作 者 ：张林波,李文华,刘孝富*,王维
期 刊 ：生态学报 2009年 29卷 2期 页码：878~888
Keywords:carrying capacity, cultural carrying capacity, evolutionary tree, growth limit, prospect,
摘 要 ：承载力一直是生态学研究的热点、难点和理论前沿。论述了承载力研究起源发展进化历程，绘制了承载力研究起源发展进化图，将承载力研究的发展分为起源奠基、应用探索和理论深化3个阶段，分阶段总结了承载力研究的主要特点、所涉及的学科领域以及争论的不同观点。承载力理论起源于人口统计学，种群生物学和应用生态学，在起源奠基阶段，承载力研究主要是以非人类生物种群增长规律研究为主，完成了一个科学概念或理论所必需的定义内涵、数学表达公式以及科学机理等等的积累；1953年至20世纪80年代中后期为承载力研究的探索争论阶段，在全球资源环境危机背景下，承载力开始应用于解决人类经济社会面临的急迫的资源环境问题，并在应用探索过程中引起大量争论；从20世纪80年代后期承载力研究进入理论深化阶段，人类承载力研究不再简单地套用生物种群承载力理论方法，认识到人类承载力除受资源环境等自然因素的影响外，人类自身文化社会因素也对承载力产生巨大影响，并尝试着将这些因素纳入到承载力方法之中，从而使人类承载力研究从非人类生物种群承载力理论方法中脱胎出来，成为真正意义上的人类承载力研究。
Abstract:Carrying capacity (CC) research has been one of the most appealing, sophisticated topics as well as a theoretical frontier in modern ecology. Based on literature review on CC research history, the Evolutionary Tree Map of CC research was mapped, which divided the CC research history into three phases: discipline emergence, exploring application and deepening theory, then generated main characters, concerned disciplines and diverse views in different phases of CC research, respectively. CC rooted from human demography, population biology and applied ecology. In its emergence phase, CC research, focused on the growth law of non-human being biological population, archived its scientific definition, mathematic functions and discipline mechanism, all of which consist of the basis of a new scientific theory. The second phase of CC research ranged from 1953 to middle and late 1980s. Under the background of global crisis of resource and environment, CC focused upon its application to resolve the constraint of environment and natural resources that human society were suffering from, accompanying with amount of discipline debates simultaneously. Since late 1980s, CC research stepped into the deepening theory phase when CC research was not always confined by the theories and methods of biological population CC any more. Otherwise, people realized that human CC was impacted not only by natural factors such as natural resources and environment, but also heavily by cultural and social factors of human itself. Thus, these anthropogenic factors were admitted to CC research, which help the classical CC research to bring about human CC research while separating from the theories and methods of the non-human biological population CC research. The second phase, application and argument phase, was characterized by the application of CC to human social-economy activity and numerous arguments on human growth limit. In 1986, one year before "Our Common Future" released by WCED, Hardin put forward a concept of cultural carrying capacity which means human carrying capacity is influenced by not only natural factors but also cultural factors, such as technological innovation, trade, consumption preference and life style etc. Then, the evolution of CC developed into the third phase. Inspire by the concept cultural carrying capacity, ecologists recognized that human carrying capacity is totally different with animal′s, cultural or social factors should be integrated into assessment method of human carrying capacity.
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