作 者 ：陈尚*,任大川,李京梅,夏涛,王栋,杜国英,王其翔,柯淑云,王丽,王敏,赵志远
期 刊 ：生态学报 2010年 30卷 23期 页码：6323~6330
关键词：海洋生态资本；生态资源；生态系统服务；生态资产；自然资本；
Keywords:marine ecological capital, ecological resources, ecosystem services, ecological assets, natural capital,
摘 要 ：海洋生态资源是人类社会经济发展的基础，对其进行资本化界定是对其进行价值评估和资本化管理的前提。基于自然资本和生态系统服务两大理论，结合国内外学者对“自然资本”、“生态资本”等概念的界定和认识，考虑海洋生态系统的特性，提出了海洋生态资本的概念，认为海洋生态资本是能够直接或间接作用于人类社会经济生产、提供有用的产品流或服务流的海洋生态资源。海洋生态资本的价值是指海洋生态资本的存量价值及其产生的收益流价值，包括各类海洋生态资源的现存量价值及其组成海洋生态系统整体而产生的生态系统服务价值。比较了海洋生态资本与海洋生态系统服务、生态资产、自然资本、海洋资源等概念的异同，进而探讨了海洋生态资本的一般属性及其特殊属性。
Abstract:Marine ecological resources are the foundation of social and economic development. A nation′s marine economic development mainly depends on the quantity and quality of marine ecological resources it possesses. Marine ecological resources, as the important input to marine industry, can be viewed as “capital”. According to the World Bank′s definition, capital consists of natural capital, man-made capital, human capital and social capital. Marine ecological resources are the important component of natural capital. Valuation and capitalized management of marine ecological resources are very important for human′s sustainable development. This article proposed the concept of marine ecological capital based on the theories of both natural capital and ecosystem services. At the same time the authors consider the definitions of “natural capital” and “ecological assets” defined by national and international scholars and also the special characteristics of marine ecological resources. Marine ecological capital was defined as marine ecological resources which have direct or indirect contributions to humans′ social and economic production and provide benefits for humans. The value of marine ecological capital is defined as the monetized benefits for humans from marine ecological capital, including marine ecological resource stock value and marine ecosystem service value. Marine ecological resources consist of marine living organisms and their habitats (i.e. seawater, surface seabed), as well as the marine ecosystem and they act as a whole. Marine ecological capital has the general attributes of capital as well as its own attributes. General attributes include the overall and long-term profitability, the nature of production input and scarcity. Marine ecological capital′s attributes include threshold, holistic nature, mutual promotion and restraint, spatial-temporal complexity, mobility, across-region transfer, incomplete ownership, public goods and externality. The marine ecological capital concept is different from marine ecosystem services, marine ecological assets, marine natural capital, and marine resources. Marine ecological capital is the stock form of marine ecological resources. Two groups of marine ecological resources, including marine living organisms and habitat, compose the entirety of a marine ecosystem. The product flow and service flow provided by marine ecological resources, known as marine ecosystem services, are flow forms. The benefits of marine ecological capital are mainly realized through the way that marine ecosystem provides services for human. Therefore, the value of marine ecological capital consists of its stock value and marine ecosystem service value. However marine ecosystem services, as a revenue flow generated by the marine ecological capital, are different in content and form from marine ecological capital. Marine ecological capital and marine ecological assets is a pair of terminology easily confused and often misused. They both mean marine ecological resources stock forms that can product benefits. Capital is an economics term whose key attributes are the natures of profitability and production input. Asset is accounting terminology, whose basic attributes are the nature of profitability and the property right. Asset emphasizes on the property right rather than nature of input for production. However the term capital emphasizes on the nature of input for production rather than the property right. Marine natural capital refers to marine natural resources which generate benefits for humans, including marine living organisms, seawater, seabed, marine minerals, ocean energy, and the entire marine system which they integrate into. These natural resources are linked as an entirety together through long-term, global-scale seawater cycle, biogeochemical cycle, geological process and atmospheric circulation. However marine ecological capital refers to marine ecological resources which generate benefits for humans, including marine living organisms and their habitats and the entire marine ecosystem. These ecological resources are linked together by short-term, local-scale biogeochemical processes and ecological processes. Marine ecological capital is an important part of marine natural capital. Marine ecological capital and marine resources are two obviously different concepts. The former includes marine living organisms and their habitat and the entire ecosystem they compose. The latter includes marine living organisms, seawater, minerals, ocean energy, ocean space and marine tourism resources, without focus on the biological coupling relations around marine organisms, sea water and surface seabed.
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