作 者 ：王耕*,高香玲,高红娟,丁晓静,王利
期 刊 ：生态学报 2010年 30卷 13期 页码：3511~3525
Keywords:perspective on disaster, ecological security, assessment mechanism, methodology, Liaohe River Watershed,
摘 要 ：随着人类活动对生态环境形成了巨大压力，频繁且类型众多的灾害构成对生态安全的现实或潜在的巨大威胁。目前人们主要针对确定性因素，基于“压力-状态-响应”(P-S-R)机理框架进行生态安全评价研究，评价结果反映区域总体的安全状态。但是在实际生产生活中人们关注的不仅是确定性因素的影响，还包括不确定性生态隐患因素的影响；不仅关注生态安全的现时状态，而且还关注生态安全未来的发展趋势。生态安全是动态性的，其演变过程、趋势和风险更重要。生态安全是地域性的，具体地域需要具体分析。针对生态安全特点和P-S-R框架研究的不足，研究结合地理科学和安全科学的基本理论，从灾害视角探讨了区域生态安全评价机理与方法：①根据评价对象各组成部分之间的相互关系与相互影响构建区域生态安全状态-隐患综合评价指标体系；②根据多目标决策乘法准则，提出状态-隐患耦合指数评价方法；③针对不同的安全影响要素空间递变特点以及数据的来源途径，探讨了“行政单元-动态格网”交互赋值技术；④以辽河流域为例，基于GIS网格技术进行了生态安全“可视化”空间差异评价。评价结果与实地考察基本一致，说明了这种研究方法具有一定的科学性，为制定区域生态化发展战略和规划提供了决策支持，也为建设生态安全预警系统奠定了基础。
Abstract:With human activities have brought tremendous pressure on the ecological environment, gradually frequent and serious disasters have become enormous threats to ecological security really or potentially. Ecological security state assessment based on Pressure-State-Response (P-S-R) mechanism in view of certain factors has become a research emphasis in this field at present, and its result reflects whole regional security condition. However, people usually pay attention not only to certain factors but also to hidden factors, not only to security state but also to security trend. In addition, ecological security is dynamic, and its evolving process, trend and risk are more important. Furthermore, Ecological security is regional and it should to be analyzed under local conditions. This paper integrated the theories of Geography and Safety Science to investigate the mechanism and methodology of regional ecological security assessment in a perspective on disaster. ①A regional ecological security state-danger integrated evaluation index system was established according to the interrelation and interplay of each part of the assessment object. This eco-security evaluation index system reflected not only security state but also potential danger; it also reflected the influences of subsystems in ecosystem, security consciousness, efficiency of response ability and measurement of behavior object. The content included multi-hierarchy state index system of P-S-R, multidimensional and multi-hierarchy potential danger index system which were established on the basis of five spheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, human activity sphere). Assessment indexes were fitted for spatial evaluation based on GIS considering adequate time and spatial differences of influence factors. ② State-danger coupling index evaluation method was proposed by multi-objective decision-making rule. State index evaluation was calculated by fuzzy membership degree, and potential danger index evaluation is calculated by accident analyzing Graham method. Weights of indexes were decided by fuzzy-entropy method. Coupling indexes not only revealed eco-security state under the influence of potential danger factors, but also directed probable diversified warnings in the process of ecological security evolving. ③ A method of interactive data assignment between administration cell and gird cell was established in view of spatial variability of different security influence factors and data source types. Whole regional security was concerned, and regional security difference and reciprocity of different security attributing units were also concerned in the eco-security research. GIS technology was introduced to compute grid and vector data which are original data types of eco-security assessment model. The values of different spatial layers of arithmetic expression were assigned by Mapbasic and were realized by MapInfo and Vertical Mapper 26. ④ The assessment process was verified and evaluated spatially and visually by a case study in the reaches of Liaohe River watershed by using GIS. Eco-security state-danger integrated assessment index grid database of 2.5 km in Liaohe River watershed was established based on MapInfo. Eco-security spatial difference was evaluated quantificationally based on GIS grid technology. The results were in accord with field survey, so this method was verified that it was accurate on the whole. This work could provide decision-making support for regional ecological development strategies and plan and lay a foundation for constructing the eco-security early warning system.
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