全 文 ：植 物 分 类 学 报 45 (2): 134–166(2007) doi:10.1360/aps06118
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica http://www.plantsystematics.com
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Received: 2 August 2006 Accepted: 20 December 2006
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 30570128.
* Author for correspondence. E-mail: .
The relationship between geography and climate in the
generic-level patterns of Chinese seed plants
ZHU Hua* MA You-Xin YAN Li-Chun HU Hua-Bin
(Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China)
Abstract This paper aims to illustrate the distribution patterns of generic-level elements of
Chinese seed plants and their correlations to climatic and geographic gradients. A total of 204
regional floras covering all of China were used to make distribution maps for all seed plant
genera using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) technology. Climatic gradients were
based on data sets from 841 meteorological stations throughout China. Definitions for floristic
distributional patterns were based upon the work of Prof. Z. Y. Wu. Most of these floristic
distributional patterns were strongly correlated with the geographic gradients in climate,
except for cosmopolitan, cultivated and invasive genera. Tropical genera form a large fraction
of the total genera (ranging from 0.84% to 94.38% in the regional floras) with the highest
proportion in southern Yunnan and Hainan Island. Tropical genera occur predominantly in
southern China of <30º N latitude and decreased with increasing latitude, as would be
expected. Interestingly, the disjunct Tropical Asia and Tropical America distribution were not
restricted to southern latitudes. Temperate genera account for 5.1% to 98.83% of the total
genera in regional floras with the highest proportion in the province of Xinjiang. Most of these
genera followed geographic gradients in climate as expected (temperate genera conspicuously
dominate the landscape at higher latitudes), except the East Asian and North American
disjunct distribution, Eastern Asian distribution and Chinese endemic distribution. Generally,
most plant genera demonstrated some correlation with climatic and geographic gradients. The
most important gradients were those of annual air temperature and precipitation. A small
fraction did not demonstrate significantly particular pattern: “Cosmopolitan”, “East Asian and
North American disjunct”, “Eastern Asian” and “Chinese endemic” distributions. The North
Temperate distribution had the highest correlation with mean annual air temperature and
precipitation. These results demonstrate that the Chinese seed plant genera correspond well to
recognized vegetation zones and floristic regions, providing further support for the current
phytogeographic definitions.
Key words genera of Chinese seed plants, geographical elements, distribution patterns,
correlation to climatic factors and geography.
Within the country of China, plant systematic studies have a long history. Hu (1926,
1929, 1935, 1936) gave a primary viewpoint on the characteristic elements of the Chinese
flora. Liu (1934) gave a framework for the geographic distribution of these floristic elements,
while Li (1944) discussed these distribution patterns in more detail, based on studies of the
family Araliaceae. Wu (1965) studied the distribution patterns of Chinese seed plants at the
generic level (ca. 2980 genera), pointing out the country’s tropical affinity. Zhang (1962,
1980) analyzed the floristic composition and characteristics of southern China and discussed
its origins. Wu and Wang (1983) systematically summarized the floristic composition,
characteristics and affinities of Chinese flora, while Wu and Wu (1996) further affirmed the
No. 2 ZHU et al.: Biogeographical patterns of the genera of Chinese seed plants 135
uniqueness of the Chinese flora and suggested an Eastern Asiatic floristic kingdom.
More recently, Zhu & Roos (2004) discussed the tropical flora in southern China and its
affinity to the tropical Asian flora based on comparisons of floristic similarities between
southern Yunnan and Hainan Island, Vietnam, Malay Peninsula and Brunei of western
Malesia, and confirmed that the flora of southern China is of tropical nature with a strong
tropical Asian affinity. Qian et al. (2003) studied large-scale phytogeographical patterns in
East Asia, based upon a total of 45 regional floras at the generic level, including 23 Chinese
floras. The geographic and climatic patterns of the floristic elements were examined among
cosmopolitan, tropical and temperate genera.
In this study, we examine the distribution patterns of Chinese seed plants at generic
level, based upon the classification system of Wu (1991). Wu’s classification system is quite
important to Chinese botany, because a large number of papers following his system have
been published. We used 204 regional floristic works (see Appendix 1), which cover almost
all climatic zones and terrestrial ecosystems present in China, from Hainan Island in the south
(18.61º N), Altai of Xinjiang Province in the northwest (48.88º N), the upper Ürümqi in the
west (87.03º E), to Changbai Mountains in the east (128.33º E) (Fig. 1). We then compared
Wu’s phytogeographic classification system to the geographic patterns in long-term climatic
data sets. Using a range of factors, the correlation between Wu’s phytogeographic
classification system of Chinese seed plants at generic level and observed climatic patterns are
examined.



Fig. 1. Sites of the local or regional floras used.

1 Material and methods
The genera of Chinese seed plants were placed into 15 phytogeographic distribution
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 136
patterns defined by Wu (1991). Most of the 204 regional floras already classified the plant
genera based on Wu’s classification, although a few earlier works had to be independently
classified. This large database of phytogeographic patterns of Chinese seed plant genera
provides as complete coverage of the country as possible. We chose to ignore “Cosmopolitan”
genera because they have little biogeographical significance. The Arcview software
(ArcGIS9.2) was used for making frequency maps of distribution types of the Chinese genera.
On each map, the frequency distribution was grouped into five classes, defined by identifying
natural breakpoints between classes using the Jenk’s optimization method, a default
classification method in Arcview.
The 15 phytogeographic distribution patterns documented by Wu (1991) and used in this
paper are concisely explained as following:
1. “Cosmopolitan”
Cosmopolitan distribution includes the genera which are widely distributed across every
continent of the world without special distribution centers.
2. “Pantropical”
Pantropical distribution includes the genera which are distributed throughout the tropics
of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres or those genera which have one or more than one
distribution centers in the tropics, but with some species distributed in other regions.
3. “Tropical Asia and Tropical America disjunct”
Included in this category are those genera which are disjunctly distributed in warm
regions of America and Asia.
4. “Old World Tropic”
Those are the genera which are distributed throughout the tropical areas of Asia, Africa,
Australia and their adjacent islands.
5. “Tropical Asia and Tropical Australia”
This distribution type is the east wing of the “Old World Tropic” distribution. Its western
boundary is sometimes in Madagascar but never in the continental Africa.
6. “Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa”
This distribution type includes the genera which are distributed from tropical Africa to
Indo-Malaysia region, as the west wing of the “Old World Tropic” distribution.
7. “Tropical Asia (Indo-Malaysia)”
This distribution type includes the genera which are distributed throughout Tropical
Asian (Indo-Malaysia) region. Its eastern boundary reaches Fiji or the island of the South
Pacific but never on the continent of Australia, and the northern boundary mostly reaches
Southwest and South China and Taiwan.
8. “North Temperate”
This distribution type includes the genera which are widely distributed in the temperate
regions of Europe, Asia and North America. Some of them can extend to the tropical
mountains.
9. “East Asia and North America disjunct”
The genera of this distribution type are discontinuously distributed in the temperate and
subtropical areas of East Asia and North America.
10. “Old World Temperate”
This type generally includes the genera which are widely distributed in temperate and
cold temperate regions from high latitudes to middle latitudes of Eurasia.
11. “Temperate Asia”
This type includes the genera which are confined to the temperate regions of Asia with a
range from Central Asia in Russia (or south Russia) to Eastern and Western Siberia and
Northeastern Asia, southward to North China, Korea and northern Japan.
No. 2 ZHU et al.: Biogeographical patterns of the genera of Chinese seed plants 137
12. “Mediterranean, West Asia to Central Asia”
This distribution type includes the genera which are distributed around the
Mediterranean, through West Asia or Southwest Asia to the Central Asia of Russia and
Chinese Xinjiang, the plateaus of Qinghai and Tibet and plateau of Mongolia.
13. “Central Asia”
This type includes the genera which are distributed in Central Asia (particularly
mountainous regions), but not in West Asia and the Mediterranean region.
14. “East Asia”
This type includes the genera which are distributed from Himalayas to Japan. The
distribution ranges of this type do not extend beyond the northern IndoChina, and its
northwest boundaries are coincided with the forest boundaries in Northwest China.
15. “Endemic to China”
This distribution type is centered in the natural floristic regions of China as a whole, with
their distributional limits not far from Chinese national boundaries.
The relation coefficients of these distribution types to longitudinal and latitudinal
gradients in the climatic data were calculated. The climatic data were collected between 1951
and 1980 from 841 meteorological stations throughout China including four major factors: (1)
average monthly or annual air temperature, (2) average annual maximum or minimum air
temperature, (3) average annual precipitation, and (4) average annual air relative humidity
(Chinese Central Meteorological Office, 1984). The correlations of these floristic elements to
climatic gradients were established based on comparing these two large datasets: the
phytogeographic patterns and the long term climate data.
2 Results
2.1 Frequency patterns of the distribution types
2.2.1 “Pantropical” distribution (Type 2)
The “Pantropical distribution” includes 362 genera in China and contributes to 11.61%
of the total Chinese genera (Table 1). The frequency of “Pantropical” genera in the regional
floras across China is directly related to latitude (Fig. 2). The lowest proportion in any flora
was 0.58% in the upper Ürümqi of Xinjiang in northwestern China (~87.03°E, 43.20°N),
while the highest proportion was 45.73% in the Nujiang region of western Yunnan (~98.90°
E, 26°N).

Table 1 Areal-types of genera of the Chinese seed plants*
Areal-type No. of genus %
1 Cosmopolitan 104 3.34
2 Pantropical 362 11.61
3 Tropical Asia & Tropical America disjuncted 62 1.99
4 Old World Tropic 177 5.68
5 Tropical Asia to Tropical Australia 148 4.75
6 Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa 164 5.26
7 Tropical Asia 611 19.60
8 North Temperate 302 9.69
9 East Asia and North America disjuncted 124 3.98
10 Old World Temperate 164 5.26
11 Temperate Asia 55 1.76
12 Mediterranean, W Asia to C Asia 171 5.49
13 Central Asia 116 3.72
14 East Asia 300 9.62
15 Endemic to China 257 8.25
Total 3117 100.00
* After Wu (1991).
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 138


Fig. 2. Pantropical distribution.


“Pantropical” genera are the dominant tropical group in China, having the second highest
proportion among Chinese tropical floristic elements. The relative frequency of “Pantropical”
genera was generally greater than 20% in areas south of 30º N, except in regions with high
elevations.
2.1.2 “Tropical Asia and Tropical America disjunct” distribution (Type 3)
This distribution type includes a total of 62 genera in China. However, the relative
frequency of these genera ranged from 0% to 9.35% in the regional floras. Their geographic
distribution did not correlate well with any latitudinal gradients, although their relative
proportion generally increased at lower latitudes (Fig. 3).
2.1.3 “Old World Tropical” distribution (Type 4)
The “Old World Tropical” distribution includes 177 genera in China and contributes to
5.68% of the total Chinese genera (Table 1). These genera are completely absent from several
northern floras while they are most frequent (15.68% of the total genera) in the Longgang
limestone area of Guangxi Province (~106.7º E, 22.3º N). The relative frequency of these
genera decreases dramatically with increasing latitude (Fig. 4). Regional floras containing
between 10%–15% of “Old World Tropical” genera were mainly found south of 25º N
latitude, except some are in deep valleys with a dry and hot climate in south-western China,
for example, the floras from the valley of Jinshajiang river at ca. 102.69º E, 27.07º N and
the valley of Nujiang river in western Yunnan at 98.9º E, 26º N.
2.1.4 “Tropical Asia to Tropical Australia” distribution (Type 5)
The genera of “Tropical Asia to Tropical Australia” are also completely absent from
several northern regional floras and reach their highest proportion (12.6% of the total genera)


No. 2 ZHU et al.: Biogeographical patterns of the genera of Chinese seed plants 139


Fig. 3. Disjunct Tropical Asia and Tropical America distribution.




Fig. 4. Old Word Tropical distribution.

Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 140


Fig. 5. Tropical Asia to Tropical Australia distribution.

on Hainan Island (~109.6º E, 18.4º N). The relative frequencies of these genera also show
strong correspondence to latitudinal gradients, as expected (Fig. 5). The regional floras with
the proportion of these genera accounting for more than 7% were found from the areas of <23º
N latitude in southwestern China and the areas of <25º N latitude in southeastern China.
2.1.5 “Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa” distribution (Type 6)
These tropical genera are also missing from several northern regions, while they reach
their highest proportion (10.29% of the total genera) in the dry and hot climate of the
Yuanjiang region of Yunnan Province (~102.5º E, 23.5º N). Their relative frequencies also
show strong correspondence to latitudinal gradients (Fig. 6). In the hot, dry valleys of the
Jinshajiang river (south of 27.5º N) and in southeastern China (south of <23.5º N), these
Type 6 genera were quite frequent (>6.7%).
2.1.6 “Tropical Asia” distribution (Type 7)
The “Tropical Asia” distribution includes 611 genera in China and is the largest group of
tropical floristic elements in China (Table 1). These genera are the most dominant floristic
element in regional floras in southern China. Missing in the northern latitudes, they account
for up to 42.26% of the total genera in southern Yunnan Province (~100.9º E, 21.9º N), with
the second highest relative frequency (29.95%) observed on the island of Hainan (~109.7º E,
18.9º N ) (Fig. 7). The regional floras with these genera accounting for more than 20% of the
total genera were found in the areas south of 23º N in southwestern China and south of 25º
N in southeastern China. These genera decreased conspicuously with increasing latitude,
dropping below 3% of the total genera in areas north of 32º N.
2.1.7 “North Temperate” distribution (Type 8)
The “North Temperate” distribution includes 302 genera in China and is the largest
group of temperate floristic elements in China. These genera were present in all regional
No. 2 ZHU et al.: Biogeographical patterns of the genera of Chinese seed plants 141



Fig. 6. Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa distribution.




Fig. 7. Tropical Asia distribution.

Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 142


Fig. 8. North Temperate distribution.


floras and show a strong correspondence with latitudinal gradients, accounting for 1.79% of
the total genera in southern Yunnan Province (~100.9º E, 21.88º N) at its lowest proportion
to 68.1% in temperate northwestern China (~106.6º E, 38.1º N) (Fig. 8). These genera are
the dominant elements in regional floras throughout northern China. The local floras with
these genera forming less than 10% of the total genera were found mainly from the areas <25º
N latitude, and the floras with the proportion less than 20% were found mainly in the areas of
<30º N latitude.
2.1.8 “East Asia and North America disjunct” distribution (Type 9)
The genera of “East Asia and North America disjunct” distribution are most frequent in
regional floras in centre-east China, and missing from several north-western most regions of
China. They reach their highest proportion (16.16% of the total genera) in the subtropical area
of eastern China (~118.9º E, 28.9º N) (Fig. 9).
2.1.9 “Old World Temperate” distribution (Type 10)
The genera of this type have their highest proportion (20.18% of the total genera) in
Altai of Xinjiang (~88.5º E, 48º N) in northwestern China, while they are almost absent
from several south-western most regions in China. They occur mainly in the temperate north
and west China (Fig. 10). The regional floras with these genera accounting for more than 10%
of the total genera were found mainly in the areas of >32ºN latitude except fewer sites, for
example in the northwestern Yunnan owing to high altitude.
2.1.10 “Temperate Asia” distribution (Type 11)
The genera of “Temperate Asia” distribution in China have a similar pattern to these of



No. 2 ZHU et al.: Biogeographical patterns of the genera of Chinese seed plants 143



Fig. 9. Disjunct East Asia and North America distribution.




Fig. 10. Old World Temperate distribution.

Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 144


Fig. 11. Temperate Asia distribution.

“Old World Temperate” distribution. These genera reach their highest proportion (6.95% of
the total genera) in Ningxia (~105.8º E, 38.7º N) in northwestern China and their second
highest proportion (6.32% of the total genera) in Heilongjiang (~120.0º E, 46.2º N) in
northeastern China, and show strong correspondence to latitudinal gradients (Fig. 11). The
regional floras with these genera accounting for more than 3% of the total genera were found
mainly in the areas of >32º N latitude with the sole exception of one in Jiangxi at ca. 114.63º
E and 27.67º N.
2.1.11 “Mediterranean, West Asia to Central Asia” distribution (Type 12)
The genera of this distribution occur mainly in temperate northwest China (Fig. 12). The
genera reach their highest proportion (30% of the total genera) in western Nei Mongol
(~99.53º E, 41.38º N) in northern China, while they have their lowest proportion in regions
in southern China.
2.1.12 “Central Asia” distribution (Type 13)
The genera of “Central Asia” distribution occur mainly also in the temperate northwest
China (Fig. 13), with their highest proportion (7.58% of the total genera) in Altai of Xinjiang
(~88.5º E, 48º N) in northwestern China. The regional floras with these genera accounting
for more than 3% of the total genera were mainly found in the areas of >34º N latitude.
2.1.13 “Eastern Asia” distribution (Type 14)
The “Eastern Asian” distribution includes 300 genera in China and is the second largest
group of temperate floristic elements in China. These genera occur mainly in the subtropical
area of China (Fig. 14). They reach their highest proportion (24.44% of the total genera) in
northern Guangxi (~110.5º E, 25.9º N) in centre-south China. The regional floras with these
genera accounting for more than 17% of the total genera were mainly found in the areas
between 103º E and 122º E longitudes, and between 25º N and 34º N latitudes.
No. 2 ZHU et al.: Biogeographical patterns of the genera of Chinese seed plants 145



Fig. 12. Mediterranean, West Asia to Central Asia distribution.




Fig. 13. Central Asia distribution.

Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 146


Fig. 14. Eastern Asia distribution.


2.1.14 “Chinese Endemics” (Type 15)
The genera of endemic to China occur mainly in subtropical area of China (Fig. 15).
These genera reach their highest proportion (7.35% of the total genera) in Dabashan (~107.5º
E, 32.2º N) in Sichuan Province in centre-south China. The regional floras with these genera
in a very low proportion were found in the areas of >40º N latitude. It is interesting that the
proportion of these Chinese endemic genera was only 1.53% of the total genera in the flora of
Taiwan Island.
2.2 Correlation to longitudinal and latitudinal gradients
All these phytogeographic distribution types, except “Chinese endemics”, were
correlated with geography, most strongly with latitudinal gradients (Table 2). The lack of
correlation between the relative frequency of endemic taxa and geography would be expected
if endemic taxa are generated equally across the regional floras of China. Both temperate and
tropical groups responded strongly to geographic gradients, particularly the “North
Temperate”, “Old World Temperate”, “Old World Tropic”, “Tropical Asia to Tropical
Australia” and “Temperate Asia” phytogeographic classes (Table 2).
2.3 Correlation to climatic gradients
2.3.1 Correlation to air temperature
The relative frequencies of most phytogeographic classes in the regional floras of China
were closely correlated with all four aspects of air temperature examined: annual mean,
annual maximum air temperature, annual minimum air temperature and ≥10oC accumulated
air temperature (Figs. 16–19, respectively). Three classes (“East Asia and North America
disjunct”, “Eastern Asian” and “Chinese endemics”) were not well correlated with these
climate factors. The “North Temperate” class was most closely correlated with the first three
descriptors for air temperature while the “Tropical Asian to Tropical Australian” class was
No. 2 ZHU et al.: Biogeographical patterns of the genera of Chinese seed plants 147


Fig. 15. Endemic to China.


most closely correlated with ≥10oC accumulated air temperature. The combined tropical
genera (Types 2–7) and combined temperate genera (Types 8–14) have very high correlation
values with all four aspects of air temperature.

Table 2 The relation coefficients of distribution types to longitudinal and latitudinal gradients
Distribution types Constant Longitude Latitude Relation
coefficients
2 Pantropical 20.115 0.242 –0.949 0.743**
3 Tropical Asia & Tropical America disjuncted 4.280 0.025 –0.155 0.583**
4 Old World Tropic 17.116 0.032 –0.501 0.838**
5 Tropical Asia to Tropical Australia 9.059 0.040 –0.327 0.819**
6 Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa 14.073 –0.023 –0.265 0.745**
7 Tropical Asia 42.320 –0.020 –1.037 0.816**
8 North Temperate 1.910 –0.364 2.078 0.879**
9 East Asia and North America disjuncted –12.936 0.187 –0.028 0.452**
10 Old World Temperate –4.468 –0.089 0.731 0.872**
11 Temperate Asia –2.198 –0.030 0.247 0.806**
12 Mediterranean, W Asia to C Asia 7.010 –0.124 0.275 0.616**
13 Central Asia 5.696 –0.087 0.154 0.735**
14 East Asia –8.666 0.235 –0.186 0.396**
15 Endemic to China 6.782 –0.026 –0.037 0.179*
*, p<0.05; **, p<0.00001


Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 148
Temperature (℃)

Fig. 16. The relations of distribution types of genera to mean annual air temperature.


Temperature (℃)

Fig. 17. The relations of distribution types of genera to maximum air temperature.


Pe
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Pe
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T2
y = 1.3331x + 0.3052
R2 = 0.5276
0
10
20
30
40
50
T4
y = 0.6722x - 3.5106
R2 = 0.6656
0
5
10
15
20
T5
y = 0.455x - 2.4789
R2 = 0.6498
0
5
10
15
T6
y = 0.3451x - 1.1085
R2 = 0.4626
0
3
6
9
12
T7
y = 1.4305x - 10.344
R2 = 0.6110
0
10
20
30
40
50
T9
y = 0.1147x + 5.5538
R2 = 0.0225
0
5
10
15
20
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
T8
y = -2.928x + 63.531
R2 = 0.8068
0
20
40
60
80
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
T3
y = 0.2351x - 0.7811
R2 = 0.3706
0
2
4
6
8
10
T10
y = -0.9851x + 20.771
R2 = 0.7592
0
6
12
18
24
T11
y = -0.337x + 6.4859
R2 = 0.6465
0
2
4
6
8
T12
y = -0.4398x + 7.5037
R2 = 0.344
0
4
8
12
16
20
T14
y = 0.3021x + 7.8074
R2 = 0.0545
0
6
12
18
24
30
T2-7
y = 4.4711x - 17.918
R2 = 0.7688
0
20
40
60
80
100
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
T15
y = 0.0742x + 1.8697
R2 = 0.031
0
2
4
6
8
10
T8-14
y = -4.5161x + 115.73
R2 = 0.7912
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
T13
y = -0.2429x + 4.0776
R2 = 0.3853
0
2
4
6
8
10
T2
y = 1.5578x - 11.521
R2 = 0.5221
0
10
20
30
40
50
T4
y = 0.804x - 9.8278
R2 = 0.6901
0
5
10
15
20
T5
y = 0.5377x - 6.6308
R2 = 0.6578
0
5
10
15
T6
y = 0.4199x - 4.4881
R2 = 0.4964
0
3
6
9
12
T7
y = 1.4305x - 10.344
R2 = 0.6110
0
10
20
30
40
50
T9
y = 0.098x + 5.225
R2 = 0.0119
0
5
10
15
20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T8
y = -3.4398x + 89.86
R2 = 0.807
0
20
40
60
80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T3
y = 0.2765x - 2.9004
R2 = 0.3714
0
2
4
6
8
10
T10
y = -1.1646x + 29.767
R2 = 0.769
0
6
12
18
24
T11
y = -0.3991x + 9.5764
R2 = 0.657
0
2
4
6
8
T12
y = -0.5011x + 11.16
R2 = 0.3235
0
4
8
12
16
20
T14
y = 0.3042x + 6.0579
R2 = 0.0401
0
6
12
18
24
30
T2-7
y = 5.3187x - 59.383
R2 = 0.7885
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T15
y = 0.0919x + 1.1125
R2 = 0.0344
0
2
4
6
8
10
T8-14
y = -5.3748x + 157.66
R2 = 0.8122
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T13 y = -0.2724x + 6.0145
R2 = 0.3513
0
2
4
6
8
10
No. 2 ZHU et al.: Biogeographical patterns of the genera of Chinese seed plants 149

Temperature (℃)

Fig. 18. The relations of distribution types of genera to minimum air temperature.


Accumulated temperature (℃)

Fig. 19. The relations of distribution types of genera to ≥10 ℃ accumulated air temperature.







Pe
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Pe
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T2
y = 1.1107x + 7.9703
R2 = 0.5277
0
10
20
30
40
50
T4
y = 0.5571x + 0.3813
R2 = 0.6587
0
5
10
15
20
T5
y = 0.3781x + 0.1459
R2 = 0.6466
0
5
10
15
T6
y = 0.2849x + 0.9002
R2 = 0.4542
0
3
6
9
12
T7
y = 1.4305x - 10.344
R2 = 0.6110
0
10
20
30
40
50
T9
y = 0.1013x + 6.1599
R2 = 0.0253
0
5
10
15
20
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
T8
y = -2.4366x + 46.67
R2 = 0.805
0
20
40
60
80
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
T3
y = 0.1956x + 0.5737
R2 = 0.3694
0
2
4
6
8
10
T10
y = -0.8186x + 15.086
R2 = 0.7553
0
6
12
18
24
T11
y = -0.2799x + 4.5406
R2 = 0.6427
0
2
4
6
8
T12
y = -0.3685x + 4.9941
R2 = 0.348
0
4
8
12
16
20
T14
y = 0.2595x + 9.4721
R2 = 0.058
0
6
12
18
24
30
T2-7
y = 3.7101x + 7.9271
R2 = 0.7627
0
20
40
60
80
100
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
T15
y = 0.061x + 2.3045
R2 = 0.0301
0
2
4
6
8
10
T8-14
y = -3.747x + 89.621
R2 = 0.7847
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
T13
y = -0.2042x + 2.698
R2 = 0.3923
0
2
4
6
8
10
T2y = 0.0045x - 3.1601
R2 = 0.506
0
10
20
30
40
50
T4
y = 0.0024x - 6.0125
R2 = 0.7307
0
5
10
15
20
T5
y = 0.0017x - 4.396
R2 = 0.755
0
5
10
15
T6
y = 0.0012x - 2.3802
R2 = 0.5057
0
3
6
9
12
T7
y = 1.4305x - 10.344
R2 = 0.6110
0
10
20
30
40
50
T9
y = -9E-05x + 7.5257
R2 = 0.0012
0
5
10
15
20
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
T8
y = -0.0097x + 70.529
R2 = 0.7536
0
20
40
60
80
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
T3y = 0.0008x - 1.3741
R2 = 0.352
0
2
4
6
8
10
T10
y = -0.0032x + 22.779
R2 = 0.6781
0
6
12
18
24
T11
y = -0.0011x + 7.148
R2 = 0.5719
0
2
4
6
8
T12
y = -0.0013x + 7.5694
R2 = 0.2368
0
4
8
12
16
20
T14
y = 0.0001x + 11.35
R2 = 0.0006
0
6
12
18
24
30
T2-7
y = 0.016x - 34.035
R2 = 0.8326
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
T15
y = 9E-05x + 2.4526
R2 = 0.0036
0
2
4
6
8
10
T8-14
y = -0.0159x + 130.99
R2 = 0.8343
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
T13
y = -0.0007x + 4.0911
R2 = 0.2616
0
2
4
6
8
10
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 150
2.3.2 Correlation to mean annual precipitation and mean annual air relative humidity
The same three classes mentioned above (“East Asia and North America disjunct”,
“Eastern Asian” and “Chinese endemics”) were not correlated with precipitation or humidity.
The “North Temperate” class has the closest correlation to mean annual precipitation and
mean annual air relative humidity (Figs. 20, 21). The combined tropical genera (Types 2–7)
and combined temperate genera (Types 8–14) show high correlation values to mean annual
precipitation and mean annual air relative humidity, particularly with the first factor.
3 Summary and discussion
In our analysis, the combined phytogeographic patterns of Chinese seed plant genera
largely support and further refine Wu’s classification system (Wu 1980). The boundary
between tropical and subtropical genera determined here (~22º30’ N), south of which
regional floras are dominated by tropical genera, corresponds well with previously recognized
boundaries between “subtropical evergreen broad-leaved” and “tropical monsoon and rain”
forests (Wu, 1980; Wu & Wu 1996; Hou, 1988). It also agrees approximately with the
geographic definition of the East Asiatic (Wu, 1989; Wu & Wu, 1996), Holarctic (Takhtajan,
1978), and Paleotropical Kingdoms (Fig. 24).
This main conclusion from our study is similar to the results found by Qian et al. (2003),
although we found that the boundary between tropical and temperate regions was further
south by 3º latitude. This difference in our results is due to the greater geographic detail used
here. Qian et al. (2003) used provincial floras of China (23 total), while we used 204 regional
floras. H Qian et al. then defined midpoint latitudes for each province, which were grouped
into five latitudinal zones. This approach may mask natural environment heterogeneity within

Precipitation (mm)

Fig. 20. The relations of distribution types of genera to mean annual precipitation.


Pe
rc
en
ta
ge
o
f g
en
us

T2
y = 0.0167x - 0.1958
R2 = 0.525
0
10
20
30
40
50
T4
y = 0.0082x - 3.5427
R2 = 0.6312
0
5
10
15
20
T5
y = 0.0057x - 2.654
R2 = 0.6475
0
5
10
15
T6
y = 0.004x - 0.8645
R2 = 0.391
0
3
6
9
12
T7
y = 1.4305x - 10.344
R2 = 0.6110
0
10
20
30
40
50
T9
y = 0.0019x + 5.0123
R2 = 0.0386
0
5
10
15
20
0 500 1000 1500 2000
T8
y = -0.0364x + 64.337
R2 = 0.7911
0
20
40
60
80
0 500 1000 1500 2000
T3
y = 0.0029x - 0.8609
R2 = 0.3668
0
2
4
6
8
10
T10
y = -0.0121x + 20.884
R2 = 0.7273
0
6
12
18
24
T11
y = -0.0043x + 6.6665
R2 = 0.6583
0
2
4
6
8
T12
y = -0.0055x + 7.7151
R2 = 0.3475
0
4
8
12
16
20
T14
y = 0.0043x + 7.0794
R2 = 0.0714
0
6
12
18
24
30
T2-7
y = 0.0549x - 18.441
R2 = 0.7366
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 500 1000 1500 2000
T15
y = 0.0007x + 2.1476
R2 = 0.0152
0
2
4
6
8
10
T8-14
y = -0.0552x + 115.99
R2 = 0.7513
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 500 1000 1500 2000
T13
y = -0.0031x + 4.2908
R2 = 0.4118
0
2
4
6
8
10
No. 2 ZHU et al.: Biogeographical patterns of the genera of Chinese seed plants 151
Humidity (%)

Fig. 21. The relations of distribution types of genera to mean annual air relative humidity.




Fig. 22. Tropical distributions combined.


Pe
rc
en
ta
ge
o
f g
en
us

T2
y = 0.7986x - 39.087
R2 = 0.4736
0
10
20
30
40
50
T4
y = 0.3657x - 20.718
R2 = 0.4927
0
5
10
15
20
T5
y = 0.2604x - 15.054
R2 = 0.5327
0
5
10
15
T6
y = 0.1734x - 8.915
R2 = 0.2922
0
3
6
9
12
T7
y = 1.4305x - 10.344
R2 = 0.6110
0
10
20
30
40
50
T9
y = 0.141x - 3.0239
R2 = 0.0849
0
5
10
15
20
40 50 60 70 80 90
T8
y = -1.7172x + 147.42
R2 = 0.69430
20
40
60
80
40 50 60 70 80 90
T3
y = 0.1372x - 7.4652
R2 = 0.3156
0
2
4
6
8
10
T10
y = -0.5632x + 47.947
R2 = 0.6207
0
6
12
18
24
T11
y = -0.1914x + 15.689
R2 = 0.5214 0
2
4
6
8
T12
y = -0.2896x + 22.379
R2 = 0.3732
0
4
8
12
16
20
T14
y = 0.2788x - 8.1442
R2 = 0.1163
0
6
12
18
24
30
T2-7
y = 2.4899x - 136.52
R2 = 0.5965
0
20
40
60
80
100
40 50 60 70 80 90
T15
y = 0.0341x + 0.4219
R2 = 0.0163
0
2
4
6
8
10
T8-14
y = -2.5099x + 235.16
R2 = 0.6114
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
40 50 60 70 80 90
T13y = -0.1684x + 12.897
R2 = 0.4633
0
2
4
6
8
10
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 152



Fig. 23. Temperate distributions combined.




Fig. 24. Tropical distributions combined (Two classes with arbitrary break at proportion of 80% of the total genera).

No. 2 ZHU et al.: Biogeographical patterns of the genera of Chinese seed plants 153
provinces to some extent. The local floras used in our study have latitudinal attributions at
their points and the classes of frequency of distribution types were classified by natural
breaks.
The boundary between temperate and subtropical genera determined in this analysis (~32º
30′ N), north of which regional floras are composed of ≥70% temperate genera (Fig. 25),
more or less corresponds to the boundary between “warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved”
and “subtropical evergreen broad-leaved” forest in eastern China (Wu, 1980; Hou, 1988). If
the threshold for this boundary is raised to 80% temperate genera in local floras, its
geographic position approximately matches the boundaries between “warm temperate
deciduous broad-leaved” and “temperate coniferous/deciduous broad-leaved mixed” forest in
northern China, “temperate grassland” and “warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved” forest
in north-eastern China, and “cold temperate alpine” and “sub-alpine” vegetation areas in
western China and the so called forest area in eastern China (Wu, 1980; Hou, 1988) (Fig. 27).
Biogeographical divisions of China were recently suggested based mainly on
distributions of 171 mammal species and 509 plant species (Yan et al., 2004). In that study,
the tropical zone merged southern Yunnan, south-western Guangxi, and Hainan Island into a
single, large biogeographical unit of “coast and islands of southern China” with its northern
boundary at ~30º N latitude. This one biogeographical region was composed of several
different zones in our study. Our study revealed that the line of ~22º30′ N latitude, south of
which regional floras are dominated by tropical genera, corresponds well with previously
recognized boundaries between “subtropical evergreen broad-leaved” and “tropical monsoon
and rain” forests (Wu, 1980; Wu and Wu 1996; Hou, 1988) and also agrees approximately
with the geographic definition of the East Asiatic (Wu, 1989; Wu and Wu, 1996), Holarctic
(Takhtajan, 1978), and Paleotropical Kingdoms.




Fig. 25. Tropical distributions combined (Two classes with arbitrary break at proportion of 70% of the total genera).
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 154


Fig. 26. Temperate distributions combined (Two classes with arbitrary break at proportion of 80% of the total genera).



Fig. 27. The regionalization of Chinese vegetation. I: Cold temperate coniferous forest region; II: Temperate
coniferous–broad-leaved mixed forest region; III: Warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest region; IV: Subtropical
evergreen broad-leaved forest region; V: Tropical monsoon forest and rain forest region; VI: Temperate grassland region;
VII: Temperate desert region; VIII: Cold alpine region in Tibetan-Qinghai highland. Redraw from Wu, 1980. Vegetation of
China, the map of the regionalization of Chinese vegetation.
No. 2 ZHU et al.: Biogeographical patterns of the genera of Chinese seed plants 155
Many genera of disjunct Tropical Asia and Tropical America distribution are not native
but introduced or invasive in China, for example, Ageratum, Opuntia, Thevetia, Tridax etc.
Their distributions in China more correspond to human activities than natural dispersion.
Acknowledgements This project was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (30570128). The first author thanks Prof. WU Zheng-Yi (C. Y. Wu) and Prof. ZHANG
Hong-Da (H. T. Chang), who are his academic advisors. We are very grateful to Dr. Chuck
CANNON from Texas Technology University, USA, for his help in English and technical
improvements in this article. Ms. LI Hong-Mei helped making frequency maps. We also thank
anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on this article.
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Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 156
中国种子植物属的地理成分分布格局及其
与气候和地理的关系
朱 华 马友鑫 阎丽春 胡华斌
(中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园昆明分部, 云南昆明 650223)

摘要 基于覆盖了全中国各地理区的204个地区植物区系研究资料和这些地区的841个气象站资料, 我
们对中国种子植物属的地理成分分布格局及其与气候、经纬度分布的关系进行了研究, 并结合这些分
布格局探讨了中国植被分带和植物区系分区。结果如下: (1) 除世界分布、栽培和入侵成分外, 大部分
中国种子植物属的地理成分的分布与地理相关密切; (2) 热带分布属(泛热带分布、热带亚洲至热带美洲
间断分布、旧世界热带分布、热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布、热带亚洲至热带非洲分布及热带亚洲分布
合计)占各地方植物区系的0.84%到94.38%, 其最低值出现在中国西北部的新疆和青海地区, 最高值出
现在中国云南南部和海南; (3) 热带分布属在<北纬30º的地区占优势, 除热带亚洲至热带美洲间断分布
外, 其它热带成分随纬度增加迅速减少; (4) 温带分布属(北温带分布、东亚和北美间断分布、旧世界温
带分布、温带亚洲分布、地中海区、西亚到中亚分布、中亚分布和东亚分布合计)占各地方植物区系的
5.1%至98.83%, 其最高值出现在中国西北部的新疆地区, 最低值出现在中国云南南部和海南; (5) 除东
亚和北美间断分布、东亚分布和中国特有分布外, 其它温带成分随纬度增加迅速增加; (6) 在温带成分
中, 东亚和北美间断分布及东亚分布属主要出现在中国亚热带到暖温带地区, 北温带分布、旧世界温带
分布和温带亚洲分布属在中国北部占优势, 而地中海区、西亚到中亚分布和中亚分布属则在中国西北
部占优势; (7) 除世界分布、东亚和北美间断分布、东亚分布和中国特有分布外, 所有其他成分都显示
了与气候因素(主要是气温和降雨量)密切相关, 其中, 北温带分布属与年均温和年降雨量最为密切相
关。中国种子植物属的地理成分的分布格局与现行的中国植被分带和植物区系分区密切匹配, 支持现
行的中国植被分带和植物区系分区方案。
关键词 中国种子植物属; 地理成分; 分布格局; 气候和地理相关性

Appendix 1 Location of regional floras used in this paper
Region Province Longitude Latitude References
Banqiao Anhui 118.63 31.70 Zhang G-F & Song Y-C, 2001
Dabie Mt. Anhui 116.08 30.75 Liu B, 1991
Dabie Mt. Anhui 115.78 31.18 Liu P & Wu G-F, 1994
Dali Anhui 117.47 30.04 Jiang M-Q et al., 1990
Duozhijian, Dabie Anhui 116.08 30.88 Xie Z-W & Wu G-F, 1993
Huangshan Anhui 118.18 30.17 Hu J-Q & Liang S-W, 1996
Huangshan Anhui 118.18 30.17 Zhang G-F, 2003
Huangzangyu Anhui 117.08 34.05 Xie Z-W et al., 1995
Mazongling, Dabieshan Anhui 115.75 31.31 Liu P et al., 1992
Qingliangfeng Anhui 118.87 30.12 Huang C-L, 1993
Shiweng, Qinling Anhui 109.10 33.68 Chen S-Q & Ma W-L, 1999
Tiantangzhai Anhui 115.76 31.11 Shen X-S, 1989
Yaoluoping Anhui 116.30 30.88 Xie Z-W & Cai Y-L, 1994
Zhutoujian, Shucheng Anhui 116.96 31.46 Zou L-X & Wu G-F, 1997
Huangfushan Anhui 118.01 32.35 Wang X et al., 2003
Qiyun Anhui 118.03 29.81 Zhang H-C, 2003
Hua-an Fujian 117.50 24.91 Li K-.M, 1996
Longqi mountain Fujian 117.27 26.55 Li Z-Y, 1994
Mengtongyang, Nanping Fujian 118.67 26.67 You S-S, 1992
Rongyan Zijin Mountain Fujian 116.93 25.07 Li X-Q & Lin L-G, 1998
Sanming Fujian 117.43 26.17 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
No. 2 ZHU et al.: Biogeographical patterns of the genera of Chinese seed plants 157
Appendix 1 (continued)
Region Province Longitude Latitude References
Shibachong Fujian 119.23 25.87 Lin C-C et al., 1994
Tianbaoyan, Yongan Fujian 117.53 25.94 Li M-B et al., 1999
Wanmulin Fujian 118.15 27.05 Gao J & Yang B-S, 1995
Wuyi Fujian 117.78 27.85 Ma K-P et al., 1995
Anxi Fujian 117.68 25.31 Lin Y-M et al., 2002
Minjiang Yuan Fujian 116.98 26.88 Liu J-Q et al., 2003
Qilianshan Gansu 100.29 37.79 Wang G-H et al., 1995
Taohe River Gansu 102.71 35.17 Zhang Y-J et al., 1997
Xiaolong Gansu 104.71 33.68 Mao X-W et al., 2003
Kongdong Gansu 106.52 35.55 Wu X-J et al., 2003
Chebaling Guangdong 114.11 24.50 Chen X-M et al., 1994
Dadongshan Guangdong 112.70 24.92 Tang S-Q et al., 1997
Danxiashan Guangdong 113.75 25.02 Liu W-Q et al., 1999
Dinghu Guangdong 112.58 23.18 Ma K-P et al., 1995
Heishiding Guangdong 111.75 23.38 Shi S-H, 1987
Lechang Guangdong 113.21 25.23 Ye H-G et al., 1992
Nanling Guangdong 112.88 24.82 Chen X-M et al., 1999
Pingyuan Guangdong 115.90 24.66 Feng Z-J et al., 1994
Qimuzhang Guangdong 115.42 23.85 Wang Y-J et al., 1993
Dayao Guangdong 113.22 25.18 Miao S-Y & Wang H-L, 2003
EHuangzhang Guangdong 111.48 21.91 Wang F-G et al., 2003
Zhaoqing Guangdong 111.47 23.40 Cheng Q-Y et al., 1999
Dayao Mt. Guangxi 110.18 24.07 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Huaping Guangxi 109.89 25.59 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Jiuwandashan Guangxi 108.72 25.29 Ma K-P et al., 1995
Karst region Guangxi 106.71 22.57 Shen Z-.H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Longhua Guangxi 105.58 23.20 Liu N et al., 1994
Miaoer Mt. Guangxi 110.46 25.88 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Napo Guangxi 105.80 23.23 Yan L-C & Qin H-N, 2001
Nonggang Guangxi 106.70 22.30 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Bailongjiang Watershed Gansu 103.50 34.09 Kang Y-X et al., 1999
Lanzhou Gansu 103.58 36.34 Ju T-Z & Zhang S-L, 1997
Leigong Mt. Guizhou 108.24 26.39 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Longgong, Anshun Guizhou 106.08 26.18 Deng L-L et al., 1993
Wenjinshan Guizhou 108.79 27.93 Ma K-P et al., 1995
Bawangling Hainan 109.25 18.96 Lian J-Y & Yu S-X, 2001
Ganshiling Hainan 109.63 18.39 Xing F-W et al., 1993
Jianfengling Hainan 108.34 18.61 Huang S-N et al., 2000
Wuzhishan Hainan 109.73 18.90 Tang T et al., 2002
Diaoluo Hainan 109.83 18.83 Ding T et al., 2002
Baihuashan Hebei 115.49 39.87 Zhu H, 1997
Baxianzhuozi Hebei 117.55 40.21 Ma K-P et al., 1995
Donglinshan Hebei 115.50 39.90 Ma K-P et al., 1995
Qinhuangdao Hebei 119.22 40.00 Zeng X-F, 1999
Wulin Hebei 117.50 40.55 Feng T-J et al., 1999
Laoling Hebei 119.42 40.13 Xu X-Y et al., 2003
Naolihe Heilongjiang 133.27 46.93 Wu H-Y, 2001
Baotianman Henan 111.90 33.50 Shi Z-M et al., 1996; Zhang N-Q, 1999
Funiushan Henan 112.00 33.68 Ma K-P et al., 1995
Jigongshan Henan 114.06 31.82 Ye Y-Z et al., 1992
Jingangtai Henan 115.57 31.73 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Kaifeng Henan 114.53 34.60 Zhang G-B & Song S-Y, 1992
Laojieling Henan 111.40 33.70 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Sonshan Henan 113.05 34.52 Ma K-P et al., 1995
Tongbai Henan 113.28 32.38 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Zhalong Heilongjiang 124.20 47.22 Guo C-J et al., 1998.
Hong Kong Hong Kong 114.18 22.32 Xing F-W et al., 1999
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 158
Appendix 1 (continued)
Region Province Longitude Latitude References
Dahongshan Hubei 113.00 31.30 Deng M et al., 1996
Dalaoling Hubei 110.83 31.05 Wu J-Q et al., 1996
Mufu Hubei 114.55 30.14 Qiu D-R & Chen D-M, 1997
Mulinzi Hubei 110.38 30.45 Song J-Z & Li B, 1990
Shengnongjia Hubei 110.45 31.60 Zheng Z, 1993
Shiyan Hubei 110.78 32.59 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Taiyangping Hubei 110.65 31.61 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Xingdou Hubei 109.12 30.05 Shen Z-.H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Yuquan Hubei 111.67 30.78 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Zhuxi Hubei 109.81 32.00 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Badagongshan Hunan 109.93 29.74 Qi C-J et al., 1994
Baiyun, Baojing Hunan 109.64 28.72 Cao T-R et al., 1996
Dupangling Hunan 111.26 25.43 Yu X-L & Xue S-G, 1999
Hunan-Guizhou and
Guangxi border region
Hunan
Guizhou
Guangxi
109.72 25.84 Zhao Y-L et al., 1997
Hupinshan Hunan 110.73 30.05 Ma K-P et al., 1995
Jiaomuxi Hunan 111.38 28.88 Liu N et al., 1994
Taoyuandong . Hunan 114.00 26.61 Liu K-W & Hou B-Q, 1991
Nanyue Hunan 112.65 27.25 Zuo J-B et al., 2002
Wulingshan Hunan-Hubei 110.29 28.78 Chen G-X et al., 2002
Erjina county Nei Mongol 99.53 41.38 Zhang Y-L, 1997
Daxinanlin Nei Mongol 120.02 46.15 Ma K-P et al., 1995
Lushan Jiangxi 115.80 29.61 Song J-Z & Li B, 1991
Pingxiang Jiangxi 113.83 27.66 Liu R-L et al., 2003
Shanghai Jiangsu 121.30 31.00 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Zijin, Nanjing Jiangsu 118.84 32.07 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Congyi Jiangxi 114.28 25.66 Song J-Z & Li B, 1991
Dagangshan Jiangxi 114.63 27.67 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Jinggang Mountain Jiangxi 114.23 26.58 Liu R-L & Tang G-C, 1995
Sangqingshan Jiangxi 118.07 28.92 Tang Y-F & Wu G-F, 1990
Wugong, Anfu Jiangxi 114.27 27.42 Gao X-M, 1991
Wuyuan Jiangxi 117.88 29.30 Rao P-C, 1996
Yixing Jiangxi 119.81 31.36 Zhang L-X et al., 1998
Yunjushan Mt. Jiangxi 115.60 29.16 Xie G-W et al., 1991
Changbai Mt. Jilin 128.33 42.58 Fu P-Y et al., 1995
Macau Macau 113.56 22.16 Xing F-W et al., 2003
Da Luo Mt. Ningxia 106.29 37.30 Xu X-M & Dong Y-Z, 1997
Henanshan Ningxia 105.82 38.73 Song J-Z & Li B, 1991
Source area of Changjiang Qinghai 93.75 34.04 Wu Y-H, 2000
Source of the Yellow River Qinghai 97.67 34.75 Wu Y-H, 1995
Xiqing Qinghai 101.42 34.48 Wu Y-H, 2000
Huangshui Qinghai 101.83 36.78 Wu Y-H, 2003
An-qiu Shandong 119.20 36.42 Zang D-K & Liang Y-T, 1999
Kunyu Mountain Shandong 121.40 37.30 Song B-H & Li F-Z, 1999
Taishan Mountain Shandong 117.02 36.35 Zang D-K et al., 1994
Laoshan Shandong 120.42 36.22 Wang S-Q et al., 2001
Kunyu Shandong 121.43 37.15 Zhang X-Q et al., 2003
Changqing Shaanxi 107.62 33.26 Zhao H et al., 1999
Loess Plateau Shaanxi 101–113 34–40 Zhang W-H et al., 2003
Niubeiliang Shaanxi 108.90 33.86 Li J-X et al., 1999
Qinling Shaanxi 110.18 33.42 Ying T-S, 1994
Taibaishan, Qinling Shaanxi 107.61 33.98 Ying T-S et al., 1990
Xunhe, Qinling Shaanxi 108.93 33.44 Wang C-K et al., 2000
Guandi Mt. Shanxi 110.80 37.83 Zhang F et al., 1998
Lishan Shanxi 111.97 35.36 Zhang J-M et al., 2002
Liupanshan Shanxi 105.38 35.88 Ma K-P et al., 1995
No. 2 ZHU et al.: Biogeographical patterns of the genera of Chinese seed plants 159
Appendix 1 (continued)
Region Province Longitude Latitude References
Luya Shanxi 112.33 38.82 Shangguan T-L et al., 1999
Manghe Shanxi 112.44 35.24 Zhang Y-B et al., 2003
Shuo Xian Shanxi 112.37 39.29 Shangguang T-L et al., 1991.
Taiyuan Shanxi 111.83 37.93 Teng C-D et al., 1991
Taiyue Mt. Shanxi 111.67 36.79 Li Z-Y et al., 1993
Wutai Shanxi 113.33 38.88 Ru W-M & Zhang F, 2000
Wutaishan Shanxi 115.17 39.98 Ma K-P et al., 1995
Zhongtiao Mt. Shanxi 111.43 35.13 Fu Z-J & Zheng X-T, 1994
Hengshan Shanxi 113.42 39.96 Shangguan T-L, 2001
Elaeagnus mollis area Shanxi 111.27 35.48 Zhang F, 2003
Ziwuling Shanxi 108.58 35.33 Zhang X-B et al., 2004
Mid-Yellow River Shanxi, Henan 111.23 35.12 Fan J et al., 2003
Chongqing Sichuan 106.48 29.67 Xu H-Y et al., 1993
Dabashan Sichuan 107.46 32.21 Zhu W-Z, 1992
Dujiangyan Sichuan 103.61 31.06 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Heizhugou, Ebian Sichuan 103.28 29.22 He M-Y et al., 1996
Jinfushan Sichuan 106.60 29.00 Ma K-P et al., 1995
Jinyunshan Sichuan 106.33 29.82 Ma K-P, et al., 1995
Jiuzhai Gou Sichuan 103.93 33.13 Liu Y-C et al., 1991
Ningnan Sichuan 102.69 27.07 Wu N & Qiao Y-K, 1994
Simian Sichuan 106.33 28.50 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Huanglong Sichuan 103.85 32.77 Chen J-M et al., 2003
Zigui Sichuan 110.15 30.91 Li E-H et al., 2003
Xie Bao Shan Sichuan 108.71 31.60 Liu Y-C et al., 2003
Wanchanggou Sichuan 105.87 32.49 Qin Z-G et al., 2003
Dabashan Sichuan 108.86 31.91 Xu D-Y, 2003
Jinfo Sichuan 107.18 29.20 Yi S-R & Huang Y, 2004
Minjiang Sichuan 103.26 31.95 Zhang W-H et al., 2003
Taiwan Taiwan 120.67 23.74 Ying T-S & Xu G-S, 2002
Yalutsangpu Xizang (Tibet) 95.48 29.50 Sun H & Zhou Z-K, 1996
Shegyla Xizang (Tibet) 94.58 29.77 Chai Y et al., 2003
Mila Xizang (Tibet) 92.60 29.72 Luo J et al., 2003
Dulongjiang Yunnan 98.13 28.25 Li H, 1994
Daxigou, upper Urumqi Xinjiang 87.03 43.20 Lu X-F et al., 2000
Kanas, Altai Xinjiang 87.40 48.88 Pan X-L & Zhang H-D, 1996
Altai Xinjiang 88.50 48.00 Chen W-L & Yang C-Y, 2000
Dian-Qian-Gui border Yunnan
Guizhou
Guangxi
106.92 24.08 Fang R-Z et al., 1996
Gulinqing Yunnan 104.39 23.00 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Hengduan Mountain Yunnan 99.20 27.50 Li X-W & Li J, 1993
Jinshajian Yunnan 100.50 27.50 Jin Z-Z et al., 1994
Jinshajiang Yunnan 100.50 27.17 Jin Z-Z, 1998
Jinshajiang Yunnan 100.50 24.83 Jin Z-Z, 1999
Lujiangba . Yunnan 98.90 26.00 Cao Y-H, 1993
Shishan Yunnan 102.86 25.46 Guo Q-F, 1988
Wuliangshan Yunnan 100.65 24.38 Peng H, 1997
Xishuangbanna Yunnan 100.90 21.88 Zhu H et al., 2001
Yuanjiang Yunnan 102.50 23.50 Shen Z-H, Zhang X-S, 2000
Yuanmou Yunnan 101.89 25.78 Ou X-K, 1988
Yulongshan Yunnan 100.32 27.18 Ma K-P et al., 1995
Beilun, Ningbo Zhejiang 121.87 29.83 Shi M-Z et al., 1995
Jiande Zhejiang 119.52 29.68 Ma K-P et al., 1995
Taizhou Islands Zhejiang 121.85 28.50 Shi D-.F et al., 1996
Bei, Jinhua Zhejiang 119.63 29.22 Guo S-L & Liu P, 1993
Fengyangshan Zhejiang 119.18 27.87 Ding B-Y et al., 2000
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Vol. 45 160
Appendix 1 (continued)
Region Province Longitude Latitude References
Islands Zhejiang 121.80 28.97 Cheng Z-H et al., 1995
Jiulong Zhejiang 118.87 28.35 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Kaihua Zhejiang 118.31 29.20 Chen L-R & Liu P, 1996
Longtang Zhejiang 118.93 30.17 Zheng C-Z, 1996
Longwangshan Zhejiang 119.38 30.38 Zhou Y & Feng Z-J, 1993
Quxian Zhejiang 118.89 28.93 Hu S-Q, 1995
Tianmu Zhejiang 119.42 30.33 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Tiantai Zhejiang 121.10 29.25 Jin Z-X, 1994
Tiantong Zhejiang 121.78 29.80 Shen Z-H & Zhang X-S, 2000
Wuyi Zhejiang 119.71 28.78 Liu P et al., 1997
Yucang Zhejiang 120.72 27.55 Chen X-X et al., 2003
Xinchang Zhejiang 120.96 29.39 Jin M-L, 2004
Baiyun, Lishui Zhejiang 119.92 28.42 Mei X-M, 2004


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