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A new species of Lagerstroemioxylon (Lythraceae) from the Pliocene of Yuanmou, Yunnan, China

中国云南元谋上新世千屈菜科紫薇木属一新种



全 文 :植 物 分 类 学 报 45 (3): 315–320(2007) doi:10.1360/aps050119
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica http://www.plantsystematics.com
———————————
Received: 16 August 2005 Accepted: 4 January 2007
Supported by the projects of the National Basic Research Program of China, Grant No. 2004CB720205, and the National Natural
Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 30530050.
* Author for correspondence. E-mail: .
A new species of Lagerstroemioxylon (Lythraceae) from the
Pliocene of Yuanmou, Yunnan, China
1, 2 CHENG Ye-Ming 1 LI Cheng-Sen* 3JIANG Xiao-Mei 1 WANG Yu-Fei
1(State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing 100093, China)
2(Department of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology, Geological Museum of China, Beijing 100034, China)
3(Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China)
Abstract Lagerstroemioxylon yuanmouensis sp. nov. is established from the Pliocene
sediments near Xinhua, Yuanmou Basin, Yunnan, China. Its growth rings are distinct.
Pores diffuse, solitary, and in radial multiples; perforation plates simple; intervessel pits
alternate, vestured; vessel-ray pits alternate; tyloses thin-walled, abundant in vessels. Septate
fibers distinct. Axial parenchyma predominantly paratracheal, narrow vasicentric and
marginal. Rays mostly uniseriate, homocellular. The genus Lagerstroemioxylon was reported
in the Tertiary sediments of India, Myanmar, Indonesia and Germany, which might indicate
that Lagerstroemia living today in tropical forests of Asia and North Australia grew wider
during the Tertiary.
Key words biogeography, Lagerstroemia, Lagerstroemioxylon, Lythraceae, Pliocene,
Yunnan, China.
The Earth Forest in Yuanmou basin, Yunnan, is mainly situated in Hutiaotan, Wanpu
and Xinhua villages. The age of fluvio-lacustrine sediments with abundant fossil woods of the
Yuanmou Earth Forest ranges from the Pliocene to Pleistocene (Qian & Ling, 1989; Qian &
Zhou, 1991). The fossil woods of Bischofia javanica Bl. (Euphorbiaceae) and Cedreloxylon
cristalliferum Selmeier (Meliaceae) from the Late Pliocene sediments of Hutiaotan, Wanpu
and Xinhua villages, were reported (Cheng et al., 2005, 2006). Here we report
Lagerstroemioxylon yuanmouensis sp. nov. (Lythraceae) from Xinhua, a new site of
Yuanmou basin.
1 Material and methods
The fossil woods were collected from the Earth Forest near Xinhua Village (25°44.58′ N,
101°40.31′ E), Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province, China. The age of lacustrine sandstone
and clay in Xinhua Earth Forest is Pliocene (Qian & Ling, 1989).
The suitable-sized hand specimens were removed from the trunks or selected from loose
fragments. The slides were prepared according to the standard methods of cutting, grinding
and polishing using different grades of carborundum powder (Lacey, 1963). Both specimens
and slides were deposited in the National Museum of Plant History, Institute of Botany, the
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Anatomical terms used in this paper follow the
recommendations of the IAWA list of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification
(IAWA Committee, 1989).
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 316
2 Systematics
Family: Lythraceae
Genus: Lagerstroemioxylon Mädler 1939
Lagerstroemioxylon yuanmouensis Y. M. Cheng, C. S. Li, X. M. Jiang & Y. F. Wang,
sp. nov.
Specific diagnosis and description: Growth rings are distinct, marked by radially
flattened fibers and marginal parenchyma.
Diffuse porous. Pores solitary, and in radial multiples of 2–3; average tangential
diameters 107 μm, total range 51 to 147 μm; vessel frequency 12–22, mostly 14–17/mm2;
perforation plates simple; intervessel pits alternate, 4.0–7.7 μm, vestured; vessel-ray pits
alternate; helical thickenings not observed; average vessel elements of 216 μm, range 105 to
322 μm; tyloses thin-walled, abundant in vessels.
Septate fibers distinct.
Axial parenchyma predominantly paratracheal, narrow vasicentric and marginal.
Rays 1–2 cells wide, most uniseriate, homocellular with all procumbent cells; mean
height of rays 181 μm, total range 31 to 459 μm (1–24 cells, mostly 7–19); ray frequency
13–20, mostly 15–18/mm.
Holotype: specimen No. XH005 (Figs. 1–7).
Paratype: specimen No. XH006.
Locality: Xinhua, Yuanmou, Yunnan, China.
Age: Pliocene.
Repository: National Museum of Plant History, Institute of Botany, the Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Etymology: The epithet is named for the fossil locality.
3 Discussion
3.1 Comparisons with extant woods
The fossil specimens have distinct growth rings, diffuse porous, radial multiples of 2–3,
simple perforations, alternate and vestured intervessel pits, alternate vessel-ray pits,
predominantly paratracheal, vascientric and marginal axial parenchyma, homogeneous
uniseriate rays, septate fibers. These combination of characters falls into the range of
Lagerstroemia L. of Lythraceae (Metcalfe & Chalk, 1950; Baas & Zweypfenning, 1979).
On the basis of the survey of extant Lagerstroemia (Baas & Zweypfenning, 1979), the
fossil woods characterized by diffuse and rare axial parenchyma are similar to L. tomentosa
Presl, L. calyculata Kurz and L. floribunda Jack of sect. Trichocarpidium Koehne, L.
subcostata Koehne of sect. Adambea DC., and L. indica L. of sect. Sibia DC.
3.2 Comparisons with other fossil woods
Mädler (1939) established Lagerstroemioxylon which has similar characters to those of
modern Largerstroemia. Eight species of Lagerstroemioxylon are described as L. durum
Mädler from Pliocene of Germany (Mädler, 1939), L. parenchymatosum Prakash (Prakash,
____________________________________________________________________________

Figs. 1–7. Lagerstroemioxylon yuanmouensis sp. nov. (holotype, No. XH005). 1, 2. Transverse section. Growth rings
distinct. Diffuse porous. Vessels solitary, and in radial multiples of 2–3. Axial parenchyma paratracheal, narrow vasicentric
and marginal. 3. Tangential longitudinal section (TLS). Septate fibers distinct. Rays uniseriate. Perforation plates simple. 4.
TLS. Tyloses thin-walled, abundant in vessels. 5. TLS. Intervessel pits alternate, vestured. 6, 7. Radial longitudinal section.
Rays homocellular with all procumbent cells. Vessel-ray pits alternate.
Scale bars: 0.5 mm in Fig. 1; 250 μm in Figs. 2, 6; 125 μm in Fig. 3; 60 μm in Fig. 4; 17 μm in Fig. 5; 50 μm in Fig. 7.
No. 3 CHENG et al.: A new species of Lagerstroemioxylon (Lythraceae) 317

















































Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 318
Table 1 Comparisons with fossil woods of Lagerstroemioxylon and Lagerstroemia
Species Porosity PMM VTD Ray width
(cells)
Ray height
(cells)
CP and
/or BP
Geological
time
Locality Reference
Lagerstroemioxylon
yuanmouensis Y. M.
Chen, C. S. Li, X. M.
Jiang & Y. F. Wang
D 12–22 51–147 1–2, most 1 1–24 – Pliocene China this study
L. durum Mädler D 10–20 30–110 1–3, *most
1–2
*50–60 *+ Pliocene Germany Mädler, 1939
L. parenchymatosum
Prakash
*S *6–11 *105–270 1–2, most 1 3–24 *+ Tertiary Myanmar Prakash, 1965,
1973
L. eoflosreginum
Prakash & Tripathi
*R, *S *5–8 52–200 1–2, most 1 2–65 *+ Middle
Tertiary
India Prakash &
Tripathi, 1970
L. irrawaddiensis
Prakash & Bande
*R 3–25 40–350 1–2, most 1 2–35 *+ Neogene Myanmar Prakash &
Bande, 1980
L. deomaliensis
Lakhanpal et al.
D, *S 12–36 60–280 1–2, most 1 2–30 *+ Neogene India Lakhanpal et
al., 1981
L. arcotense Awasthi D, *S 5–20 60–280 1–2, most 1 3–12 *+ Neogene India Awasthi, 1981
L. benkoelense Du *S *3–8 50–350 1–4, most 1 1–22 *+ Quaternary Indonesia Du, 1988
L. tomentosum Prakash
et al.
*S 13–17 50–170 1–2, most 1 3–22 *+ Neogene India Prakash et al.,
1992
Lagerstroemia sp. cf. L.
parviflora Roxb.
D, *S *3–12 60–280 1–2, most 1 2–19 *+ Neogene India Srivastava &
Bande, 1992
BP, banded parenchyma; CP, confluent parenchyma; D, diffuse porous; S, semi-ring porous; R, ring porous; PMM, pores per sq.
mm; VTD, vessel tangential diameter; +, present or abundant; –, absent. Asterisk indicates characters distinctly different to those of
L. yuanmouensis.

1965, 1973), L. irrawaddiensis Prakash & Bande (Prakash & Bande, 1980) from Tertiary of
Burma, L. eoflosreginum Prakash & Tripathi from Neogene of India, Southeast Asia (Prakash
& Tripathi, 1970; Kramer, 1974; Tiwari & Mehrotra, 2000; Mehrotra et al., 2004), L.
deomaliensis Lakhanpal, Prakash & Awasthi from Neogene of India (Lakhanpal et al., 1981),
L. arcotense Awasthi from Neogene of India (Awasthi, 1981), L. tomentosum Prakash, Du &
Tripathi from Neogene of India (Prakash et al., 1992), and L. benkoelense Du from
Quaternary of Indonesia (Du, 1988). In addition, Lagerstroemia sp. cf. L. parviflora Roxb., a
fossil wood, was reported from Neogene of India (Srivastava & Bande, 1992).
The fossil specimens used in the present study differ from all the known species of
Lagerstroemioxylon in porosity, parenchyma type, vessel frequency, vessel tangential
diameter, ray width and height (Table 1). Lagerstroemioxylon durum possesses high rays
(50–60 cells) and confluent parenchyma, which are easily distinguished from our specimens.
L. parenchymatosum differs distinctly from the present fossil by long parenchyma bands
presented in latewood, semi-ring porosity, low vessel frequency and larger vessel diameter
(t.d. 105–270 μm). Lagerstroemioxylon eoflosreginum, L. irrawaddiensis, L. benkoelense and
L. tomentosum mainly differ from our fossil in having ring porosity or semi-ring porosity and
tangential banded and/or confluent parenchyma. Compared with L. deomaliensis and L.
arcotense, our fossil lacks parenchyma bands, and has diffuse porosity. Lagerstroemia sp. cf.
L. parviflora Roxb. distinguishes from our fossil in having banded parenchyma, semi-ring
porosity and low vessel frequency (3–12). Taken together, we establish a new species as
Lagerstroemioxylon yuanmouensis.
Today the genus Lagerstroemia (53 species) grows in the tropical forests of Asia to
North Australia (Willis, 1973), 16 species of which distribute in China from Southwest part of
mainland to Taiwan (Fang & Zhang, 1983). Nevertheless, the fossil wood records of
Lagerstroemia show that the genus was widely distributed in Indo-Malaysia as mentioned
above and even grew in the central Europe (Mädeal, 1939) during the Tertiary epoch.
Acknowledgements We thank Professor E. A. WHEELER (Department of Wood and
Paper Science, N. C. State University, USA), Dr. R. C. MEHROTRA (Birbal Sahni Institute
No. 3 CHENG et al.: A new species of Lagerstroemioxylon (Lythraceae) 319
of Palaeobotany, India), Dr. Kazuo TERADA (Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum, Japan),
Professor Thomas LITT and Dr. Georg HEUMANN (Institut für Paläontologie, Universität
Bonn, Germany) for their providing relevant references.
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Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 320
中国云南元谋上新世千屈菜科紫薇木属一新种
1,2程业明 1李承森* 3姜笑梅 1王宇飞
1(系统与进化植物学国家重点实验室, 中国科学院植物研究所 北京 100093)
2(中国地质博物馆地层与古生物研究室 北京 100034)
3(中国林业科学研究院木材工业研究所 北京 100091)

摘要 报道了来自中国云南元谋新华土林上新世地层的木化石新种——元谋紫薇Lagerstroemioxylon
yuanmouensis Y. M. Cheng, C. S. Li, X. M. Jiang & Y. F. Wang。目前紫薇属Lagerstroemia分布于亚洲至
澳大利亚北部的热带森林中, 其中有一些种在我国的西南部和台湾省也有分布。在印度、缅甸、印度
尼西亚和德国的第三纪地层中曾报道有紫薇属木化石的存在, 这表明该属在第三纪分布的范围比现代
更广。
关键词 生物地理; 紫薇属; 紫薇木属; 千屈菜科; 上新世; 云南; 中国