全 文 ：文章编号 :100028551 (2004) 062474206
UPTAKE AND ACCUMULATION OF 134 Cs BY SIX PLANT VARIETIES
FROM THE AMARANTHACEAE GROWN IN NUTRIENT SOLUTION
TANG Shi2rong1 ,2 　ZHENGJie2min2 　CHEN Zi2yuan2 　FANG Yi2hua2
(11 College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Guangzhou University ; Guangzhou , Guangdong 　510405 ;
21 Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 　310029)
Abstract :Six plant varieties of the Amaranthaceae grown for 42 days in a nutrient solution were treated with different
134 Cs activities. Plants were harvested 7 days after treatment and analyzed for 134 Cs activities. The results show that
there is a difference in plant tissue dry weight and maximum weight among varieties , and that there exist great
differences in plant uptake of 134 Cs applied to the nutrient solution between and within the plant varieties , depending
on the initial 134 Cs activity. The leaves of all varieties accumulated much more 134 Cs than other plant organs as
shown by the radiographic images. Bioaccumulation coefficients varied for different varieties with different treatments
of 134 Cs. Although A . cruentus L . with high biomass , high density of roots , and high growth rate had a lower
activity of 134 Cs than the other five species , which had comparatively low biomass , low density of roots , and low
growth rate , its mean total activities of 134 Cs removed in shoots was higher , providing a high removal rate. It is also
found that there is a weak correlation between K concentration and 134 Cs distribution in the leaves of all six2plant
varieties.
Key words :134 Cs uptake ; 134 Cs accumulation ; amaranthaceae ; plant varieties
六种水培的苋科植物对134 Cs 的吸收和积累
唐世荣1 ,2 　郑洁敏2 　陈子元2 　方益华2
(11 广州大学环境科学与工程学院 ,广东 广州　510405 ;21 浙江大学华家池校区原子核农业科学研究所 ,浙江 杭州　310029)
摘　要 :对营养液栽培 42d 后的 6 种苋科植物用不同134 Cs 比活度处理 ,1 周后收获并分析134 Cs
比活度。结果表明 ,不同植物组织的烘干重和最大生长高度存在差异。不同植物和同种植物
不同器官间134 Cs 积累量表现为显著差异 ,但差异取决于初始加入到营养液中的134 Cs 比活度。
放射性自显影结果表明 ,各种植物叶片积累的134 Cs 比根茎积累的多。籽粒苋 ( Amaranthus
cruentus L. )较其它植物生物量高、根系密度大、生长速率快 ,虽然籽粒苋中134 Cs 比活度较低 ,但
其茎叶器官从134 Cs 水培液中剔除的134 Cs 明显高得多 ,且表现出很高的134 Cs 去除速率。研究还
发现 ,6 种植物叶部含钾量与134 Cs 比活度之间存在较弱的线性相关性。
关键词 :134 Cs 吸收 ;134 Cs 积累 ;苋科 ;植物
收稿日期 :2002211216
基金项目 :国家重点基础研究发展规划资助项目 ( G1999011808)
作者简介 :唐世荣 (1963～) ,男 ,广西全州人 ,博士 ,研究员、博士生导师 ,主要从事污染环境生物修复与化学修复研究。
Environments may become contaminated with radionuclides anthropogenically as a result of the application of nuclear technology.
Many chemical and physical approaches used to treat large volumes of soil and water marginally contaminated with long half2life
radionuclides have proved to be cost2prohibitive and time2consuming[1～3 ] . In contrast , phytoremediation is considered to be cost2effective
for treatment of wide surfaces of low2level contamination. Although this new remediation technology has not been fully utilized for this
474　 核 农 学 报　2004 ,18 (6) :474～479Acta Agriculturae Nucleatae Sinica
1994-2010 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. http://www.cnki.net
particular purpose , interest in this technology has been growing , and several bench and field studies have been finished outside
China [2 , 3 ] . For example , at a pond near Chernobyl in Ukraine , phytoremediation has been tested for 137 Cs and 90 Sr removal [4 ] . Other
experiments include feasibility studies of the phytoremediation of uranium2contaminated wastewater and soil [5 ] . Unfortunately , little
research on a field scale has been conducted on phytoremediation of radionuclide2contaminated water and soils in China[3 ] .
As for phytofiltration of radionuclide contaminated wastewater , terrestrial plants may show more advantages over aquatic plants in
terms of biological characteristics and post2harvest disposal of the plant organs[6 ] . There were many terrestrial plants reported to have
ability to abnormally accumulate radiocesium[7～14 ] while few species appeared to have been documented in China[15 , 16 ] . However , the
Chinese scientists searched for K2rich plant species to solve crop problems of K deficiency during the past few decades , and found that
many native terrestrial species could take up large amount of potassium with strong ability , and that many of them were reported from the
Amaranthaceae[17～19 ] . But little work has been carried out to test their ability to accumulate radiocesium and feasibility for contaminated
soil and water. This study investigated six terrestrial plant varieties of the Amaranthaceae family for their ability to accumulate
radiocesium and potential to remove radiocesium from solutions. The study focused on hydroponic screening for high2biomass , fast2
growing plants from this family capable of accumulating elevated levels of radiocesium in shoots.
1 　Materials and methods
111 　Materials
Six plant varieties were used in this study : grain amaranth ( Amaranthus cruentus L. ) , Celosia argentea L. , Globeamaranth
( Gomphrea globosa L. ) , G. globosa L. cv. Alba , Amaranthus tricolour L , and Amaranthus paniculatus L.
112 　Experimental procedures and sample collection
Seeds were germinated in a mixture of perlite and vermiculite (volume ratio 1 :1) for 3 weeks. Then , transferred five seedlings to a
5 L pot (painted black outside) containing continuously aerated half2strength nutrient solution. After 21 days , plants were transferred to
full2strength nutrient solution. All pots were placed on three benches in a greenhouse without climate control and at ambient temperature
with natural illumination. The experiment was performed from February to May 2000. The nutrient solution contains the following : 113
mM KNO3 , 113 mM Mg(NO3 ) 2 , 113 mM Ca (NO3 ) 2 , 114 mM K4 H2 PO4 , 114 mM KCl , 114 mMNa2 SO4 , 43μM H3BO3 , 118μM
ZnSO4 , 013μM CuSO4 , 0107 mM (NH4 ) 6Mo7O24·H2O , 0108 mM FeNa2EDTA[8 ] . The initial pH of the solution was adjusted at 612
using 1 molΠL NaOH. The total volume of the nutrient solution was maintained by adding deionized water to compensate for water loss
through plant transpiration and evaporation. The nutrient solution was changed weekly. After 21 day’s growth in full2strength nutrient
solution , plants were selected for uniformity. Carrier2free 134 Cs was added to the solution at different levels of 134 Cs activity : control , low
134 Cs activity (LA) 21775 ×105 BqΠpot , medium 134 Cs activity (MA) 5155 ×105 BqΠpot , and high 134 Cs activity (HA) 1111 ×106 BqΠ
pot. Plant tissues and 4 ml solution were collected one week later to analyze for their 134 Cs activities in a similar way as described in Tang
and Wang[20 ] . K in the plant tissues was analyzed in a H2 SO42H2O2 digest by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Spectra AA 220 )
using LiCl to suppress interference.
113 　Imaging plate ( IP) exposure and reading
Fresh plant tissues containing 134 Cs were flattened well on the pressing papers and covered with small pieces of tissue paper in a way
similar to that of dry plant specimen preparation[21 ] . After air2drying for one week , the flat2pressed dry tissues were then wrapped with a
food film , which was later put against the IP in a cassette for exposure. A pretest was arranged for different time of exposure. It was
found that the appropriate exposure time for all species was ten hours. To achieve optimum results , the imaging plate was read in a bio2
imaging analyzer (FUJ IFILM BAS21800II) as soon as possible after exposure.
114 　Statistical analysis
All analytical data were subjected to an ANOVA analysis (Univariate analysis of General Linear Model) in the SPSS version 1115
statistical package to allow comparison of treatment means. Significant differences between plant varieties and radiocesium treatments
were identified at P < 0105 using LSD.
2 　Results and Discussion
211 　Biomass and maximum heights
Biomass and maximum heights of the plant varieties tested are given in Table 11 It seems that within each species there is no
574　6 期 六种水培的苋科植物对134Cs 的吸收和积累 (英文)
© 1994-2010 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. http://www.cnki.net
significant statistical difference in the biomass and height among different 134 Cs concentration treatments. However , a difference was
observed among varieties in dry weights (DW) and maximum height (Table 1) . A . cruentus has the shoot biomass and maximum height
at least two times greater than other species in most treatments. It also had a much greater roots than other species.
Table 1 　Dry weight and plant height of six varieties growing in different 134 Cs solution
表 1 　不同134 Cs 处理水培溶液中的六种植物的烘干重与植株高度
varieties 植物 Max. height最大高度 (cm)
treatment
处理
dry weight of plant organs 植物器官烘干重
roots 根 stems 茎 leaves 叶 total biomass总生物量
A . cruentus 籽粒苋 92 control 8121 ±1143 23111 ±11143 16102 ±1143 47. 34
LA 5183 ±2123 24168 ±11174 20146 ±9118 50197
MA 8124 ±0158 22116 ±12122 16109 ±1122 46149
HA 9148 ±2135 26139 ±15144 13174 ±2131 49161
A . tricolor 苋菜 30 control 4181 ±0173 6145 ±1199 12153 ±2168 23179
LA 2134 ±0132 3124 ±0139 11156 ±5189 17114
MA 4117 ±2166 5118 ±3119 10138 ±1178 19173
HA 514 ±2177 3138 ±1123 12128 ±3166 21106
C. argentea 青葙 50 control 3123 ±1126 6145 ±1116 7177 ±1168 19134
LA 2120 ±0192 9138 ±3146 8157 ±2106 22114
MA 1152 ±0154 13169 ±3130 15149 ±5172 34134
HA 1126 ±0132 4101 ±0153 12136 ±6166 18161
G. globosa 千日红 30 control 314 ±0168 5137 ±0143 10102 ±0192 18179
LA 1144 ±0179 2163 ±1122 7163 ±317 11170
MA 1152 ±0133 3101 ±0179 8155 ±1197 13108
HA 1124 ±0125 2144 ±0130 615 ±0167 10118
G. globosa cv.
Alba 千日白 30 control 3116 ±0171 6137 ±1168 10191 ±1182 20144
LA 1189 ±0149 3118 ±1180 8134 ±1196 13141
MA 1183 ±0168 7139 ±3138 11197 ±1182 21119
HA 1198 ±0123 3179 ±0138 8184 ±0199 14161
A . paniculatus 寿昌苋 38 control 1190 ±0101 4175 ±1142 6168 ±1141 13133
LA 1171 ±0192 2198 ±0161 4135 ±0119 9104
MA 0158 ±0107 2104 ±0144 5152 ±0171 8114
HA 0153 ±0122 2130 ±1128 4117 ±0187 7100
　　Note :control = no 134Cs added ; LA = 21775 ×105 Bq Πpot of 134Cs ; MA = 5155 ×105 Bq Πpot of 134Cs ; HA = 1111 ×106 BqΠpot of 134Cs
注 :对照 = 不加134Cs ; LA 加入134Cs 21775 ×105BqΠ盆 ; MA 加入134Cs 5155 ×105Bq Π盆 ; HA 加入134Cs 1111 ×106 BqΠ盆
212 　Accumulation of 134 Cs in plants and removal of 134 Cs from the solution
Table 2 shows that both plant species and 134 Cs treatments significantly ( P < 0105) affected the amount of 134 Cs removed in shoot.
Among plant species significant differences ( P < 0105) in 134 Cs activity were observed. In the case of the leaf accumulation and LA
treatments , the 134 Cs uptake increased in the following order : A . paniculatus , G. globosa , A . tricolor , C. argentea , G. globosa
cv. Alba and A . cruentus . As for the case of leaf accumulation and HA , the sequence changed slightly , showing an increase in order :
A . paniculatus , G. globosa , G. globosa cv. Alba , A . tricolor , C. argentea , and A . cruentus . Although concentrating lower 134 Cs
in shoots , A . cruentus produced significantly more biomass than other plants , resulting in higher mean total 134 Cs removed.
No matter which variety , all plants showed a significantly increasing tendency in activities of 134 Cs in above2ground tissues with
increasing 134 Cs activity in the solution ( P < 0. 05) . It is clearly shown that accumulation of 134 Cs in the tissues of the varieties depended
on initial activities of radiocesium applied to the growth medium. The plant species accumulated substantially more 134 Cs in the case of
the 134 Cs HA treatment than the 134 Cs LA treatment. Because of possible contamination on the roots by 134 Cs from the solution , the 134 Cs
activity in roots showed some insignificant variations but the tendency still remains although it is less evident.
It should be noted that the leaves of all varieties accumulated the majority of the 134 Cs followed by stems and that the roots
concentrated much less amounts of the radionuclide. The 134 Cs concentration in the leaves of the varieties is several times higher than that
in the stems for the same treatment (Table 2) . Localization of the radionuclide as shown in the radiographic images (Figure 1) was found
mostly in parts of leaf tips and young leaves , and in the young shoot meristems.
Bioaccumulation coefficients based on the ratios of 134 Cs concentrations in the leaf tissues (BqΠg DW) vs. 134 Cs concentrations in
674 核　农　学　报 18 卷
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the aqueous phase (BqΠml) determined after one week of the 134 Cs application varied significantly for different varieties with different
treatments of 134 Cs (Table 2) . It seems that the bioaccumulation coefficients for different varieties were not proportional to the initial 134 Cs
concentration in the solution. Apparently , the greatest bioaccumulation ratio of the leaf was obtained with A. tricolor and G. globosa
grown in a solution treated with low activity 134 Cs 5155 ×105 BqΠpot. Although the bioaccumulation coefficients for A . cruentus are lower
than other species , its high biomass still made it remove more 134 Cs significantly from solution than the other species. Leaf
bioaccumulation ratios significantly greater than 50 for all the varieties suggest that following uptake into the roots , 134 Cs is highly mobile
in the plant tissues.
Table 2 　134 Cs activity ( Bq g - 1 dry weight ) , mean total 134 Cs removed in the organs of the plant
varieties for different treatments.
表 2 　不同处理植物器官中134 Cs 比活度( Bq g - 1烘干重)和134 Cs 总剔除量 ( €x ±sd)
species
植物
treatments
处理
roots 根 stems 茎 leaves 叶
134Cs BFs 134Cs BFs 134Cs BFs
mean total 134
Cs removed
平均134Cs
总剔除量
A . cruentus LA 3279 ±1288aA 59 ±23 986 ±148aA 18 ±3 3322 ±847aA 60 ±15 92130
籽粒苋 MA 8143 ±482abA 73 ±4 2820 ±341bA 25 ±3 7839 ±974bA 71 ±9 194620
HA 18750 ±9199bcA 84 ±41 6078 ±1695cA 27 ±8 16704 ±5965cA 75 ±27 389980
A . tricolor LA 2424 ±637aB 44 ±11 2503 ±770aB 45 ±14 6394 ±2903aAB 115 ±52 82140
苋菜 MA 4839 ±2018abB 44 ±18 4131 ±1717bB 37 ±15 6737 ±720bAB 61 ±6 123580
HA 8237 ±2060bcB 37 ±9 7942 ±2443cB 36 ±11 20475 ±6068cAB 92 ±27 278240
C. argentea LA 5161 ±4321aB 93 ±78 2320 ±447aC 42 ±8 5533 ±1198aAB 100 ±22 69190
青葙 MA 6259 ±510abB 56 ±5 4360 ±645bC 39 ±6 12319 ±1781bAB 111 ±16 250490
HA 5252 ±1257bcB 24 ±6 8302 ±1058cC 37 ±5 19781 ±2342cAB 89 ±11 277870
G. globosa LA 3091 ±512aABC 56 ±9 4034 ±1109aD 73 ±20 6646 ±1872aAB 120 ±34 61420
千日红 MA 6455 ±454abABC 58 ±4 7004 ±819bD 63 ±7 10917 ±1109bAB 98 ±10 114330
HA 17455 ±7414bcABC 79 ±33 13185 ±980cD 59 ±4 22448 ±385cAB 101 ±2 177970
G. globosa cv. Alba LA 4453 ±1612aC 80 ±29 2795 ±601aE 50 ±11 4343 ±949aA 78 ±17 45140
千日白 MA 23649 ±6433abC 213 ±58 6632 ±572bE 60 ±5 11960 ±2008bA 108 ±18 192030
HA 27909 ±10947bcC 126 ±49 12302 ±1598eE 55 ±7 22204 ±3423cA 100 ±15 243090
A . paniculatus LA 1949 ±227aB 35 ±4 1526 ±374aF 27 ±7 5612 ±436aC 101 ±8 28860
寿昌苋 MA 4183 ±1300abB 38 ±12 3422 ±1144bF 31 ±10 7816 ±4410bC 70 ±40 49950
HA 7586 ±2566bcB 34 ±12 6463 ±2467cF 29 ±11 23478 ±5762cC 106 ±26 112850
Note :11Mean total 134Cs removed in shoots = (mean leaf activity ×mean leaf biomass) + (mean stem activity ×mean stem biomass) ;21Within each
column , values followed by the same letter are not significantly different as determined by LSD ( P < 0105) for all values. A , B , C , ⋯, and a , b ,
c , d ⋯represent species , and 134Cs treatments , respectively ;31BFs :bioaccumulation facts
注 :11 植物茎叶的平均总134Cs 量 = (叶的平均比活度×叶的平均生物量) + (茎的平均比活度×茎的平均生物量) ;21 每栏中 ,字母相同者
表示用LSD ( P < 0105)进行统计分析时处理间差异性不明显 ;31BFs :生物富聚系数
There were considerable differences in mean total 134 Cs removed in shoots (activity of the leaf ×leaf mass + activity of stem ×stem
mass) between varieties in the family with maximum differences of 32fold between A . cruentus and A . paniculatus (Table 2) . As for the
mean total 134 Cs removed in all varieties , the higher the 134 Cs concentrations applied into the solution , the more 134 Cs concentrations the
species accumulate.
Willey and Martin[8 ] reported that slow growing species in the Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae would accumulate less radiocesium
than fast growing grasses. However , the present study results show the opposite tendency that slow growing species of the Amaranthaceae
family accumulate the higher 134 Cs activity after one week exposure to 134 Cs , and fast growing species the lower. An explanation could be
as follows. If the uptake rate of 134 Cs from the solution is the same for all plant species at a fixed time , the higher biomass possibly
implies that there is so2called ”dilution effect”for the fast2growing species , resulting in lower activities of 134 Cs in the plant tissues when
expressed on a dry weight basis. However , when considering the above2ground biomass and the absolute activities of the 134 Cs in the
tissues together , the authors believe that the fast2growing species , A . cruentus , may serve as a better candidate for phytoremediation of
radiocesium2contaminated water than other species because our calculation showed that one cropping of A . cruentus could remove 46 %
maximum radiocesium applied into the solution after a single harvest.
213 　Potassium concentration in plants
774　6 期 六种水培的苋科植物对134Cs 的吸收和积累 (英文)
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Fig. 1 　Autoradiographic images of four species from the Amaranthaceae
图 1 　四种苋科植物的放射性自显影图像
Fig. 2 　The relationship between average 134 Cs
activities and potassium concentrations in leaves of
the six Amaranthaceae varieties ( r2 = 0122 , P < 0105)
图 2 　六种苋科植物叶部平均134 Cs 比活度
与平均钾含量的关系
　　Because of its similarity to cesium , potassium has been
considered to be the most important factor influencing 134 Cs
absorption and movement within plant species. Some literature
reported a negative effect of potassium on the uptake of
radiocesium by plant species. For examples , Strandberg et
al. [22 ] reported the decreasing uptake of radiocesium in the
potassium treated plants in pot trials. Rosen[23 ] also reported
similar effects from agricultural ecosystems. However , there are
some reports that demonstrate the opposite results. Broadley and
Willey[8 ] investigating differences in root uptake of radiocesium
by 30 plant taxa concluded that there was a strong relationship
between mean shoot Cs and K concentration in plant species of
the Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae families. The present experiment performed in the nutrient solution and with the wild plant species
known to accumulate large amounts of potassium demonstrated a weak overall relationship between mean leaf 134 Cs activity and K
concentration within the Amaranthaceae (Fig. 2) . An explanation could be that plants accumulated both elements when the availability
for plant roots of both 134 Cs and K concentrations in aqueous solution is high.
874 核　农　学　报 18 卷
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3 　Conclusions
The present results clearly showed that the activity of 134 Cs varies between different varieties within the same family and is dependent
upon the initial amount of the 134 Cs activity. Different varieties have different abilities to accumulate 134 Cs from a nutrient solution. The
high activities of 134 Cs in the tissues of A . cruentus as well as high biomass compared to the other five varieties suggest that A . cruentus
is a vigorous and suitable radionuclide accumulator that may serve as a good candidate for phytoremediation of radiocesium contaminated
water , and possibly soil. It was found that potassium concentration in the tissues showed a weak relationship with the 134 Cs concentration.
This study also indicated that slow2growing species of the Amaranthaceae family accumulated the higher 134 Cs activity after one week
exposure to 134 Cs , and fast2growing species the lower.
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974Acta Agriculturae Nucleatae Sinica
2004 ,18 (6) :474～479
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