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作 者 ：周世强,黄金燕,张亚辉,李仁贵,李德生,张和民*

期 刊 ：生态学报 2009年 29卷 9期 页码：4804~4814

关键词：拐棍竹；无性系；种群；大熊猫；采食；砍伐；更新动态；野化培训；卧龙自然保护区；

Keywords:Umbrella bamboo(Fargesia robusta), clone, population, Giant Panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca), grazing, harvesting, regeneration dynamic, wildness training, Wolong Nature Reserve,

摘 要 ：亚高山竹类占据着野生大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)食物组分的99%，竹子的生命周期与大熊猫的生活史密切相关，竹子的更新和生长直接影响着大熊猫的生存与保护。为了弄清大熊猫的采食利用和人为砍伐是否促进或制约竹子的繁殖更新，应用样方法、定位观察法，连续研究了卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地内野化培训大熊猫采食、人为砍伐和对照样方中拐棍竹无性系种群的更新动态。结果表明，在相同种群数量和环境条件的基础上（p>0.05），被大熊猫采食竹子的比例为67.07%，致死率29.07%；人为砍伐竹子的比例为65.67%，致死率46.68%，可见与大熊猫采食相比，砍伐更为影响拐棍竹种群的生存。从出笋数量来看，不同处理方式有利于拐棍竹无性系种群的更新（p<0.05），尤其是人为砍伐措施大大提高了竹子的出笋率,但人为砍伐样方的竹笋质量（地径和株高生长）却远低于大熊猫采食和对照样方，未能达到大熊猫觅食的选择利用标准。不同年份之间，各种处理方式下的拐棍竹出笋数量波动较大（p=0.006～0.035），并随着恢复时间的延长，逐渐趋于相似（2007，p=0825）。不同处理方式之间，拐棍竹无性系种群的年补充率，各年份均具有显著性差异（p<0.05，除2007年外），年死亡率仅2003年和2004年有明显的差异（p<0.05），2005～2007年均不显著（p>0.05）。拐棍竹无性系种群的年补充率与年死亡率之间表现出年补充率﹥年死亡率的格局（p<0.05），唯有大熊猫采食样方的2004年和2005年、人为砍伐和对照样方的2005年的年死亡率略高于年补充率（p>0.05），这表明拐棍竹无性系种群对大熊猫采食和人为砍伐具有无性系整合的补偿效应。

Abstract:99% of the giant panda′s (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) diet consists of the subalpine bamboo species. Thus, the life span of the giant panda is directly related to the life span of the bamboo it feeds upon. The regeneration of bamboo is linked directly to the giant panda′s survival and conservation. Our goal was to find out whether giant panda grazing or human harvesting would best promote clonal regeneration of bamboo. From 2003 to 2007, using the plot sample and positioning observation methods, clonal regeneration of umbrella bamboo (Fargesia robusta) was studied in the Wolong Natural Reserve of China. Three types of plots were located in the reserve: grazed (bamboo in the wild training enclosure from July 2003 to Sept. 2004), harvested (bamboo cut in the spring of 2004), and control. Results showed that under similar demographic and environmental conditions (p>0.05), the grazing and death rates of bamboo for the grazed plot were 67.07% and 29.07%; vs. the harvested plot of 65.67% and 46.68%. Compared to giant panda grazing, harvesting strongly restricted the viability of the umbrella bamboo population. The result of analysis on the bamboo shoots indicated that grazing and harvesting promoted the shooting rate of umbrella bamboo (p<0.05). The quality of bamboo shoots (length and diameter) in the harvested plots was no better than that of the grazed and control plots (p<0.05), and giant pandas were inclined to feed on the bamboo shoots in the harvested plots (p<0.05). The fecundity of the bamboo shoots varied over the years in the grazed and harvested plots (p=0.006-0.035). After a long period of renewal, the densities of the bamboo shoots converged in all plots. Apart from 2007, annual culm recruitment of the umbrella bamboo clone population was significantly different among the three plot types from 2003-2006 (p<0.05). Annual culm mortality was significantly different among the three plot types during 2003 and 2004 (p<0.05), but no significance from 2005 to 2007. In the grazed and harvested plots, the mortality rate was significantly lower than the recruitment rate in 2003, 2004, 2006, and 2007 (p<0.05). However, the mortality rate of the grazed plot in 2004 and 2005 along with the harvested and control plots in 2005 showed an increase in the recruitment rate. There was no significant difference between the recruitment and mortality rates (p>0.05). Overall, both grazing and harvesting measures had the potential to improve the umbrella bamboo fecundity, and results suggested that clonal regeneration of umbrella bamboo was actively affected by giant panda grazing and proper harvesting.

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