全 文 ：植 物 分 类 学 报 45 (4): 513–522(2007) doi:10.1360/aps050108
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica http://www.plantsystematics.com
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Received: 19 July 2005 Accepted: 18 May 2007
Supported by the Natural Science Fundation of Anhui Province, Grant No. 00042415, and a project of Key Laboratory of
Biological Resources Conservation and Utilization of Anhui Province.
* E-mail: .
Karyotypes of six populations of Lycoris radiata and
discovery of the tetraploid
1ZHOU Shou-Biao* 2YU Ben-Qi 1 LUO Qi 1HU Jin-Rong 1BI De
1(College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China)
2(Anhui University of Technology and Science, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China)
Abstract Chromosomes and karyotypes are important aspects of plant phylogeny and
evolution. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of Lycoris radiata display great
variability among and within different populations. By studying different populations of L.
radiata we acquired some basic data on karyotype evolution and evolutionary mechanisms in
L. radiata and the genus Lycoris. Six populations of L. radiata from Anhui and Zhejiang
provinces in China were investigated cytologically. The chromosome numbers and karyotype
formulae are as follows: Huoshan populations, 2n=44=28st+8t+8T, 2n=22=6st+12t+4T;
Huangshan populations, 2n=22=22t, 2n=22=18st+4t, 2n=21=12st+7t+2T; Chuzhou
population, 2n=33=33t; Ma’anshan populations, 2n=33=18st+15T, 2n=25=1m+20st+2t+2T;
Xuancheng populations, 2n=22=20st+2T, 2n=21=1m+20st; and Hangzhou populations
2n=22=12st+4t+6T, 2n=21=18st+3t. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of some
populations are reported here for the first time and the wild tetraploid population of L. radiata
was found for the first time. In addition, karyotype evolution among populations and the origin
of polyploids are discussed.
Key words Lycoris radiata, karyotype, tetraploid.
Lycoris radiata Herb., a member of the Family Amaryllidaceae, is an endemic species in
East Asia and is principally native to China, Japan and Korea. It is a very popular bulb flower
worldwide with considerable ornamental and medical value. Much work has been done on the
karyotypes, morphology, physiology, palynology, and medicinal and molecular aspects (Bose
& Flory, 1963; Chen & Hu, 1995; Ren et al., 1995; Zhang & Cao, 2001; Zhang et al., 2002;
Nie et al., 2003; Zhou et al., 2005). However, several arguments and problems still remain
regarding the cytology of L. radiata (Mookerjea, 1955; Shao et al., 1994; Qin et al., 2004a, b;
Zhou et al., 2004). This paper focuses on the discovery of some new chromosome numbers
and karyotypes when cytological studies were made on different populations of L. radiata
from Anhui and Zhejiang provinces in East China.
1 Material and methods
All the plant samples studied were collected from the field in Anhui and Zhejiang
provinces (Table 1). They were maintained in water culture before their root tips were
harvested for the cytological studies. Actively growing root tips were pretreated in
p-Dichlorobenzene solution at room temperature for 4 h before they were fixed in Carnoy I
(glacial acetic acid:absolute ethanol = 1:3) at 4 ºC for 20 h. Then they were macerated in 1
mol/L hydrochloric acid at 60 ºC for 2 min, stained in Phenol-Fuchsin solution for 2 h, and
squashed in 45% acetic acid.
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 514
Karyotype formulae are based on the measurements of somatic chromosomes. The
symbols used to describe the karyotypes follow Levan et al. (1964): m = median-centromeric
chromosome with arm ratio of 1.01–3.00; st = subterminal-centromeric chromosome with arm
ratio of 3.01-7.00; t = terminal-centromeric chromosome with arm ratio of over 7.00; and T =
terminal-centromeric chromosome with no short arm.
The voucher specimens were deposited in the College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal
University.

Table 1 Origins of materials and the karyotypes of materials studied of Lycoris radiata
Population Locality Karyotypic formula Type Voucher
Cytotype I 2n=44=28st+8t+8T 4A Huoshan
Cytotype II
Longjin Village,
Huoshan, Anhui, China
(安徽霍山)
2n=22=6st+12t+4T 4A
S. B. Zhou & B.
Q. Yu (周守标,
余本祺) 0301611
Cytotype I 2n=22=22t 4A
Cytotype II 2n=22=18st+4t 4A
Huangshan

Cytotype III
Guniujiang, Huoshan,
Anhui, China
(安徽霍山) 2n=21=12st+7t+2T 4A
S. B. Zhou & W.
H. Qin (周守标,
秦卫华) 0301615
Chuzhou Langyanshan, Chuzhou,
Anhui, China
(安徽滁州琅琊山)
2n=33=33t 4A S. B. Zhou & B.
Q. Yu (周守标 ,
余本祺) 0401621
Cytotype I 2n=33=18st+15T 4A Ma’anshan
Cytotype II
Caishiji, Ma’anshan,
Anhui, China
(安徽马鞍山采石矶)
2n=25=1m+20st+2t+2T 4A
B. Q. Yu & Q.
Luo (余本祺, 罗
琦) 0401617
Cytotype I 2n=22=20st+2T 4A Xuancheng
Cytotype II
Qingliangfeng, Jixi,
Xuancheng, Anhui, China
(安徽宣城绩溪清凉峰)
2n=21=1m+20st 3A
B. Q. Yu & Y.
Wang (余本祺,
王影) 0501633
Cytotype I 2n=21=18st+3t 4A Hangzhou
Cytotype II
Fuyang, Hangzhou,
Zhejiang, China (浙江杭
州富阳)
2n=22=12st+4t+6T 4A
S. B. Zhou & W.
H. Qin (周守标,
秦卫华) 0401620

2 Results
2.1 Huoshan population
2.1.1 Cytotype I (Figs. 1, 13) The chromosomes were counted to be 2n=44 of tetraploid
cytotype, which is reported for the first time. The karyotype was formulated as
2n=28st+8t+8T, consisting of 28 subterminal-centromeric (st), 8 terminal-centromeric (t) and
8 Terminal-centromeric (T). The ratio of the length of the largest chromosome to that of the
smallest was 1.53, and the proportion of chromosomes with arm ratio ＞2:1 was 1.0. The
karyotype was therefore of 4A type according to the degree of asymmetry and the
chromosomes ranged from 7.05–10.82 in relative length. The statistics show that 70% of the
cells were tetraploid.
2.1.2 Cytotype II (Figs. 2, 14) The chromosomes were counted to be 2n=22. The
karyotype was formulated as 2n=6st+12t+4T, consisting of 3 pairs of subterminal-
centromeric, 6 pairs of terminal-centromeric, and 2 pairs of Terminal-centromeric. A pair of
secondary constriction was observed on the short arms of the ninth chromosome pair, which is
reported for the first time. The ratio of the length of the largest chromosome to that of the
smallest was 1.52 and the proportion of chromosomes with arm ratio ＞2:1 was 1.0. The
karyotype was therefore of 4A type according to the degree of asymmetry and the
chromosomes ranged from 7.31–11.12 in relative length.
No. 4 ZHOU et al.: Karyotypes of six populations of Lycoris radiata and discovery of the tetraploid 515

Figs. 1–12. Idiograms of six populations of Lycoris radiata. 1. Huoshan population (Cytotype I). 2. Huoshan population
(Cytotype II). 3. Huangshan population (Cytotype I). 4. Huangshan population (Cytotype II). 5. Huangshan population
(Cytotype III). 6. Chuzhou population. 7. Ma’anshan population (Cytotype I). 8. Ma’anshan population (Cytotype II). 9.
Xuancheng population (Cytotype I). 10. Xuancheng population (Cytotype II). 11. Hangzhou population (Cytotype I). 12.
Hangzhou population (Cytotype II).

2.2 Huangshan population
2.2.1 Cytotype I (Figs. 3, 15) The chromosomes were counted to be 2n=22 of normal
diploid cytotype. They were arranged in 11 groups of 2 homologues. All were
terminal-centromeric. The karyotype was formulated as 2n=22t. The ratio of the length of the
largest chromosome to that of the smallest was 1.33 and the proportion of chromosomes with
arm ratio ＞2:1 was 1.0. The karyotype was therefore of 4A type according to the degree of
asymmetry and the chromosomes ranged from 8.45–11.20 in relative length.
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 516



Figs. 13–18. Karyotypes of six populations of Lycoris radiata. 13. Huoshan population (Cytotype I). 14. Huoshan
population (Cytotype II). 15. Huangshan population (Cytotype I). 16. Huangshan population (Cytotype II). 17. Huangshan
population (Cytotype III). 18. Chuzhou population.

No. 4 ZHOU et al.: Karyotypes of six populations of Lycoris radiata and discovery of the tetraploid 517
2.2.2 Cytotype II (Figs. 4, 16) The chromosomes were counted to be 2n=22, consisting of
9 pairs of subterminal-centromeric and two pairs of terminal-centromeric. The karyotype was
formulated as 2n=18st+4t. The ratio of the length of the largest chromosome to that of the
smallest was 1.41 and the proportion of chromosomes with arm ratio ＞2:1 was 1.0. The
karyotype was therefore of 4A type according to the degree of asymmetry and the
chromosomes ranged from 7.64–10.79 in relative length.
2.2.3 Cytotype III (Figs. 5, 17) The chromosomes were counted to be 2n=21, consisting
of 12 subterminal-centromeric, 7 terminal-centromeric and 2 Terminal-centromeric. The
karyotype was formulated as 2n=12st+7t+2T. The ratio of the length of the largest
chromosome to that of the smallest was 1.52 and the proportion of chromosomes with arm
ratio ＞2:1 was 1.0. The karyotype was therefore of 4A type according to the degree of
asymmetry and the chromosomes ranged from 3.85–5.86 in relative length.
2.3 Chuzhou population (Figs. 6, 18)
The chromosomes were counted to be 2n=33 of normal triploid cytotype. All of them
were subterminal-centromeric. The karyotype was formulated as 2n=33t. The ratio of the
length of the largest chromosome to that of the smallest was 1.52 and the proportion of
chromosomes with arm ratio ＞2:1 was 1.0. The karyotype was therefore of 4A type
according to the degree of asymmetry and the chromosomes ranged from 7.10–10.80 in
relative length.
2.4 Ma’anshan population
2.4.1 Cytotype I (Figs. 7, 19) The chromosomes were counted to be 2n=33, which is
reported for the first time. They consisted of 18 subterminal-centromeric and 15
Terminal-centromeric. The karyotype was formulated as 2n=18st+15T. The ratio of the length
of the largest chromosome to that of the smallest was 1.43 and the proportion of
chromosomes with arm ratio ＞2:1 was 1.0. The karyotype was therefore of 4A type
according to the degree of asymmetry and the chromosomes ranged from 7.59–10.84 in
relative length.
2.4.2 Cytotype II (Figs. 8, 20) The chromosomes were counted to be 2n=25, which is first
reported. They consisted of 1 metacentric-centromeric (m), 20 subterminal-centromeric, 2
terminal-centromeric and 2 Terminal-centromeric. The karyotype was formulated as
2n=1m+20st+2t+2T. The ratio of the length of the largest chromosome to that of the smallest
was 1.58 and the proportion of chromosomes with arm ratio ＞2:1 was 1.0. The karyotype
was therefore of 4A type according to the degree of asymmetry and the chromosomes ranged
from 4.49–5.99 in relative length. The statistics show that 40% of the cells were of this
cytotype.
2.5 Xuancheng population
2.5.1 Cytotype I (Figs. 9, 21) The chromosomes were counted to be 2n=22, which is first
reported. They consisted of 10 pairs of subterminal-centromeric and 1 pair of
Terminal-centromeric. The karyotype was formulated as 2n=20st+2T. The ratio of the length
of the largest chromosome to that of the smallest was 1.57 and the proportion of
chromosomes with arm ratio ＞2:1 was 1.0. The karyotype was therefore of 4A type
according to the degree of asymmetry and the chromosomes ranged from 7.20-11.30 in
relative length.
2.5.2 Cytotype II (Figs. 10, 22) The chromosomes were counted to be 2n=21, which is
first reported. They consisted of 1 metacentric-centromeric and 10 pairs of subterminal-
centromeric. The karyotype was formulated as 2n=1m+20st. The ratio of the length of the
largest chromosome to the smallest was 1.69 and the proportion of chromosomes with arm
ratio ＞2:1 was 0.95. The karyotype was therefore of 3A type according to the degree of
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 518



Figs. 19–24. Karyotypes of six populations in Lycoris radiata. 19. Ma’anshan population (Cytotype I). 20. Ma’anshan
population (Cytotype II). 21. Xuancheng population (Cytotype I). 22. Xuancheng population (Cytotype II). 23. Hangzhou
population (Cytotype I). 24. Hangzhou population (Cytotype II).

No. 4 ZHOU et al.: Karyotypes of six populations of Lycoris radiata and discovery of the tetraploid 519
asymmetry and the chromosomes ranged from 7.13–12.02 in relative length. The statistics
show that 47% of the cells were of this cytotype.
2.6 Hangzhou population
2.6.1 Cytotype I (Figs. 11, 23) The chromosomes were counted to be 2n=22, which is
first reported. They consisted of 6 pairs of subterminal-centromeric, 2 pairs of terminal-
centromeric and 3 pairs of Terminal-centromeric. The karyotype was formulated as
2n=12st+4t+6T. The ratio of the length of the largest chromosome to the smallest was 1.36
and the proportion of chromosomes with arm ratio ＞2:1 was 1.0. The karyotype was
therefore of 4A type according to the degree of asymmetry and the chromosomes ranged from
7.44–11.12 in relative length. The statistics show that 50% of the cells were of this abnormal
diploid.
2.6.2 Cytotype II (Figs. 12, 24) The chromosomes were counted to be 2n=21, which is
first reported. They consisted of 18 subterminal-centromeric and 3 terminal-centromeric. The
karyotype was formulated as 2n=18st+3t. The ratio of the length of the largest chromosome to
the smallest was 1.46 and the proportion of chromosomes with arm ratio ＞2:1 was 1.0. The
karyotype was therefore of 4A type according to the degree of asymmetry and the
chromosomes ranged from 3.74–5.47 in relative length.
3 Discussion
There have been numerous cytological studies on L. radiata on a worldwide basis
(Nishiyama, 1928; Inariyama, 1931, 1951a, b; Mookerjea, 1955; Takemura, 1962a, b; Bose &
Flory, 1963; Yoshida, 1972; Nishikawa et al., 1979; Xu et al., 1984; Chen & Li, 1985; Kurita,
1987, 1988, 1989; Liu & Xu, 1989; Shao et al., 1994; Sun et al., 1998). The results show that:
L. radiata is a complex which includes not only the diploid (2n=22=22t) but also the triploid
(2n=33=33t). The basic chromosome number of L. radiata is x=11. The usual karyotype of L.
radiata consists only of rod chromosomes with subterminal or terminal constriction (with
only one arm). However, several studies (Mookerjea, 1955; Bose, 1963; Xu et al., 1984; Chen
& Li, 1985; Kurita, 1987, 1988; Shao et al., 1994; Qin et al., 2004a, b; Zhou et al., 2004) have
found some abnormal karyotypes of L. radiata such as 2n=33=1m+31t+1B, 2n=32=1m+31t
(Bose, 1963; Kurita, 1987, 1988); 2n=22=4st+18t (Chen & Li, 1985; Sun et al., 1998);
2n=33=15t+18st (Xu et al., 1984); 2n=23=6st+14t+2T+1B, 2n=22=1m+12st+8t+1B (Shao et
al., 1994); 2n=24=6m+8sm+6st+4t (Qin et al., 2004a); and 2n=21=1m+6st+ 4t+9T+1B,
2n=21=1M+10st+9T+1B (Zhou et al., 2004). In addition, Qin et al. (2004b) observed long
oval chromosomes. The new chromosome numbers and karyotypes found in our studies are
different from those in other reports. A tetraploid cytotype of L. radiata was found here for
the first time and in the field observations their tepals did not recurve and the margins did not
undulate, very distinct from other populations. Secondary constriction in the Huoshan
population was found for the first time and different cytotypes were found in the same
population. It was therefore concluded that the chromosome numbers and karyotypes of L.
radiata vary in different populations and even within the same population.
According to most studies (for example Inariyama, 1953; Stebbins, 1971; Jones, 1976;
Xu et al., 1984), the karyotype evolution of the genus Lycoris is mainly decided by Fusion
Theory which holds that the basic chromosome number of the genus is x=11 and that the
species with rod chromosomes (2n=22t or 2n=33t) are primitive taxa. Two rod chromosomes
with terminal constrictions format an m chromosome (large M chromosome) through the
fusion of constrictions and reciprocal translocation of Robertson Change. In contrast, a few
studies (Bose & Flory, 1963; Jones, 1978) agree that the karyotype evolution of the genus
Lycoris is mainly decided by Fission Theory. According to this theory the chromosome group
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 520
of the original species of the genus Lycoris should be 2n=12M, which consists of 12 large M
chromosomes with median constrictions. It is also believed that the basic chromosome
number of the genus is x=6 and one M chromosome could be divided into two t or T
chromosomes through the fission of constrictions and reciprocal translocation of Robertson
Change (Lincoln & Clark, 1982; Hong, 1990). One crucial index to testify Robertson Change
is whether or not groups of chromosomes with different chromosome numbers have the same
number of long arms. Nowadays most of the researchers agree that although the chromosome
numbers and karyotypes vary dramatically in L. radiata, the total number of arms of a
chromosome complement of any species is always a multiple of 11. However, the new
formulas of the 6 populations in the present study are difficult to explain by the Fusion
Theory or the Fission Theory. Further research on karyotype evolution of L. radiata will
therefore be needed in the future.
Mookerjea (1955) found that the chromosome number of L. radiata was very variable
from 2n=15, 22, 25 to 2n=32, and it also consisted of m chromosomes (with median of
submedian constrictions) and the chromosomes with satellite chromosomes. Because she
could not explain the great variability on the chromosome number of L. radiata, her opinion
did not gain sufficient attention at that time. Through our studies of the 6 populations of L.
radiata, we agree with Mookerjea that the chromosome numbers and karyotype in L. radiata
have great variability among different populations and even within the same population. The
origin of the karyotype of L. radiata is whether gene mutation was caused by the environment
or other reasons, so considerable effort will need to be expended in further investigations.
This paper can only present some basic data on karyotype evolution in L. radiata and the
genus Lycoris.
The theory of the origin of the L. radiata triploids is challenged by the new discoveries
in the present study. There are two key hypotheses on the origin of the triploids in the genus
Lycoris. The first is that they are derived from the hybridization of diploids with tetraploids
and the second is that they are derived from the combination between an unreduced gamete of
a diploid and a normal gamete of another diploid. Because L. radiata has been proven to be an
autotriploid by Inariyama (1931) and the tetraploids have never been found (Chung, 1999),
nowadays most researchers agree to the latter explanation. However, this is also questioned by
the new discovery of tetraploid cytotype and secondary constriction in the Huoshan
population and new karyotypes in other populations. Whether or not the triploids derive from
the hybridization of diploids with tetraploids is a question which needs further investigation of
allozyme, molecular, and hybridization in situ methods.
Lycoris radiata seeds are often difficult to germinate and the seedlings take about ten
years to reach flowering size. Therefore these plants have usually been produced by clonal
propagation. For example, Chung (1999) found that eight sampled populations of L. radiata
across South Korea were a single clone that had been spread and planted by bulb division.
This has allowed the spread of sterile triploids at the expense of less attractive wild types.
Both the wild and cultivated plants were propagated by splitting their bulbs. The seeds of
diploids and tetraploids are sterile and the seed setting percentage was rather low, and the
triploids were fully sterile. Whether or not the wild tetraploids could display amphigenesis
needs further detailed study.
Acknowledgements We are very grateful to Prof. Peter Christie from Agricultural and
Environmental Science Department, Queen’s University of Belfast for his help in English.
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六个石蒜居群的核型及四倍体石蒜的发现
1周守标* 2余本祺 1罗 琦 1胡金蓉 1毕 德
1(安徽师范大学生命科学学院 芜湖 241000)
2(安徽工程科技学院 芜湖 241000)

摘要 染色体与核型的变化是植物系统发育和进化的一个重要方面。石蒜属Lycoris植物特别是石蒜L.
radiata在染色体数目和核型上存在较大的变异。通过对不同居群的石蒜核型研究, 可以为石蒜和石蒜
属植物的核型演化及演化机制提供一些重要的基础资料。本文对分布于中国安徽省和浙江省的6个石蒜
居群进行了细胞学研究。结果表明 , 6个石蒜居群的染色体数目和核型分别为 : 霍山居群
2n=44=28st+8t+8T, 2n=22=6st+12t+4T; 黄山居群2n=22=22t, 2n=22=18st+4t, 2n=21=12st+7t+2T; 滁州居
群 2n=33=33t; 马 鞍 山 居 群 2n=33=18st+15T, 2n=25=1m+20st+2t+2T; 宣 城 居 群 2n=22=20st+2T,
2n=21=1m+20st; 杭州居群2n=22=12st+4t+6T, 2n=21=18st+3t。其中, 部分居群的核型类型为首次报道;
并首次发现了四倍体的石蒜居群。此外, 对石蒜的核型进化和多倍体起源进行了初步探讨。
关键词 石蒜; 核型; 四倍体