全 文 ：植 物 分 类 学 报 44 (3): 241–257(2006) doi:10.1360/aps040149
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica http://www.plantsystematics.com
———————————
2004-11-25收稿, 2006-03-20收修改稿。
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(30530860)(Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No.
30530860)。
* 通讯作者(Authors for correspondence. E-mail: xiaopg@public.bta.net.cn, bcslchen@inet.polyu.edu.hk)。
广义小檗科植物药用亲缘学的研究
1彭 勇 1, 2陈四保 3刘 勇 1, 2陈士林* 1, 2肖培根*
1(中国医学科学院药用植物研究所 北京 100094)
2(中药药学及分子药理学国家重点实验室 深圳 518057)
3(北京中医药大学中药学院 北京 100102)
A pharmacophylogenetic study of the Berberidaceae (s.l.)
1PENG Yong 1, 2CHEN Si-Bao 3LIU Yong 1, 2 CHEN Shi-Lin* 1, 2XIAO Pei-Gen*
1 (Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100094, China)
2 (State Key Laboratory of Pharmacy and Molecular Pharmacology Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine,
Shenzhen 518057, China)
3 (School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China)
Abstract This paper deals with the correlation between phylogeny, chemical constituents
and pharmaceutical effectiveness of the Berberidaceae (s.l.), i.e. a pharmacophylogenetic
study of the family. Our results support the circumscription of the family recently proposed by
Wu Z-Y et al., who considered that the Berberidaceae (s.l.) should be treated as four
independent families: Nandinaceae, Berberidaceae (s.s.), Podophyllaceae and Leonticaceae.
Phytochemically the monotypic family Nandinaceae is characterized by containing a rich
spectrum of benzylisoquinoline types of alkaloids, such as berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhi-
zine, coptisine, magnoflorine, domesticine, nandinine and protopine. The existence of the
cyanogenic compound nandinin, biflavonoid amentoflavone and benzaldehyde-4-O-glucoside
in this family indicates its relatively distant relation with the other three families. Nandina
indica, the only species of the Nandinaceae, has been ethnopharmacologically mainly used as
medicines for clearing heat and counteracting toxins, or as antitussive. The Berberidaceae
(s.s.), which consist of Berberis L. and Mahonia Nutt., contain mainly benzylisoquinoline
alkaloids, e.g., berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, columbamine, magnoflorine, particularly a
higher content of biisobenzylquinoline alkaloids represented by berbamine and oxyacanthine.
Ethnopharmacologically the plants in this family have been mainly used as medicines for
clearing heat and counteracting toxins. In addition, plants in both Berberis and Mahonia have
long been used as the main sources of the drugs berberine and berbamine. The
Podophyllaceae can be divided into two tribes. The tribe Podophylleae, consisting of
Podophyllum L. (including Sinopodophyllum Ying and Dysosma Woodson) and Diphylleia
Michx., contains extensively various podophyllotoxin lignans, and the plants in this tribe have
been used as the most important source for the manufacture of the anticancer drugs, i.e.,
podophyllotoxin’s derivatives. Ethnopharmacologically, the plants have been mainly used as
medicines for activating blood, revolving stasis, relieving swelling, removing toxin, and clearing
heat. The tribe Epimedieae, consisting of Epimedium L., Vancouveria C. Morr. & Decne, Achlys
DC., Jeffersonia Barton (Plagiorhegma Maxim.) and Ranzania T. Ito, has diversified chemical
constituents. Both Epimedium and Vancouveria contain predominately bioactive icariin
植 物 分 类 学 报 44卷 242
flavonoids, the characteristic chemical constituents of this group. Ethnopharmacologically the
plants in Epimedium have been used as a male sexual tonic, and as medicines for dispelling
wind and removing dampness. The phytochemistry of the remaining three genera Achlys,
Jeffersonia and Ranzania has not been yet thoroughly investigated. Jeffersonia dubia has been
used for the treatment of dysentery and eye pain caused by inflammation in the Korean minority
nationality of northeast China. The Leonticaceae, including Gymnospermium Spach, Leontice
L., Caulophyllum Michx and Bongardia C. A. Mey., phytochemically contain mainly β-amyrin
triterpenoids and quinolizidine alkaloids, and have been used as medicines for activating blood,
revolving stasis, dispelling wind and removing dampness.
Key words Berberidaceae, pharmacophylogenetic study, chemotaxonomy, phylogenetic
relationship.
摘要 为探讨广义小檗科Berberidaceae s.l.植物的亲缘关系、化学成分与疗效间存在的联系性, 即药用
亲缘学的研究, 将有关本科的植物化学、疗效等信息数据与植物亲缘关系进行综合的研究分析。研究
结果发现本科的化学成分可以划分为几大类型: 苄基异喹啉类生物碱、鬼臼毒素类木脂素、三萜皂苷、
喹喏里西啶生物碱和淫羊霍苷类黄酮等, 结合其疗效, 发现广义小檗科从药用亲缘学的角度来观察,
可以划分为4个独立的小科, 即南天竹科Nandinaceae、小檗科Berberidaceae(狭义)、狮足草科Leonticaceae
和鬼臼科Podophyllaceae。
关键词 小檗科; 药用植物亲缘学; 化学分类学; 系统关系
我国有着十分丰富的药用植物多样性, 一方面是由于我国具有多种多样的自然环境
条件, 另一方面是由于我国人民在使用植物防治疾病上积累了丰富的经验。在对我国药
用植物一些类群进行深入研究时, 我们发现在植物亲缘关系、化学成分与疗效间存在一
定的联系性(Xiao, 1978; 肖培根, 1980; 肖培根等, 1980; Chen et al., 2003)。我们将这种联
系性称为药用亲缘学(pharmacophylogenetics)(肖培根等, 2006)。
广义小檗科Berberidaceae s.l.含14属, 约650种, 主产于北温带和亚热带高山地区。我
国有10属, 约320种。该科是药用植物的一个重要类群, 几乎所有属和大部分种都具有药
用价值, 例如小檗属Berberis L.和十大功劳属Mahonia Nutt.植物是黄连素的重要原料; 淫
羊藿属Epimedium L.多种植物是中药淫羊霍的来源, 鬼臼属Podophyllum L.植物则是抗癌
药物鬼臼毒素(podophyllotoxin)的主要来源。其余类群大部分为重要的民间草药, 具有多
种药理活性, 是新药开发的重要研究对象。但是, 广义小檗科在分类系统方面存在有多种
不同的观点, 本文拟从植物分类-化学成分-疗效间的联系性来探索此类群的药用亲缘学
方面的问题。
1 小檗科的主要分类系统
自Jussieu 1789年建立小檗科以来, 已有若干系统发表。全科由13–17个属组成, 曾被
划分为2–4个科, 各小科的界定也不尽相同。持广义小檗科概念的学者, 对于科以下各属
的系统处理也有很多争议。该科的主要分类系统有: Airy Shaw(1973), Terabayashi(1985a,
1985b), Meacham(1980)和Loconte(1993)以及吴征镒等(2003)的系统(表1)。尽管花形态学、
血清学、花粉学和细胞学等性状研究广泛用于小檗科系统学的探讨, 但是, 各属之间的系
统进化关系依然存在较大的争议。
3期 彭 勇等: 广义小檗科植物药用亲缘学的研究 243
表1 小檗科主要分类系统
Table 1 Different classification systems of the Berberidaceae
Airy Shaw
(1973)
Terabayashi
(1985a, b)
Meacham
(1980)
Loconte
(1989, 1993)
吴征镒等
Wu et al. (2003)
Nandinaceae Nandinoideae Nandinaceae Nandinoideae Nandinaceae
Nandina Thunb. Nandina Nandina Nandina Nandina
Berberidaceae Berberidoideae Berberidaceae Berberidoideae Leonticaceae
Mahonia Nutt. Berberideae Leonticeae Caulophyllum
Berberis L. Mahonia Mahonia Caulophyllum Gymnospermium
Epimedium L. Berberis Berberis Leontice Leontice
Vancouveria C. Morr. &
Decne.
Ranzanieae Ranzania Gymnospermium
Ranzania Berberideae Berberidaceae
Leonticaceae Epimedieae Caulophyllum Berberidineae Ranzania
Caulophyllum Michx. Epimediinae Leontice Mahonia Mahonia
Leontice L. Epimedium Gymnospermium Berberis Berberis
Gymnospermium Spach Vancouveria Bongardia Ranzania Podophyllaceae
Bongardia C. A. Mey. Jeffersonia Epimediineae Epimedioideae
Plagiorhegma Epimedium Epimedium Epimedieae
Podophyllaceae Achlys Vancouveria Vancouveria Epimedium
Ranzania T. Ito Leonticinae Jeffersonia Jeffersonia Vancouveria
Jeffersonia Barton Caulophyllum Plagiorhegma Plagiorhegma Plagiorhegma
Plagiorhegma Maxim. Leontice Achlys Achlys Achlydeae
Achlys DC. Gymnospermium Bongardia Achlys
Podophyllum L. Bongardia Podophyllum Bongardieae
Dysosma Woodson Podophylleae Dysosma Bongardia
Diphylleia Michx. Podophyllum Podophyllum Sinopodophyllum
Ying
Podophylloideae
Dysosma Dysosma Diphylleia Diphylleia
Diphylleia Diphylleia Podophyllum
Dysosma
Sinopodophyllum


Airy Shaw(1973)的小檗科分类系统是一个重要系统。该系统将小檗科(广义)分为4个
具有亲缘关系的小科, 即南天竹科Nandinaceae、小檗科Berberidaceae s.s.、狮足草科
Leonticaceae和鬼臼科Podophyllaceae。该系统的最大争议是将单种属Nandina Thunb.提升
为一个科, 另一个大的争议是将木本属小檗属和十大功劳属及草本属淫羊霍属和温哥华
属Vancouveria C. Morr. & Decne.同归入狭义的小檗科, 认为草本属和木本属有较近的亲
缘关系。Terabayashi(1985a, b)将小檗科分为南天竹亚科Nandinoideae和小檗亚科
Berberidoideae, 后者分为5个族。Meacham(1980)认为除去Nandina应单立一科外, 其他的
属归为小檗科下4个组, 这和Terabayashi(1985a, b)的主张类似。Loconte(1993)将小檗科分
为南天竹亚科和小檗亚科 , 同Terabayashi(1985a, b)不同的是 , 将小檗亚科分为
Leonticeae、Berberideae和Epimediineae 3个族。为讨论方便, 本文中草本植物各属的概念,
主要根据小檗科草本型植物最近的专著(Stearn, 2002)。此专著全面整理了世界淫羊霍属、
温哥华属和小檗科草本植物, 将八角莲属Dysosma Woodson作为鬼臼属的一个组sect.
Dysosma (Woodson) J. M. H. Shaw, 桃儿七属Sinopodophyllum Ying作为鬼臼属的异名, 将
鲜黄连属Plagiorhegma Maxim.并入Jeffersonia属中; 该书对属、种的处理代表了传统的小
檗科分类观点。
植 物 分 类 学 报 44卷 244
2 化学成分
小檗科植物含有丰富的化学成分, 成为该类植物多种生物活性的物质基础。和形态
上的变异相似, 该科植物的化学成分差异也很大, 亲缘关系比较近的植物化学成分有很
大的相似性。总体来讲, 小檗科化学成分主要包括苄基异喹啉生物碱、鬼臼毒素类木脂
素、喹喏里西啶生物碱、淫羊藿苷类黄酮、香豆素和其他黄酮等酚类成分。
2.1 苄基异喹啉生物碱(isobenzylquinolines)
这类生物碱存在于南天竹属Nandina Thunb.、小檗属和十大功劳属等木本类群中, 代
表类型有原小檗碱型(protoberberine)、阿扑菲型 (aporphine)、双苄基异喹啉生物碱
(bi-isobenzylquinolines) 和其他类型(图1)。

N
R3
R2
R1
+
R1 R2 R3 R4
berberine -OCH2O- OMe OMe
jatrorrhizine OMe OH OMe OMe
palmatine OMe OMe OMe OMe
coptisine -OCH2O- -OCH2O-
R4
N
MeO
HO
HO
MeO
Me
Me
+
magnoflorine
O
O
O
OH
OHO
OH
HO
HO
CN
OH
nandinin
N N
MeOOMe
OMeMe
OH
MeH HO
O
berbamine

图1 小檗科植物主要苄基异喹啉生物碱和氰类化合物
Fig. 1. Major isobenzylquinoline alkaloids and cyanogenic glycosides in Berberidaceae.

2.1.1 南天竹属 仅一种, 为东亚特有, 主要分布在中国及日本。Tomita等(1951)、Tomita
和Sugamoto(1961)、Tomita和Fujie(1962)及Kunitomo等 (1972, 1974)对南天竹Nandina
domestica Thunb.进行了详细的化学成分研究, 主要成分为苄基异喹啉生物碱, 原小檗碱
型的有小檗碱(berberine)、巴马亭(palmatine)、药根碱(jatrorrhizine)、黄连碱(coptisine); 阿
扑菲型的有木兰花碱(magnoflorine)、南天竹种碱(domesticine)、南天竹碱(nandinine)等; 普
鲁托品型的有普鲁托品(protopine)等; 该属还富含氰基化合物南天竹氰苷(nandinin)以及
穗花双黄酮(amentoflavone)和两个苯甲醛的葡萄糖苷: 南天竹苷(nantenoside A, B) (Abrol
3期 彭 勇等: 广义小檗科植物药用亲缘学的研究 245
et al., 1966; Olechno et al., 1984)。
2.1.2 小檗属 全世界约400余种, 我国产220余种。本属植物主要含季铵型生物碱, 代表
成分有小檗碱、药根碱、巴马亭、木兰花碱, 还含双苄基异喹啉生物碱, 代表成分是小檗
胺(berbamine)、尖刺碱(oxyacanthine); 以及其他苄基异喹啉生物碱(Karimov et al., 1993a,
b, c; Khamidov et al., 1996a, b, 1997; Yusupov et al., 1993; Lü et al., 1995, 1999b)。
2.1.3 十大功劳属 全世界100余种, 中国约40种。本属主要含原小檗碱型生物碱: 小檗
碱、药根碱、巴马亭、非洲防己碱 (columbamine), 阿扑菲型生物碱 : 木兰花碱、
corytuberine、黄连碱、异黄连碱和isoboldine, 双苄基异喹啉生物碱: 小檗胺、尖刺碱、
aromoline、obamegine、thalrugosine和obaberine(Tomita & Abe, 1952a, b; Tomita et al., 1953a,
b; Tomita & Kugo, 1956, 1957; Tomita & Sugamoto, 1961; Lü et al., 1999a)。
2.2 鬼臼毒素木脂素类(podophyllotoxins)
鬼臼属(包括桃儿七属、八角莲属)全世界共14种, 中国13种; 山荷叶属Diphylleia
Michx.全世界共3种, 北美、中国、日本各1种, 两属植物含鬼臼毒素木脂素类化合物。目
前从鬼臼属和山荷叶属植物素中分离到近30个该类化合物, 按照结构不同分为I–V五种
类型, 其中I类型又分为Ia、Ib和Ic 3类(图2; 表2)。

R2R3
O
O
O
OR1
OMeMeO
Ia
O
O
O
O
OR
OMeMeO
Ib
O
OH
R5O
R4O
O
OR1
OR2R3
II
O
O
O
OMe
OMeMeO
O
O
O
OR2
OMeMeO
R1
Ic
III
O
OMe
OMeMeO
R
O
O
OMe
OH
IV R=O-glu-1-6-glu
O
O
OMe
OMeMeO
V
O O
O
O
O
O
O
Glu


图2 小檗科植物中鬼臼毒素木脂素类型
Fig. 2. Major types of podophyllotoxin lignans of berberidaceous plants.

另外, 该类群植物中还含黄酮类成分, 尚明英等(2000a)、蒋子华和陈泗英(1989)、姚
莉韵和王丽平(1999)从八角莲属中分离到山奈酚(kaempferol)、槲皮素(quercetin)及其苷
类; Zhao等(2001a, c)从鬼臼属也得到这些黄酮化合物, Zhao等(2001b, 2003)还从该属植物
中分离得到酚类成分, 如junipetriolosides A, B、苯乙醇类化合物、柠檬酚(citrusinol) 等。

植 物 分 类 学 报 44卷 246
表2 主要鬼臼毒素类化合物的分布
Table 2 Distribution in plants of the major podophyllotoxin lignans
属
Genus
种
Species
鬼臼毒素
Lignans
参考文献
Reference
P. aurantiocaule Hand.-Mazz. ssp.
furfuraceum (S. Y. Bao) J. M. H. Shaw
Ia, Ic Shang et al., 2000a
Ic Yao & Wang, 1999 八角莲P. versipelle Hance
Ia, Ib, II Yu et al., 1991
川八角莲P. delavayi Franch.
(P. veitchii Hemsl. & Wils.)
Ia Jiang & Chen, 1989
贵州八角莲P. majoense Gagnep. Ia, Ib, II Yin et al., 1990
桃儿七P. hexandrum Royle

Ia, Ic, II, IV, V

Shibata et al., 1962; Shang et
al., 2000b; Purohit et al.,
1999
六角莲P. pleianthum Hance Ia, Ib, Ic, II Yin & Chen, 1989
鬼臼属Podophyllum
(包括Dysosma和
Sinopodophyllum)






云南八角莲P. aurantiocaule
Hand.-Mazz. (P. tsayuensis Ying)
Ia, Ib, Ic, II Liao et al., 2002
南方山荷叶D. sinensis Li Ia, Ib, Ic, II Ma et al., 1993 山荷叶属 Diphylleia
山荷叶D. cymosa Michx., D. grayi F.
Schmidt
Ia Broomhead et al., 1990


8-异戊烯基山奈酚(尚明英等, 2000b)也存在于桃儿七属, 和淫羊藿属植物所含黄酮类似。
山奈酚也存在于山荷叶属(马辰等, 1993)。
2.3 三萜皂苷类(triterpene saponins)和生物碱类
同时含有三萜皂苷类和以喹喏里西啶(quinolizidine)为主的生物碱的类群包括4个属,
即囊果草属Leontice L.、红毛七属Caulophyllum Michx.、牡丹草属Gymnospermium Spach
和蓬加蒂属Bongardia C. A. Mey.。
2.3.1 三萜皂苷 四属植物都含有三萜皂苷, 主要系β-香树脂素类型。根据苷元不同可
以分为四类(图3, 表3: I–IV)。

RO
COOR1
OH
I hederagenin
RO
COOR1
OH
OH
RO
COOR1
OH
III echinocystic acid
RO
COOR1
IV oleanolic acidII caulophyllogenin


图3 小檗科主要三萜皂苷类成分
Fig. 3. Major β-amyrin triterpene saponins in Berberidaceae.

2.3.2 生物碱 这一类群植物的生物碱主要分为两大类: 喹喏里西啶生物碱和苄基异喹
啉生物碱。其中喹喏里西啶为主要生物碱, 可分为羽扇豆碱型(lupinine)、狮足草碱型
(leontidine)、无叶豆碱型(sparteine)和苦参碱型(matrine)4个类型(图4; 表4)。
3期 彭 勇等: 广义小檗科植物药用亲缘学的研究 247
表3 小檗科中主要β-香树脂素三萜皂苷类化合物及其分布
Table 3 Major β-amyrin triterpene saponins and their distributions in Berberidaceae.
化合物
Compound
苷元
Aglycone
种
Species
参考文献
Reference
葳严仙皂苷A, C, D, F, G
cauloside A, C, D, F, G
I Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.

Jhoo et al., 2001

葳严仙皂苷B cauloside B II C. robustum Maxim. Berezhevskaya & Glebko, 1983
葳严仙皂苷E cauloside E III Vykhrestyuk et al., 1992
leontoside D I
hederacoside A I Bongardia chrysogonum (L.) Boiss. Atta et al., 2000
Saponin-I, II, III I
牡丹草皂苷A leonticin A I
牡丹草皂苷B leonticin B IV
牡丹草皂苷C leonticin C III
牡丹草皂苷E leonticin E IV

Gymnospermium kiangnanensis (P. L.
Chiu) Loconte
Chen et al., 1996
牡丹草皂苷F leonticin F I
牡丹草皂苷G leonticin G IV
牡丹草皂苷H leonticin H III
牡丹草皂苷D leonticin D II G. kiangnanensis
C. thalictroides
C. robustum
Chen et al., 1997
Jhoo et al., 2001
Berezhevskaya & Glebko, 1983;
Vykhrestyuk et al., 1992

N
H
R
N
H
N
H
N
H
N
HN
N
O
I lupinine type II leontidine type IV sparteine typeIII matrine type
H HH

图4 囊果草属中主要喹喏里西啶生物碱类型
Fig. 4. Major types of quinolizidine alkaloids in Leontice.

2.3.2.1 牡丹草属 a. 喹喏里西啶类是该属主要生物碱。b.苄基异喹啉生物碱: Abu
Safieh等 (1986)从 Leontice leontopetalum中得到异喹啉生物碱 : 网叶番荔枝碱
(+-reticuline)、juziphine、norjuziphine、(–)-magnocurarine chloride、(–)-oblongine chloride、
花瓣狮足草碱(petaline)、(–)-petaline chloride、cis-petaline methane、trans-petaline methane。
Panov等(1972)从该植物中分到巴马亭和四氢巴马亭。c. 其他类型生物碱: Abu Zarga等
(1995)从Leontice leontopetalum中分离到两个quettamine型生物碱——(+)-O-methyldihy-
drosecoquettamine和(+)-dihydrosecoquettamine。
2.3.2.2 红毛七属 主要含喹喏里西啶类生物碱(Woldemariam et al., 1997; Kennelly et
al., 1999), 已发现的有臭豆碱 (anagyrine)、 baptifoline、 5,6-dehydro-α-isolupanine、
isolupanine、lupanine、N-methycytisine和sparteine; 同时还含少量的苄基异喹啉生物碱, 如
木兰花碱以及塔斯品碱(taspine)。
植 物 分 类 学 报 44卷 248
表4 囊果草属及牡丹草属中主要喹喏里西啶生物碱及其分布
Table 4 Distributions of quinolizidine alkaloids in Leontice and Gymnospermium
类型
Type
化合物
Compound
种
Species
参考文献
Reference
I leotiformidine, leotiformine Leontice leontopetalum L. Abu Safieh et al., 1986
II 狮足草碱leotidine, camoensine Gymnospermium kiangnanensis
L. leontopetalum
L. leontopetalum ssp.
ewersmannii (Bunge) Coode
Liao et al., 2001
Gresser et al., 1993
III 苦参碱matrine, tetrahydrorhombifoline
Leontine, 槐定碱sophoridine

5α-hydroxysophorcarpine
darvasine, darvasamine, d-sophoridine
L. leontopetalum
L. leontopetalum ssp.
ewersmannii
Gymnospermium kiangnanensis
G. alberti (Regel.) Takht.
Gresser et al., 1993


Liao et al., 2001
Kurbanov et al., 1982
IV 羽扇豆碱lupanine, 异羽扇豆碱isolupanine,
3α-hydroxylupanine, 3β-hydroxylupanine
13α-hydroxylupanine, 13α-acetoxylupanine

didehydrolupanine, oxolupanine,
鹰爪豆碱sparteine, α-isospartein,
oxysparteine, 11,12-dehydrosparteine,
cytosine,
N-methylcytisine, dihyooxaphyllidine
L. leontopetalum

L. leontopetalum ssp.
ewersmannii
Gymnospermium kiangnanenssis
G. alberti
Gresser et al., 1993;
Al-Tel et al., 1991
Gresser et al., 1993

Liao et al., 2001
Iskandarov et al., 1967

2.3.2.3 蓬加蒂属 全球2种 , 我国不产。所含生物碱有吡啶类 (pyridine alkaloids)
bongardine和N-acetylbongardine以及羽扇豆生物碱(lupine alkaloid) bongardamine (Atta et
al., 1999); 17-deoxy-cis-lamprolobine、bonzakaline、lupanine和palmatrubine(Atta et al.,
1998); 此外, 还含有氨基酸类生物碱jordanine和酚酸bongardol(Alfatafta et al., 1989)(图
5)。
N
H2N
N
H
N NH
HN
bongardine bongardamine
Me2CH(CH2)2HN
CH2CONH2
jordanine


图5 蓬加蒂属植物中的主要化学成分
Fig. 5. Major chemical constituents in Bongardia plants.

2.4 淫羊藿苷类黄酮(icariin flavonoids)
2.4.1 在淫羊藿属全球54种及一些杂交类型和温哥华属全球3种(中国不产) 中, 普遍存
在具有活性的8位有异戊烯基的黄酮醇及其苷类, 即淫羊藿苷类黄酮。从淫羊藿属(郭宝
林, 肖培根, 1999)和温哥华属(Mizuno et al., 1990a, 1991, 1992a; Yamamoto et al., 1993)中
分离出50多种该类黄酮(表5)。黄酮、查耳酮、黄烷酮及具异戊烯基取代的黄酮等也存在
于这类植物中, 但是含量很低。
3期 彭 勇等: 广义小檗科植物药用亲缘学的研究 249
表5 淫羊藿属和温哥华属中主要淫羊藿苷类黄酮成分
Table 5 Major icariin flavonoids in Epimedium and Vancouveria
O
OOH
OR2
R1O
OR3

化合物 Compound 取代基 R1 取代基 R2 取代基 R3 参考文献Reference
淫羊霍苷icariin glu rha Me Mizuno et al., 1991
温哥华苷A hexandraside A glul gala (1→3) rha Me Mizuno et al., 1990a
温哥华苷B hexandraside B glu 6-O-acetyl-gala (1→3) rha Me Mizuno et al., 1990a
温哥华苷C hexandraside C glul (1→2) glu xyl (1→3) rha H Mizuno et al., 1991
温哥华苷D hexandraside D glu rha (1→3) rha Me Mizuno et al., 1991
温哥华苷E hexandraside E glu glu H Mizuno et al., 1992a
温哥华苷F hexandraside F glu glu (1→3) rha Me Mizuno et al., 1992a
朝霍定A epimedin A glu glu (1→2) rha Me Mizuno et al., 1992a
朝霍定B epimedin B glu xyl (1→2) rha Me Mizuno et al., 1991
朝霍定C epimedin C glu rha (1→2) rha Me Yamamoto et al., 1993
大花淫羊霍苷F ikarisoside F H glu (1→2) rha H Mizuno et al., 1992a
淫羊霍属苷A epimedoside A glu rha H Mizuno et al., 1991
淫羊霍属苷E epimedoside E glu xyl (1→2) rha H Mizuno et al., 1991
大花淫羊霍苷C ikarisoside C glu glu (1→2) rha H Yamamoto et al., 1993

此外, 从Vancouveria hexandra (Hook.) C. Morren & Decne.中还发现另一类异戊烯基
黄酮(I–IV)和一个2-苯氧基色酮(Linuma et al., 1993a)。此外, 淫羊藿属还含有木兰花碱等
苄基异喹啉生物碱(朱敏, 肖培根, 1991; 刘春明等, 2003), 以及一系列木脂素及其苷类
(icarisides)(Matsushita et al., 1991)(图6)。

O
O
OOH
HO
R
I R=H
II R=CH2CH(OH)C(Me)=CH2
O
OH
OOH
HO
R2
R1
III R1=H R2=CH2CH(OH)C(Me)=CH2
IV R1=R2=CH2CH(OH)C(Me)=CH2
O
O
OMe
OMe
OMe
MeO
OMe
Oglu
icariside E7

图6 淫羊藿属和温哥华属中其他的化学成分
Fig. 6. Other chemical constituents in Epimedium and Vancouveria.
植 物 分 类 学 报 44卷 250
2.4.2 裸花草属Achlys DC. 全世界仅1种(包括3个亚种), 产北美西部、日本及朝鲜。该
属主要含黄酮类成分和异香豆素(isocoumarin)。黄酮类以异鼠李素苷类为主, 从Achlys
triphylla (Sm.) DC.已分离了3个该类化合物(Mizuno et al., 1992b), 从该植物中还得到4个
异香豆素成分achlisocoumarin I–IV (Mizuno et al., 1990b; Linuma et al., 1993b)(图7),表明
此类群在化学上的独特性。
O
X
OOH
R1
HO
OH
R2
I R1=geranyl R2=H X=CH2-CH2
II R1=geranyl R2=H X=CH=CH
III R1=H R2=OH X=CH=CH
O
O
OOH
HO
OH
IV
achlisocoumarin I-IV

图7 裸花草属中的异香豆素成分
Fig. 7. Isocoumarins from Achlys.

2.5 其他类型
2.5.1 兰山草属Ranzania T. Ito 成分报道较少, 仅有一个酚苷类glucoacetosyringone
(Ina et al., 1983)。
2.5.2 鲜黄连属 全球2种, 我国1种。Bentham和Hooker f.在Genera Plantarum第一卷中
将Plagiorhegma和Jeffersonia归并成一属,即Jeffersonia属, 并一直沿用至今(Stearn, 2002)。
含药根碱, 不含小檗碱, 还含两个去氢二松柏醇葡萄糖苷(Arens et al., 1985)。
3 主要药理作用及民间疗效
广义小檗科各个类群由于所含化学成分不同, 因而其药理作用和民间疗效也各有特
点。小檗属和十大功劳属富含以小檗碱(berberine)为代表的双苄基异喹啉类生物碱, 常作
为提取黄连素的原料。现代药理研究表明, 此类型的生物碱常具有抗菌消炎、免疫促进、
利胆、降压、抗心律失常等方面的作用(肖培根, 2002)。传统疗效指数①: 小檗碱具有清热
解毒(3114)、清热泻火(643)、清热燥湿(514)等作用, 可治疗痢疾(3430)、胃肠炎(3512)、
目赤肿痛(4482)、肝病(880)、黄疸(465)、跌打损伤(536)、痈疽疮毒(2604)和烫伤(331)等。
十大功劳属具有清热解毒(2178)作用, 可治疗痢疾(3095)、胃肠炎(2579)、目赤肿痛(3553)、
痈疽疮毒(1829)、肺结核(2625)、肝炎(741)、跌打损伤(1325)、关节炎(896)和感冒(962)
等。两属疗效十分相似。
南天竹属虽含有较丰富的苄基异喹啉类生物碱, 但成分类型更加多样, 还含有氰苷

①传统疗效指数(TRI) = C12 / C2×100。C1表示此属中出现该传统疗效次数(卡片数); C2表示此属具该传统疗效的植物种的次
数(卡片)的总数; 详见肖培根等(1986)。
3期 彭 勇等: 广义小檗科植物药用亲缘学的研究 251
和双黄酮等而与上述两属不同。其中如本属所特有的南天竹碱(nandinine)的药理作用, 对
中枢神经系统的作用, 对蛙先轻度麻痹, 继则因反射亢进引起痉挛, 最后因心脏麻痹而
死亡; 对平滑肌有兴奋作用; 还可使冠脉流量增加。传统疗效指数: 清热解毒(405)、止咳
(605), 可治疗支气管炎(405)、百日咳(845)等(肖培根等, 1986)。
鬼臼属和山荷叶属普遍含鬼臼毒素, 具有较强毒性, 是著名的抗癌药来源, 同时还
有抗病毒作用。传统疗效指数: 活血祛瘀(1694)、消肿解毒(574)、清热解毒(417), 用于
治疗痈疽疮毒(2669)、蛇咬伤(2144)、腮腺炎(903)、跌打损伤(536)等(肖培根等, 1986)。
淫羊霍属富含8位异戊烯基的黄酮醇化合物, 具有多种重要的药理活性, 愈来愈受
到国际上的关注和重视。此类成分的药理作用具有免疫调节作用, 促进性腺功能和提高
性功能, 具有改善骨质疏松和抗衰老等方面的作用。传统疗效指数: 壮阳(1988)、祛风除
湿(1838)、用于治疗阳痿(2597)、关节炎(1062)、神经衰弱(662)、不孕症等(肖培根等, 1986)。
鲜黄连属我国产1种, 朝鲜族用其根茎代黄连作用。药理作用有抗菌抗炎作用。传统
疗效指数: 用于治疗痢疾(400)、目赤肿痛(400)等(肖培根等, 1986)。
牡丹草属与囊果草属均含三萜皂苷及喹喏里西啶类生物碱, 药理研究具很好的抗
炎、镇痛和镇静作用。民间疗效认为有活血止痛、止血等作用, 主要用于治疗跌打损伤、
止胸痛、胃痛、骨折疼痛和头痛、头晕等。
红毛七属的化学成分主要是喹喏里西啶类生物碱及其三萜皂苷, 其皂苷药理具细胞
毒活性。传统疗效指数: 活血祛瘀(909)、祛风除湿(582), 用于治疗痈疽疮毒(2669)、关
节炎(736)等(肖培根等, 1986)。
4 讨论
根据小檗科的化学成分, 可以将该类群划分为4个大类: I. 含异喹啉生物碱类, II. 含
鬼臼毒素类木脂素类, III. 含吡咯里西啶生物碱＋三萜皂苷类, IV. 含淫羊藿苷黄酮类。
4.1 含异喹啉生物碱类
木本类群的小檗属、十大功劳属和南天竹属主要成分为异喹啉生物碱类, 都含有原
小檗碱、小檗碱、药根碱, 显示它们之间有很近的亲缘关系; 小檗属和十大功劳属化学
成分很相似, 与南天竹属存在的区别在于: 前两属含有双苄基异喹啉生物碱, 后者含有
氰类、双黄酮、酚类苷, 显示南天竹属与前两者的差别。从药理作用和民间疗效看, 该类
群植物有抗菌消炎作用, 具有清热解毒功效, 民间用于消炎、治疗痢疾、黄疸等各种由于
细菌和病毒引起的疾病。
4.2 含鬼臼毒素类木脂素类
该类群由鬼臼属和山荷叶属两属组成, 共同化学特征是含有鬼臼毒素类木脂素, 与
其他类群化学成分具有明显的差异, 是一个较为自然的类群。从疗效上来看, 主要具有抗
癌作用, 民间用于治疗风湿痹痛、跌打损伤等症。关于类群内的亲缘关系, 马绍宾和胡志
浩(1997)认为鬼臼属因含有特殊的α-足叶草素(α-peltatin)和β-足叶草素(β-peltatin), 可能
意味着和另外3属(狭义)有较大的隔离。但是, 后来的研究表明4个属植物都含有α, β-足叶
草素, 现已合并为两属, 组成为一个自然类群。
植 物 分 类 学 报 44卷 252
4.3 含吡咯里西啶生物碱和三萜皂苷类
本类群包含囊果草属、红毛七属、牡丹草属和蓬加蒂属等4个属, 都含有三萜皂苷, 生
物碱以吡咯里西啶为主, 还含苄基异喹啉和少量有机胺生物碱。囊果草属、红毛七属和
牡丹草属更接近, 蓬加蒂属主要含吡啶类生物碱, 与其他3属有一定的区别, 这和基于形
态学和植物地理学的观点(Kim et al., 2004b)是一致的。
4.4 含淫羊藿苷类黄酮类
该类群包括淫羊藿属和温哥华属, 两属植物化学成分非常相似, 具有很密切的关系,
两属的亲缘关系一直得到有关学者(应俊生, 2002)的认同。该类群的药理作用和疗效也独
树一帜, 与本科其他类群不一样, 主要用于促进性腺功能、抗衰老和免疫调节。因此, 无
论从化学成分和疗效上看, 这两个属组成一个很自然的类群。裸花草属含有一类含异戊
烯基的异香豆素成分和一些黄酮成分, 不含生物碱成分, 和淫羊藿苷类黄酮生源上有一
定相似性, 应该具有一定的亲缘关系。在该类群中, 淫羊藿属还含木兰花碱等苄基异喹啉
生物碱和木脂素类, 表明该类群和鬼臼类群以及其他几个类群之间存在一定的关系。 鲜
黄连属化学成分研究较少。由于其异喹啉生物碱类的化学特征与淫羊藿属有一定的相似
性, 再根据其形态学和分子系统学证据(Kim & Jansen, 1994; Kim et al., 2004a)将其归入
该类群, 与目前各分类系统对该属的处理相符合。兰山草属的化学特征报道较少, 尚不足
以提供充分的系统学证据。
从化学特征和疗效看, 各类群的个体间都含有相似的化合物和疗效相似等一系列共
同的特征, 各个体各自形成比较自然的类群, 但各类群间则存在着较大的隔离, 彼此之
间亲缘关系不甚紧密或可能都没有直接的亲缘关系。比如, 含苄基异喹啉生物碱的植物
主要用于消炎杀菌、降压, 含鬼臼毒素类植物主要用于抗癌、消肿散瘀等, 含皂苷和里西
啶生物碱的植物有镇痛、镇静、解毒的功效, 而含黄酮类的淫羊藿植物则有强筋骨和助
阳益精的功效。
因此,我们比较赞同吴征镒等(2003)的观点, 建议将广义小檗科划分为4个独立的小
科, 即南天竹科Nandinaceae、小檗科Berberidaceae(狭义)、狮足草科Leonticaceae和鬼臼
科Podophyllaceae。各类群分类和化学成分见表7。其中鬼臼科可以分为鬼臼族tribe
Podophylleae和淫羊藿族tribe Epimedieae, 前者主要含鬼臼毒素类木脂素, 后者主要含淫
羊藿苷类黄酮, 都含简单黄酮和木脂素,体现两者之间的亲缘关系。鲜黄连属和兰山草属
的化学研究资料不多, 不足以为其化学分类提供充分证据。本文中依据形态学证据和以
往的分类系统, 将此两属归入淫羊藿族。至于各类群内属以及种之间的化学成分和亲缘
关系的探讨, 还需要进行大量的实验, 以获得更多的化学性状后才能进行。







3期 彭 勇等: 广义小檗科植物药用亲缘学的研究 253
表7 化学成分特征揭示的小檗科(广义)植物系统关系
Table 7 Phylogenetic relationships of Berberidaceae (s.l.) revealed from phytochemical characters
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
南天竹科 Nandinaceae 南天竹属Nandina ++ +
小檗科 Berberidaceae 小檗属Berberis ++
十大功劳属Mahonia ++
鬼臼科 Podophyllaceae
tribe Podophylleae 鬼臼属Podophyllum(包括桃儿七属
Sinopodophyllum, 八角莲属Dysosma)、
++
山荷叶属Diphylleia ++
tribe Epimedieae 淫羊霍属Epimedium + ++ +
温哥华属Vancouveria ++ +
裸花草属Achlys +
鲜黄连属Jeffersonia(Plagiorhegma) +
兰山草属Ranzania
狮足草科Leonticaceae 牡丹草属Gymnospermium + ++ ++
囊果草属Leontice + ++ ++
红毛七属Caulophyllum + ++ ++
蓬加蒂属Bongardia ++ + +
1. 苄基异喹啉生物碱; 2. 鬼臼毒素类木脂素; 3. 三萜皂苷; 4. 喹喏里西啶生物碱; 5. 淫羊藿苷类黄酮; 6. 木脂素; 7.
异香豆素; 8. 氰类化合物。
1. isobenzylquinoline; 2. podophyllotoxin lignan; 3. triterpene saponin; 4. quinolizidine alkaloid; 5. icariin flavonoid; 6.
lignan; 7. isocoumarin; 8. nandinin.

致谢 本文承路安民教授提出宝贵意见,特此致谢。
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