作 者 ：何萍,徐新朋,仇少君,赵士诚
期 刊 ：植物营养与肥料学报 2014年 20卷 6期 页码：1387-1394
关键词：玉米；产量效应；经济效益；Nutrient Expert；
Keywords:maize, yield response, economic analysis, Nutrient Expert,
摘 要 ：【目的】因土壤类型、 养分管理措施不同导致施肥后作物的增产效应不同,由此影响经济效益。通过研究当前我国北方玉米产区氮、 磷、 钾施用对玉米的增产效应和经济效益,分析给定施肥效应、 肥料和玉米价格情况下玉米的经济效益变化,为我国北方玉米科学施肥和经济施肥提供一定的借鉴意义。【方法】2010~2012年在我国北方七省玉米种植区开展373个田间试验。试验设置基于产量反应和农学效率的推荐施肥(Nutrient Expert,简称NE),在此基础上设置减素处理包括不施氮、 不施磷和不施钾处理,以农民习惯施肥为对照。依据产量和试验期间玉米和肥料价格计算了肥料氮、 磷、 钾施用的产投比。【结果】玉米各试验点产量效应变异很大,黑龙江、 吉林、 辽宁、 河北、 河南、 山东和山西各点的施氮产量效应分别为3040、 2314、 2324、 981、 2139、 1184 和1244 kg/hm2, 施磷产量效应分别为1463、 1216、 1425、 635、 944、 376和 620 kg/hm2, 施钾产量效应分别为1454、 1063、 1532、 877、 910、 383 和592 kg/hm2。氮、 磷、 钾素产量效应变化范围分别为341~7900 kg/hm2, 11~5381 kg/hm2以及9~4097 kg/hm2,依次平均为1889、 954和973 kg/hm2,表明不施氮对产量影响最大、 其次为钾,不施磷对产量影响最小。经济效益分析结果表明,施用氮、 磷和钾平均产投比(VCR)分别为2.8、 7.8和4.6,即投入单位金额的氮、 磷和钾养分可分别获得2.8、 7.8和4.6倍的收益。预测不同肥料价格和玉米价格下的VCR表明,随着施肥增产效应的增加,即使施肥量增加,VCR也增加。收益多少随增产效应、 施肥量、 肥料和玉米价格而变化。采用专家系统推荐的N-P2O5-K2O用量(157-56-67 kg/hm2)获得的籽粒产量为10255 kg/hm2、 经济效益为18903 yuan/hm2,同样地点农民习惯施肥N-P2O5-K2O(225-61-47 kg/hm2)获得的产量和经济效益分别为9996 kg/hm2和18154元/hm2。专家系统推荐施肥多获益748 yuan/hm2,其中1/3来自节约的肥料,2/3来自增产带来的效益。【结论】我国北方玉米产区玉米的增产效应以氮最高,其次是钾,磷最小。依据肥料价格因素,单位氮磷钾养分收益磷最高,其次是钾,最低是氮。依据玉米价格和肥料价格综合考虑,基于NE专家系统的推荐N-P2O5-K2O用量(157-56-67 kg/hm2)是北方各地获得高产和高收益的施肥用量。
Abstract:【Objectives】Varied crop yield responses resulted from different soil types, and different nutrient management practices affect crop profitability. The study on yield responses and economic benefits from fertilizer N, P and K application, and the changes of economic benefits under projected yield responses, fertilizer application rates and different maize prices would provide reference for scientific and economical fertilization for maize in Northern China.【Methods】Three hundred and seventy three field experiments were conducted in seven provinces in North China from 2010 to 2012 to explore the yield response and economics of fertilizer N, P and K application on maize. Experiments included Nutrient Expert fertilizer recommendation based on yield response and agronomic efficiency, and series of omission plots including minus N, minus P and minus K treatment, and farmers’ practices as the control. Value to cost ratio (VCR) from fertilizer N, P and K was calculated based on yields, prices of maize and fertilizers, as compared with farmers’ practice.【Results】Results obtained indicated that great variation existed in yield responses to fertilizer N, P and K. The yield responses to N application were 3040, 2314, 2324, 981, 2139, 1184 and 1244 kg/ha, those to P application were 1463, 1216, 1425, 635, 944, 376 and 620 kg/ha, and those to K application were 1454, 1063, 1532, 877, 910, 383 and 592 kg/ha, for Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Henan, Shandong and Shanxi Province respectively. The yield responses to N, P and K application ranged from 341-7900 kg/ha,11-5381 kg/ha and 9-4097 kg/ha,respectively, with average of 1889, 954 and 973 kg/ha. The responses suggest that the yields are limited first by N, followed by K, and P had the minor effect. Economic analysis demonstrates that the VCR of applied N, P and K in maize were 2.8, 7.8 and 4.6 respectively suggesting that 2.8, 7.8 and 4.6 times of return with unit capital input on fertilizer N, P and K. Economic assessment based on projected cost of fertilizer and maize also show VCRs increase with increase of yield response although the fertilizer rate increases. Grain yield and economic benefits from Nutrient Expert based fertilizer recommendation with N-P2O5-K2O of 157-56-67 kg/ha are 10255 kg/ha and 18903 yuan/ha,those from farmers’ practice are 9996 kg/ha and 18154 yuan/ha with N-P2O5-K2O of 225-61-47 kg/ha at the same sites. Nutrient Expert recommendation achieve 748 yuan/ha more benefit than farmers’ practice, 1/3 of which is from saved cost from efficient use of fertilizers, and 2/3 from yield increase.【Conclusions】 The highest yield response is obtained to N, followed by K and lowest to P fertilizer in the maize production areas in North China. However, the highest profitability from fertilizer application was from P, followed by K and lowest from N considering unit fertilizer prices. Compared with farmer’s practice, Nutrient Expert recommended N-P2O5-K2O fertilizer of 157-56-67 kg/ha is the rate of both high grain yield and economic benefit for maize in Northern China.
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