监测方面应用研
究[13。141,有关该类群的结构与功能研究尚没有报道,
这与我国河流生态学,特别是河流功能生态学研究
滞后有关。蜉蝣类群种类多,分布地域广,因此生
活史也较为复杂。一般地,在热带地区的种类一年
有3~5个世代,亚热带地区为一年1~一3个世代,
温带和寒带地区则可能出现2--..3年一个世代,甚至
更长【8。9】。本研究地点位于亚热带地区,两种蜉蝣均
为一年两代,与上述一般规律相吻合。
就生产量而言,在已报道的种类中,本研究中的
两种蜉蝣周年生产量为最大,这与黑竹冲河中藻类种
类生长丰富,食物充足,维持着种群高密度有关;另
一方面,蜉蝣的捕食者(鱼类、蟹类)相对较少,也
可能是另一个原因。而两者的P/B系数在所报道的数
据中较为适中(表3)。
所研究的两种蜉蝣均属同一功能摄食群,且是共
生种类,从密度、生物量和生产力的情况看,彼此之
间的竞争表现不是很明显。这可能与黑竹冲河拥有丰
富的食物资源有关。此外,除水草的区域不适合上述
两种蜉蝣生长以外,其它不同微生境的影响表现均不
显著(>0.05)。
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万方数据
黑竹冲河小裳蜉(Leptophlebia sp.)和蜉蝣(Ephemera
sp.)周年生产量
作者: 闫云君, 李晓宇, YAN Yun-jun, LI Xiao-yu
作者单位: 华中科技大学生命科学与技术学院,武汉,430074
刊名: 生态科学
英文刊名: ECOLOGIC SCIENCE
年,卷(期): 2006,25(2)
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