全 文 ：植 物 分 类 学 报 45 (4): 473–487(2007) doi:10.1360/aps06113
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica http://www.plantsystematics.com
———————————
2006-07-12收稿, 2007-03-15收修改稿。
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(30530860)(Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No.
30530860)。
* 通讯作者(Author for correspondence. E-mail: xiaopg@public.bta.net.cn)。
中药贝母的基原植物和药用亲缘学的研究
1,4肖培根* 2姜 艳 2李 萍 3罗毅波 4刘 勇
1(中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学药用植物研究所 北京 100094)
2(中国药科大学生药学教研室 南京 210009)
3(系统与进化植物学国家重点实验室, 中国科学院植物研究所 北京 100093)
4(北京中医药大学中药学院 北京 100102)
The botanical origin and pharmacophylogenetic
treatment of Chinese materia medica Beimu
1, 4XIAO Pei-Gen* 2JIANG Yan 2LI Ping 3 LUO Yi-Bo 4LIU Yong
1 (Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College,
Beijing 100094, China)
2 (Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China)
3 (State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing 100093, China)
4 (School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China)
Abstract Beimu, one of the most commonly used Chinese Materia Medica (CMM), is
derived from the bulbs of some fritillaries. In recent years, a large number of new species and
infraspecific taxa of the genus Fritillaria have been described from China, with total number
of taxa of 80 species, 52 varieties, and 6 forms. The dramatic increase of new taxa of the
Chinese fritillaries has influenced the investigation, application, quality control and
commodities circulation of the CMM “Beimu”. We undertook a comprehensive study of the
morphological, geographical, phytochemical and historical aspects of Chinese medicinal
fritillaries, as well as their current application. We treated the source plants of “Beimu” from a
pharmacophylogenetic point of view as the following six groups. (l) Zhebeimu (浙贝母) is a
general name of bulbs mainly derived from the cultivated Fritillaria thunbergii in Zhejiang
and Jiangsu provinces. It contains D/E trans cevanine group alkaloids, predominantly
verticine, isoverticine, and verticinone. No D/E cis cevanine group alkaloids were detected.
(2) Yibeimu (伊贝母) consists of F. walujewii and F. pallidiflora, which are distributed in
Xingjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Unlike Zhebeimu, Yibeimu contains D/E cis cevanine
group alkaloids, of which imperaline is representative; no D/E trans form of cevanine group
alkaloids has so far been found. (3) Pingbeimu (平贝母) is obtained from cultivated F.
ussuriensis in northeastern China. It contains both D/E trans and cis forms of cevanine group
alkaloids. (4) Chuanbeimu (川贝母) is the most important medicinally used Beimu; it is
derived mainly from F. cirrhosa, F. przewalskii, and F. unibracteata in the Hengduan
mountains and their adjacent regions. These three species all have smaller bulbs than the other
species and are the main source of “Qingbei” (青贝), a kind of Beimu of the highest quality.
Fritillaria cirrhosa, distributed in Xizang, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Qinghai, shows many
morphological variations, and towards its northwestern limit is replaced by a very closely
related species, F. taipaiensis. In addition, the bulbs of F. delavayi, called Lubei (炉贝), are
植 物 分 类 学 报 45卷 474
also in the group of Chuanbeimu. All kinds of Chuanbeimu contain both D/E trans and D/E
cis cevanine group alkaloids. (5) Hubei Beimu (湖北贝母) is obtained mainly from bulbs of
cultivated F. hupehensis, which is very closely related to F. monantha. It contains both D/E
trans and cis forms of cevanine group alkaloids; verticine and isoverticine are representative
of the D/E trans form, and hupehenine, hupeheninoside, hupehenrine, and hupehenizine are
representative of the D/E cis form. (6) Anhui Beimu (安徽贝母) is derived from F. anhuiensis
and contains only D/E trans cevanine group alkaloids. The six groups of fritillaries have six
“Dao-di” (genuine) localities of origin. This is in accordance with current application and
marketing. All except Anhui Beimu are recorded in the latest edition of Pharmacopoeia of the
People’s Republic of China (2005 ed., Vol. 1). As a result of this study, we advocate that the
publication and naming of new taxa of the most important economic plants should be more
prudent.
Key words Fritillaria, botanical origin, pharmacophylogenetic study, Chinese materia
medica Beimu.
摘要 贝母是一种常用中药, 有十分悠久的药用历史。百合科Liliaceae中的贝母属Fritillaria是中药贝母
的主要来源, 此属全世界约有130种, 我国由于近年来发表了大量的新种和新变种, 使国产贝母属的种
名达到80个, 变种名称52个, 变型名称6个。大量新分类名称的出现对中药贝母的质量控制和应用方面
造成一定困难。通过对中药贝母的历史沿革、植物分类、地理分布、化学成分、现今生产及应用等的
综合研究整理, 将中药贝母划分为6个类型: 浙贝母、川贝母、伊贝母、湖北贝母、平贝母和安徽贝母。
这样的划分除安徽贝母尚未收载于药典外, 其他均与现行版的中华人民共和国药典(2005版)一部所收
载的内容一致。通过此项研究, 作者建议, 凡是主要经济植物的新名称的出现必须更加慎重, 而且从实
际应用的观点出发, 分类群的划分不宜过细。
关键词 贝母属; 基原植物; 药用植物亲缘学; 中药贝母
贝母是一种常用的中药, 近年来, 多位学者对国产贝母属Fritillaria L.植物进行分类
研究, 发表了众多的新种和新变种, 使国产贝母属植物“种”数已达80个, “变种”名称
数已达52个。这使得中国贝母属植物的新分类群是原有分类群的几倍(种)至十数倍(变种)
之多。这种情况的出现, 在对中药贝母的研究、使用、质量控制乃至生产流通等诸多方
面增加了困难和混乱。通过中药贝母原植物分类这样的一个实例, 反映出在中药、药用
植物以及经济植物的范围内, 应该怎样正确命名和使用学名这样的一个严肃问题。
通过我们过去对中药贝母的研究, 我们愿意和大家讨论这个问题。
1 中药贝母使用的历史沿革
贝母始载于《神农本草经》, 列为中品。《本草经集注》释其名, 谓根“形似聚贝子,
故名贝母。”因而, 古代贝母具“聚贝子”形态的, 包括了葫芦科Cucurbitaceae的假贝母
Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet (余世春, 肖培根, 1990a), 如陆玑《诗疏》云:
“叶如栝楼而细小, 其子在根下如芋子, 正白。”《本草图经》中蔓生“贝母”的附图也与
之相符。至于百合科Liliaceae贝母属Fritillaria植物, 唐《新修本草》记载: “四月蒜熟时
采, 良叶形如大蒜。”。《重修改和经史证类备用本草》中所收的“峡州贝母”亦明显为贝
母属植物。自唐代以后, 以贝母属植物作为中药贝母正品一直沿用至今。

4期 肖培根等: 中药贝母的基原植物和药用亲缘学的研究 475
2 贝母属植物中甾体生物碱的分类及其分布
甾体生物碱是中药贝母的主要活性成分, 也是其特征性成分之一, 具有分类学意义。
2.1 分类
贝母中的甾体生物碱按其结构类型可分为两大类: 异甾体类和甾体类。异甾体类生
物碱根据其杂环的结构类型又可分成瑟文型(cevanine group)、介黎芦型(jervine group)和
黎芦胺型(veratramine group); 甾体类生物碱则主要为茄碱型(solanidine group)和裂环茄
碱型(secosolanidine group)(图1)。贝母中分出的甾体生物碱绝大多数为瑟文型(占所分离
甾体生物碱的80%以上), 其顺反构型见图2。
(1)异甾体类生物碱(isosteroidal alkaloids)

(2)甾体类生物碱(steroidal alkaloids)

图1 贝母中甾体生物碱的类型
Fig. 1. Types of steroidal alkaloids in Fritillaria.
植 物 分 类 学 报 45卷 476
N
H H
OHH
H
H
H
O
H
N
H H
OHH
H
H
H
O
H


浙贝乙素 AI. D/E反式 西贝素 AII. D/E顺式
Verticine, Peimine AI. D/E trans Imperialine AII. D/E cis

图2 瑟文型甾体生物碱顺反构型
Fig. 2. D/E configuration of cevanine group steroidal alkaloids.

2.2 分布
迄今为止, 已先后从29类贝母属植物中分离鉴定出120多个生物碱(表1)。
2.3 含量
由于贝母甾体生物碱大都没有共轭体系, 其单体生物碱的含量测定一直受到限制。
随着分析技术的不断发展, 尤其是蒸发光散射检测器(ELSD)的出现, 使得单体生物碱的
分析变得简单而准确。李松林等(1999a, b, 2000, 2001)分别采用柱前衍生化气相色谱法、
直接气相色谱法及HPLC-ELSD法测定了几种主要甾体生物碱在各种贝母中的含量, 列
于表2。
3 中药贝母的基原植物及药用亲缘学的研究
贝母属是狭义百合科中的一个大属, 分布于北半球的温带地区, 尤以地中海北岸、伊
朗、土耳其等地区分布的种类最为丰富。全属分为5组, 中药贝母的基原植物主要来源于
贝母组, 在长期应用实践中, 迄今已形成6个大的主要产区, 也即是中医所称的道地产
区: 伊贝母(又称新疆贝母)、平贝母、川贝母、湖北贝母、浙贝及皖贝(安徽贝母), 兹分
别叙述如下:
3.1 伊贝母(新疆贝母)
伊贝母产区主要在新疆, 其基原植物主要由2个栽培及产量大的伊贝母和新疆贝母
组成。伊贝母在新疆具有较长的栽培历史, 并曾被引种到其他贝母产区, 如陕西太白县、
湖北五峰县等地。该种以其叶宽大, 多互生, 叶和苞叶先端不卷曲; 花黄色, 无方格斑纹,
花丝光滑等特征而不同于新疆地区甚至中亚地区的其他贝母属种类。伊贝母在栽培条件
下表现出一些变异, 如Turrill和Sealy (1980)在Kew的栽培植株中就曾记录了一种花柱柱
头裂片长达9 mm、最下叶对生的植株。段咸珍和郑秀菊(1987)发现该种花颜色在不同开
放时期表现出一定的变化规律, 在开放初期花为黄色, 中期花被片出现红色斑块, 花被
片将萎谢时呈蓝色。此外, 该种的叶片形状也不是十分稳定, 如椭圆形叶在栽培后可以变
成披针形叶。新疆贝母具有产量高、经济效益好的特点(段咸珍, 郑秀菊, 1987)。该种以
4期 肖培根等: 中药贝母的基原植物和药用亲缘学的研究 477
表1 贝母中甾体生物碱的分布
Table 1 Distribution of steroidal alkaloids in Fritillaria
分类群1)
Taxon1)
甾体生物碱
Steroidal alkaloids
类型2)
Type2)
参考文献
Reference
浙贝母类 Zhebeimu
1 浙贝母*
F. thunbergii Miq.*
















2 东贝母
F. thunbergii var. chekiangensis Hsiao & K. C. Hsia






川贝母类 Chuanbeimu
3 川贝母*
F. cirrhosa D. Don*







4 暗紫贝母*
F. unibracteata Hsiao & K. C. Hsia*






5 梭砂贝母*
F. delavayi Franch.*











6 甘肃贝母*
F. przewalskii Maxim. ex Batal.*

vrticine
verticine N-oxide
verticinoside
verticinone
verticinone N-oxide
isoverticine
baimonidine
isobaimonidine
ebeidinone
fritillarizine
6β-epi-petilinine
zhebeinine
zhebeininoside
zhebeirine
zhebeinone
peimisine
sonalinine

verticine
verticinone
isoverticine
verticinedinone
ebeidinone
dongbeinine
dongbeirine


verticine
verticinone
isoverticine
ebeiedine
ebeidinone
ebeienine
imperialine
peimisine

verticine
verticinone
ebeidinone
imperialine
songbeinine
songbeinone
songbeisine

verticine
verticinone
ebeidinone
delafrinone
delafrine
imperialine
delavine
delavinone
chuanbeinone
peimisine
glyco moiety solanidanine
peimisine

verticine



AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
B
E

AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AI


AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AIII
AII
B

AI
AI
AI
AII
AII
AII
B

AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AII
AII
AII
AII
B
E
B

AI



Zhang et al. (1991a)
Kitajima et al. (1981)
Morimato & Kimata (1960)
Zhang et al. (1991a)
Kitajima et al. (1981)
Kaneko et al. (1979)
Kaneko et al. (1979)
Kaneko et al. (1979)
Li et al. (2001)
Kaneko et al.(1980)
Kaneko (1980)
Zhang et al. (1991a)
Zhang et al. (1993a)
Zhang et al. (1991b)
Zhang et al. (1992)
Li et al. (2001)
Yan et al. (1994)

Zhang et al. (1993b)
Zhang et al. (1993b)
Zhang et al. (1993b)
Zhang et al. (1993b)
Li et al. (2001)
Zhang et al. (1993c)
Zhang et al. (1993c)


Li et al. (2001)
Li et al. (2001)
Li et al. (2001)
Li et al. (2000)
Li et al. (2000)
Li et al. (2000)
Kaneko et al. (1986)
Li et al. (2001)

Li et al. (1999a)
Li et al. (1999a)
Li et al. (1999a)
Li et al. (1999a)
Yu & Xiao (1990b)
Yu et al. (1992)
Yu & Xiao (1990c)

Li et al. (1999a)
Li et al. (1999a)
Li et al. (1999a)
Kaneko et al. (1988)
Kaneko et al. (1988)
Kaneko et al. (1985)
Kaneko et al. (1985)
Kaneko et al. (1985)
Kaneko et al. (1986)
Yu et al. (2005)
Kaneko et al. (1988)
Yu et al. (2005)

Li et al. (1999a)


植 物 分 类 学 报 45卷 478
表1 (续) Table 1 (continued)
分类群1)
Taxon1)
甾体生物碱
Steroidal alkaloids
类型2)
Type2)
参考文献
Reference
7 绿黄贝母
F. cirrhosa D. Don var. viridiflava S. C. Chen



8 太白贝母
F. taipaiensis P. Y. Li




9 宁夏贝母
F. taipaiensis var. ningxiaensis Y. K. Yang & J.
K. Wu




鄂贝母(湖北贝母)类 Hubei Beimu
10 湖北贝母*
F. hupehensis Hsiao & K. C. Hsia*














11 优异贝母
F. egregia Y. K. Yang, J. Z. Wu & D. T.


12 天目贝母
F. monantha Migo


皖贝母(安徽贝母)类 Anhui Beimu
13 安徽贝母
F. anhuiensis S. C. Chen & S. F. Yin





14 鄂北贝母
F. ebeiensis G. D. Yu & G. Q. Ji




15 紫花鄂北贝母
F. ebeiensis var. purpurea G. D. Yu & P. Li


verticinone
ebeiedine
ebeidinone
imperialine

verticinone
isoverticine
imperialine
chuanbeinone
peimisine

verticinone
isoverticine
imperialine
chuanbeinone
taipainine
peimisine


verticine
isoverticine
verticinone
hupehenine
hupeheninoside
hupehenizine
hupehenirine
ebeiedine
ebeidinone
hupehemonoside
peimisine
hupehenisine
ebeisine
hupehenidine
hupehenine

hupeheninoside
hupehenizine
hupehenirine

verticine
verticinone
hupehenine
peimisine


verticinone
isoverticine
ebeiedine
ebeidinone
wanpeinine
peimisine

verticine
verticinone
ebeiedine
ebeidinone
ebeisine

verticine
verticinone
isoverticine
ebeiedine
ebeidinone
AI
AI
AI
B

AI
AI
AII
AII
B

AI
AI
AII
AII
AII
B


AI
AI
AI
AII
AII
AII
AII
AI
AI
AII
B
B
B
A#
AI

AI
AI
AI

AI
AI
AI
B


AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
B

AI
AI
AI
AI
B

AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
Li et al. (1999a)
Li et al. (1999a)
Li et al. (1999a)
Li et al. (1999a)

Feng et al. (1994)
Feng et al. (1994)
Feng et al. (1994)
Feng et al. (1994)
Feng et al. (1994)

Hu et al. (1993)
Hu et al. (1993)
Hu et al. (1993)
Hu et al. (1993)
Hu et al. (1993)
Hu et al. (1993)


Wu (1982)
Li et al. (2001)
Wu (1982)
Wu (1982)
Wu & Wang (1989)
Wu & Wang (1989)
Wu & Wang (1989)
Li et al. (2001)
Li et al. (2001)
Wu et al. (1991a)
Li et al. (2001)
Wu et al. (1986)
Wu et al. (1991a)
Wu & Pu (1989)
Wu et al. (1993)

Wu et al. (1993)
Wu et al. (1993)
Wu et al. (1993)

Zhang & Fan (1994)
Zhang & Fan (1994)
Zhang & Fan (1994)
Zhang & Fan (1994)


Li & Wu (1986)
Li & Wu (1986)
Li et al. (1999a)
Li et al. (1999a)
Li & Wu (1986)
Li & Wu (1986)

Yu & Xiao (1992a)
Yu & Xiao (1992a)
Li et al. (1994)
Li et al. (1994)
Wu et al. (1991b)

Wu et al. (1989)
Wu et al. (1989)
Lee et al. (1988)
Lee et al. (1988)
Lee et al. (1988)
4期 肖培根等: 中药贝母的基原植物和药用亲缘学的研究 479
表1 (续) Table 1 (continued)
分类群1)
Taxon1)
甾体生物碱
Steroidal alkaloids
类型2)
Type2)
参考文献
Reference





16 午阳贝母
F. wuyangensis Z. Y. Gao




平贝母类 Pingbeimu
17 平贝母*
F. ussuriensis Maxim.*

















伊贝母(新疆贝母)类 Yibeimu
18 伊贝母*
F. pallidiflora Schrenk*










19 新疆贝母*
F. walujewii Regel*

20 托里贝母
F. tortifolia X. Z. Duan & X. J. Zheng

21 裕民贝母
F. yuminensis X. Z. Duan


22 砂贝母
F. karelinii (Fisch. ex D. Don) Bak.

其他贝母类 Other groups of Beimu
23 蒲圻贝母
F. puqiensis G. D. Yu & G. Y. Chen
ziebeimine
ebeienine
peimisine
ebeietinone

verticine
verticinone
eduardine
eduardinine
isoshinomenine
shinonomenine

verticine
verticinone
pingpeimine
pingpeimine C
pingpeininoside
heilonine
imperialine
imperialine-β-D-
glucoside
pingpeimine B
ussurienine
ussuricnone
ussuriedine
ussuriedinone
peimisine
pingbeinone
pingbeidinoside
pingbeinine
pingbeininoside

imperialine
imperialine-N-oxide
imperialine-β-D-
glucoside
yibeinoside A
yibeinoside B
peimisine
yibeisine
clyclopamine
cycloposine
yibeinoside C

imperialine
sinpeinine

peimisine
tortifoline

imperialine
delavinone
yubeinine
yubeiside

verticinone
harepermine
hareperminoside


puqiedinone
puqienine A
AIII
AIII
B
D

AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AI

AI
AI
AI
AI
AI
AIII
AII
AII

AII
AIII#
A#
A#
A#
B
F
D
D
D

AII
AII
AII

AII
AII
B
B
B
B
D

AII
AII

B
AII

AII
AII
AII
AII

AI
AII
AII


AI
C
Wu et al. (1989)
Li et al. (1992)
Li et al. (2001)
Li et al. (1992)

Zhou et al. (1990)
Zhou et al. (1990)
Zhou et al. (1990)
Zhou et al. (1990)
Zhou et al. (1990)
Zhou et al. (1990)

Xu et al. (1982)
Li et al. (1999a)
Xu et al. (1982)
Xu et al. (1990a)
Xu et al. (1983a)
Kitamura et al. (1989a)
Xu et al. (1982)
Xu et al. (1983b)

Xu et al. (1988)
Kitamura et al. (1989b)
Kitamura et al. (1989b)
Kitamura et al. (1989b)
Kitamura et al. (1989b)
Wang et al. (1991)
Kitamura et al. (1989a)
Xu et al. (1989)
Xu et al. (1990c)
Xu et al. (1990c)

Xu et al. (1990b)
Xu et al. (1990b)
Xu et al. (1990b)

Xu et al. (1990d)
Xu et al. (1993)
Yu & Xiao (1992a)
Xu et al. (1992)
Xu et al. (1990d)
Xu et al. (1990d)
Xu et al. (1994)

Liu et al. (1984)
Liu et al. (1984)

Li et al. (2001)
Kitamura et al. (1989c)

Zhang et al. (1993d)
Zhang et al. (1993d)
Zhang et al. (1993d)
Zhang et al. (1993d)

Min et al. (1986)
Min et al. (1986)
Min et al. (1986)


Lin et al. (1995)
Jiang et al. (2005)
植 物 分 类 学 报 45卷 480
表1 (续) Table 1 (continued)
分类群1)
Taxon1)
甾体生物碱
Steroidal alkaloids
类型2)
Type2)
参考文献
Reference





24 宁国贝母
F. ningguoensis S. C. Chen & S. F. Yin





25 轮叶贝母
F. maximowiczii Freyn

26 瓦布贝母
F. wabuensis S. Y. Tang & S. C. Yueh



27 大金贝母
F. dajinensis S. C. Chen

28 华西贝母
F. sichuanica S. C. Chen

29 浓蜜贝母
F. mellea S. Y. Tang & S. C. Yueh
puqienine B
puqietinone
puqietinonoside
N-demethylpuqietinone

verticine
verticinone
isoverticine
peimisine
ningpeisine
ningpeisinoside

kuroyurinidine
isokuroyurinidine

isoverticine
imperialine
isoverticine -N-oxide
peimisine

peimisine


siechunsine



peimisine

C
D
D
D

AI
AI
AI
B
C
C

B
B

AI
AII
AI
B

B


AII



B

Jiang et al. (2005)
Li et al. (1990)
Jiang et al. (2005)
Jiang et al. (2005)

Li et al. (1988)
Li et al. (1988)
Li et al. (1988)
Li et al. (1988)
Li et al. (1988)
Li et al. (1991)

Qian & Toshihiro (1995)
Qian & Toshihiro (1995)

Wang et al. (1996)
Wang et al. (1996)
Chen et al. (2004)
Wang et al. (1996)

Chao & Hu (1993)


Wang et al. (1992)



Chao & Hu (1993)

1)* 表示中华人民共和国药典(2005版)收载品种。2)甾体生物碱类型: A. 瑟文型 (AI, D/E反式; AII, D/E顺式; AIII,
∆13(17); A#, 罕见类型); B, 介藜芦型; C, 藜芦胺型; D, 茄碱型; E, 裂环茄碱型; F, 其他型。
1)*, the species recorded in the 2005 edition of China Pharmacopoeia. 2) types of steroidal alkaloids: A, cevanine group
(AI, D/E trans; AII, D/E cis; AIII, ∆13(17); A#, rare); B, jervine group; C, veratramine group; D, solanidine group; E,
secosolanidine group; F. others.

花较大, 窄钟状, 花被片内面深紫色具白色斑点; 全部叶先端卷曲; 蒴果成熟时为长圆
柱形, 长大于宽等特征而不同于其他新疆贝母种类。该种花被片外面颜色变化较大, 易与
黄花贝母F．verticillata Willdenow中的大花类型, 以及直花贝母F．olgae Vved.相混淆。
黄花贝母和直花贝母不是新疆的主流栽培种类, 它们的药用价值尚待研究。
3.2 平贝母
主产于我国东北。原植物为平贝母。本种在东北广泛栽培, 有一定产量。东北产的
另一种贝母——轮叶贝母, 属多鳞片组sect．Liliorhiza (Kell.) Benth. & Hook. f.。化学研
究表明, 其鳞茎中几乎不含生物碱, 因而不宜作贝母用。植株较高大, 叶多轮生或对生;
花柱具乳突等是平贝母的主要鉴别特征。
3.3 川贝母
川贝母是中药贝母中药用价值最高的类群, 主要分布在横断山区。代表性种类有川
贝母、甘肃贝母和暗紫贝母。这3个种不仅在地理分布上有重叠, 特别在横断山区中部及
北部地区3个种可同时出现, 而且生境完全一致, 均生长在海拔2800–4700 m的高山灌丛
或草地中。它们的鳞茎为商品川贝母中“青贝”的主要来源, 不少地区有栽培。一般来
说川贝母的鳞茎较大, 直径可达2 cm, 在栽培条件下鳞茎可更大, 而甘肃贝母和暗紫贝
4期 肖培根等: 中药贝母的基原植物和药用亲缘学的研究 481
表2 几种主要甾体生物碱在各种贝母中的含量(µg/g)
Table 2 Contents of some main steroidal alkaloids in Fritillaria (µg/g)
贝母
Fritillaria species
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX 方法
Method
浙贝母F. thunbergii 2075.2 329.3 2075.2 nd nd 87.3* nd nd 191.7 HPLC-ELSD
东阳贝母F. thunbergii var.
chekiangensis
253.6 314.5 – nd tr – nd – Pre-GC
川贝母F. cirrhosa 139.1 76.7 121.3 nd 46.7* 43.2* 82.8 90.6 105.3 HPLC-ELSD
绿黄贝母F. cirrhosa var.
viridiflava
398.0 197.6 – 64.0 157.4 – 102.1 – Pre-GC
暗紫贝母F. unibracteata 252.0 149.1 – nd 306.2 – 127.9 – Pre-GC
梭砂贝母F. delavayi 87.8 108.9 – nd 1271 – tr – Pre-GC
湖北贝母F. hupehensis 105.2 195.8 1866.2 tr tr tr nd nd 601.7 HPLC-ELSD
鄂北贝母F. ebeiensis 1650.8 1363.2 – 235.9 224.2 – nd – Pre-GC
紫花鄂北贝母F. ebeiensis var.
purpurea
629.9 1119.2 2385.0 nd 110.2 117.1* 105.0 nd 716.7 HPLC-ELSD
安徽贝母F. anhuiensis 174.3 774.6 – 308.3 157.8 – nd – Pre-GC
平贝母F. ussuriensis 40.1 tr – nd nd nd 29.5 – Pre-GC
伊犁贝母F. pallidiflora nd nd – nd nd nd 855.1 – Pre-GC
新疆贝母F. walujewii nd nd nd nd nd – 113.9 185.2 HPLC-ELSD
裕民贝母F. yuminensis nd nd – nd nd – 646.4 – Pre-GC
额敏贝母F. meleagroides
Patrin ex Schultes & J. H.
Schultes
nd nd – nd nd – nd – Pre-GC
轮叶贝母F. maximowiczii nd nd – nd nd nd nd – Pre-GC
*, 仅采用GC法测定; nd, 未检测到; tr, 痕量; –, 未检测。
*, only detected by GC method；nd, not found；tr, trace；–, not detected.
I, Verticine; II, Isoverticine; III, Verticinone; IV, Hupehenine; V, Ebeidine; VI, Ebeiedinone; VII, Ebeienine; VIII, Imperialine;
IX, Peimissine.


母的鳞茎较小, 直径在1 cm左右, 同样, 在栽培条件下鳞茎会更大。贝母商品中以鳞茎较
小者为上, 许多川贝母未开花植株的鳞茎与甘肃贝母和暗紫贝母的鳞茎在大小上无法区
分。因此在这3种贝母均有分布的地区, 它们是混在一起被采挖和出售的。川贝母的形态
特征包括叶先端卷曲与否、叶状苞片的数目、花被片的颜色、斑块的大小和多少、花被
片的形状以及雄蕊花丝是否具乳突等特征均表现出较大的变异范围。正因为如此, 自
1966年开始, 国内学者先后发表了36个与川贝母相近的名称(李培元, 1966; 陈心启,
1983; 唐心耀, 岳松键, 1983; 陈心启等, 1985; 杨永康, 吴家坤, 1985; 杨永康等, 1987),
形成一个庞大的分类复合群。根据对野外和栽培川贝母形态特征的观察和分析, 罗毅波
和陈心启(1996b)将该复合群分成4个种。这4个种有不同的地理分布范围, 但在形态上没
有明显的界限。从这些类群的化学成分来看, 来自川贝母复合群的种类也没有差异。因
此, 我们认为从贝母商品角度来看, 可以考虑将川贝母复合群所有种类均作为川贝母来
处理。
梭砂贝母是横断山区另外一类比较常见的贝母, 主要生长于海拔3800–5600 m的砂
石地或流砂岩石缝中。该种主要以叶较少(3–5枚, 包括苞叶), 紧密生于植株中下部; 宿存
花被片直立包被未成熟蒴果直至成熟时才萎蔫, 而不同于其他贝母种类。横断山区所产
其他贝母属种类, 如粗茎贝母F. crassicaulis S．C．Chen、中华贝母F. sinica S．C．Chen、
高山贝母F. fusca Turrill、大金贝母和米贝母 F. davidii Franch.等由于分布比较狭窄, 而没
植 物 分 类 学 报 45卷 482
有成为该地区贝母商品的主流。
3.4 湖北贝母(鄂贝母)
湖北贝母是近年来在长江中下游地区栽培比较广泛的一种贝母。产量很大, 其商品
量仅次于浙贝。该种与天目贝母在形态上没有明显差异(罗毅波, 陈心启, 1995)。考虑到
湖北贝母栽培较广, 研究深入, 并已载入中华人民共和国药典2005版一部中, 为避免商
品名称的混乱, 我们仍使用湖北贝母这个名称。湖北贝母以叶较宽, 通常3–7枚轮生，苞
片先端卷曲，花梗长1–2 cm以上而不同于天目贝母。值得注意的是蒲圻贝母鳞茎的化学
成分十分独特, 但形态上却与天目贝母和湖北贝母十分接近, 仅在生境方面有一定的差
异, 前者主要生长在海拔200–400 m的低山地区, 而后两者主要分布在海拔1000 m左右
的山地。需进一步研究来确定蒲圻贝母的分类地位。蒲圻贝母的栽培范围也有限, 其药
用价值待研究。
3.5 浙贝母
浙贝母主要生于海拔600 m以下的竹林或稍荫蔽的地方, 浙江及其邻近省份栽培也
较多, 产量极大, 居商品贝母的首位。日本也有栽培, 有时逸出成为野生状态。浙贝母中
有一种植株较矮小, 鳞茎较小的类型被称为东贝母。商品东贝母流传较广, 使用时间较
长。考虑到贝母商品中鳞茎小的商品价值较高, 因此我们推测东贝母可能是由于具有较
高的商品价值而被人为地从浙贝母中选育出来的品种。
3.6 皖贝母(又称安徽贝母)
皖贝母为近年发展的中药贝母品种。在长江中下游地区与湖北贝母形态相近的贝母
种类还有安徽贝母, 后者主要以鳞茎由2–3枚大鳞片包着数量不等、大小、形状相异的小
鳞片, 这种鳞茎结构与多鳞组不同, 后者是大鳞片外着生许多小鳞片。安徽贝母作为商品
贝母栽培的规模目前还不大。
如表1所示, 贝母中含有的甾体生物碱绝大多数为瑟文型异甾体生物碱(占所分离异
甾体生物碱的80%以上), 且从表2可以看出对于大多数贝母来说, 该类生物碱为主要成
分和活性成分之一。因而适宜用来讨论药用亲缘学方面的关系。
如上所述, 中药贝母的使用经过了漫长的历史沿革, 迄今已形成了川贝母、浙贝母、
鄂贝母(湖北贝母)、伊贝母(新疆贝母)、平贝母以及皖贝母(安徽贝母)六个地道产地。对
各种贝母的药效评价, 如张石顽的《本经逢原》中记述: “贝母, 川者味甘最佳, 西者味
薄次之, 象山者微苦又次之。”所述川者即川贝母, 质量最好, 西者指新疆贝母质量次之,
象山者即浙贝母质量又次之。古代本草的这种传统经验记述, 与现代科学研究结果基本
一致。
浙贝母类以富含verticine及verticinone(即D/E反式瑟文型生物碱 ), 同时不含有
imperialine(D/E顺式瑟文型生物碱)为其特征; 伊贝母类则相反, 含有较多的imperialine顺
式瑟文型生物碱, 虽未检测到imperlialine顺式的瑟文型生物碱, 但却衍生了含量并不十
分高的湖贝甲素(hupehenine)、湖贝甲素苷(hupeheninoside)、湖贝乙素(hupehenirine)、湖
贝嗪(hupehenirine)及湖贝苷(hupehemonoside)等一系列D/E顺式的瑟文生物碱, 形成了其
独特的地位(阮汉利等, 2002)。皖贝类除含有较高量的verticine和verticinone外, 还伴随含
有较高量的ebeiedine、ebeiedinone等D/E反式瑟文生物碱, 但均未检测到D/E顺式的瑟文
4期 肖培根等: 中药贝母的基原植物和药用亲缘学的研究 483
生物碱, 形成其皖贝母的特色。对平贝母来说, 虽均含有D/E反式的verticine和verticinone
类生物碱和D/E顺式的imperlialine类生物碱, 但含量均不高。
4 讨论及小结
药材原植物来源是保证药材质量最基本的物质基础。为了保证药材用药的正确性,
各国药典根据各国用药的具体情况, 对各种药材的来源均作了具体的规定。这种规定具
有法典上的权威性, 同时为了方便应用所规定的学名也需要有相对的稳定性。而另一方
面, 植物分类和系统植物学的研究, 特别是最近分子生物学方面的研究结果, 往往会对
传统长期习用的植物学名产生等级或归属上的变动, 同时还由于不同学者的学术观点经
常会出现很大的差异和变动。中国贝母属植物作为中药贝母的主要原植物来源在分类中
出现大量新种和新变种便是一个很好的例子。应该说植物的变异和生物多样性是普遍存
在的, 不同学者的不同观点也是客观存在的。因此, 这种矛盾也是不可回避的事实。面对
这样的矛盾, 各国药学界和药典所采用的原则和传统做法是: 不轻易采用文献刚出现的
新名称和新等级, 在经过一段时间和实践的检验后, 对新名称或新等级的采用再由专家
进行取舍。
我们这次的研究和整理结果, 赞同和支持上述观点。同时我们对贝母属植物化学成
分的变化与形态学变化比较后, 发现它们之间的关系很复杂。有的化学成分比较一致但
形态学的变化较大, 如川贝母复合群, 在植株形态和花部特征等方面表现出较大的差异,
并且这种变化是连续的。从进化生物学角度考虑, 川贝母复合群可能是一个比较年轻的
并且正处于激烈分化的物种形成阶段; 考虑到贝母属化学成分可能由比较复杂的遗传物
质调控, 因此这种化学成分的相似性是有可能的。也有些化学成分相差较大而形态学变
化不大, 如湖北贝母和蒲圻贝母。但总的研究结果和中华人民共和国药典2005版一部中
收载的川贝母、平贝母、伊贝母、浙贝母和湖北贝母的植物来源(注: 皖贝母尚未收载于
本版药典中)基本一致。而且与晚近的植物分类文献(罗毅波, 陈心启, 1995, 1996a, b, c;
Chen & Mordak, 2000)以及中药文献(肖培根, 2002)较为一致。化学成分和药物亲缘学也
基本支持上述结果。
为此, 我们建议: 对于重要药用植物和重要中药原植物学中物种的确认和命名应该
十分慎重 , 最好要建立在对这些物种的生物学背景有一个深刻认识 , 并且在形态
(morphology)、生化、系统(phylogenetics)、亲缘地理(phylogenetic geography)等多种学科
综合研究的基础上再得出结论。
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