免费文献传递   相关文献

Different Attractive Effects and EAG Responses of Ips subelongatus(Coleoptera,Scolytidae) and Its Predator Thanasimus substriatus (Coleoptera: Cleridae) to Ipslures

不同含量引诱剂对落叶松八齿小蠹及其天敌红胸郭公虫的引诱


在内蒙古阿尔山的田间诱捕试验中,落叶松八齿小蠹引诱剂1共诱集到16头落叶松八齿小蠹和1 319头天敌红胸郭公虫,而落叶松八齿小蠹引诱剂2诱集到24 104头落叶松八齿小蠹和776头红胸郭公虫。室内的触角电位试验结果表明:落叶松八齿小蠹对引诱剂2的触角反应(雌虫2.139 mV±0.678 mV,雄虫2.169 mV±0.473 mV)大于引诱剂1(雌虫0.440 mV±0.232 mV,雄虫0.297 mV±0.142 mV),对引诱剂1的反应值和对照差不多;而红胸郭公虫对引诱剂1的触角反应(雌虫4.618 mV±1.106 mV,雄虫4.534 mV±1.087 mV)明显大于引诱剂2(雌虫2.209 mV±0.680 mV,雄虫1.953 mV±0.601 mV),对引诱剂2也有一定的反应值。触角电位试验与田间诱捕试验结果相符合。GC-MS分析结果表明:引诱剂1的主要成分为3.06%的cis-geraniol,1.98%的Ipsenol,80.36%的(S)-cis-verbenol 和1.03%的1-verbenone;结合卖方公司提供的数据,引诱剂1的主要成分为4.78%的2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol,63.71%的Ipsenol(纯度为96.9%),1.46%的Cedrene 和22.42%的Isocaryophillene。结合以上数据分析得出:不同成分引诱剂对落叶松八齿小蠹及天敌红胸郭公虫引诱能力显著不同,Ipsenol对诱集落叶松八齿小蠹起重要作用,而(S)-cis-verbenol则对诱集天敌红胸郭公虫起重要作用。

Field experiments conducted in Aershan forest area, Inner Mongolia, showed that Ipslure 1 attracted much more the clerid predator Thanasimus substriatus (1 319 individuals) than Ips subelongatus (16 individuals). On the contrary, Ipslure 2 attracted much more I. subelongatus (24 104 individuals) than its predators (776 individuals). The biological activities of the two ipslures were further evaluated using electroantennogram (EAG) recording with antennae from I. subelongatus and T. substriatus. The EAG amplitude of I. subelongatus to Ipslure 2 (2.139 mV±0.678 mV females, 2.169 mV±0.473 mV males) was much stronger than to Ipslure 1 (0.440 mV±0.232 mV females, 0.297 mV±0.142 mV males). In contrast, the response of T. substriatus to Ipslure 1 (4.618 mV±1.106 mV females, 4.534 mV±1.087 mV males) was much stronger than to Ipslure 2 (2.209 mV±0.680 mV females,1.953 mV±0.601 mV males). The EAG results were in agreement with those obtained from field experiments. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed that Ipslure 1 mainly cis-geraniol (3.06%), Ipsenol (1.98%), (S)-cis-verbenol (80.36%), 1-verbenone (1.03%) and Ipslure 2 consisted of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (4.78%), Ipsenol (63.71%), Cedrene (1.46%) and isocaryophillene (22.42%). The ipsenol-dominant blend attracted a high number of I. subelongatus while the (S)-cis-verbenol-dominant blend attracted a high number of T. substriatus. The knowledge can be applied for population monitoring and biological control of I. subelongatus.


全 文 :!!"
" !
#
#
$ % & $
$
#
%
& ( )
()*+,)- )./-* )+)(-*
/012!"!+02#
3456!$ % & $
H^RHAWHO OFKH"$%&% 7&% 7$;# H^WAQHO OFKH"$%&& 7%< 7%#$
>045OFKA05 VP0pHRK" )5KHP5FKA05F1(00VHPFKA05 =P0pHRK*[A0OAWHPQAKDF5O >0PHQK=HQK=P0T1HU A5 +0PKJHFQK(JA5F+ % &&&!$%& & THKSHH5 [HApA5C
>0PHQKPDk5AWHPQAKDF5O BH1QA5XAk5AWHPQAKD# >0PHQKPD=4T1ARRAH5KAGAR H^QHFPRJ VHRAF1=P0pHRK%$%%;%!%$;& # ,JH(H5KPF1k5AWHPQAKD[FQARRAH5KAGAR
H^QHFPRJ VHRAF1>45OFKA05 %,]$%&%?!&6
!
.40E04YA5CAQR0PPHQV05OA5CF4KJ0P6
1*?-$5(06@0%0-+&",JF5XQK0(JH5 E4pAH! MF.A5CD45 F5O E4 B05CTA5 A5 KJH>0PHQK]AQHFQHF5O =HQK(05KP01F5O @4FPF5KA5H-4KJ0PAKDA5 KJH
-HPQJF5 >0PHQKKFKA05 0G)55HPM05C01AFG0PGAH1O FQQAQKF5RH6]P6m4 LAF0DA5 F5O =P0G6(JH5 B4Fp45 A5 [HApA5C>0PHQKPDk5AWHPQAKDK00X VFPKA5 KJH*-Z
F5O Z(?M HdVHPAUH5K6
Ê>i†Æ"°•Z°Ô`¶ga
Uº±bðÝc³dIÆ"
!
f
9
…
&!$
9
†‡[
&
9
ˆ
9
D
&
9\FPABH1A}WFFPF
8
%&6
kP&Q)
9
Z[\]Ä&×_UA@^_[`a¯cd
9
kP
&%%%"8#
$6
e3&()fghÄ&V¥ŽèUA@fgi
9
Ä&A@)34&`abcd
9
kP
&%%%;&#
86
eøf/Q)4ÙVW))h
9
›°
>)+?%%%&!&
!
9
"
!9
zlmn_øÀI~?"g¯ce
!
Z°Ô`¶gaÆ"°
&
\"+’
&#
ŽZ°Ô`¶gaq
& 8&;
Ž
±bðÝc³d
!
ƒZ°Ô`¶gaÆ"°
$
"+’
$! &%!
ŽZ°Ô`¶gaq
::#
ŽðÝc³d
$
dlIh’
¶O¯c¡ÛÁÂ
"
Z°Ô`¶ga•Æ"°
$
Ih’Ë4
%
id
$2&8; U/c%2#:" U/!
jd
$2&#; U/c%2!:8
U/&
Q–Æ"°
&%
id
%2!!% U/c%2$8$ U/!
jd
%2$;: U/c%2&!$ U/&!
•Æ"°
&
IË4Üq•|ZÊz
#
ƒðÝc³d•Æ"°
&
Ih’Ë4
%
id
!2#&" U/c&2&%# U/!
jd
!2<8! U/c&2%": U/&
½Q–Æ"°
$
%
id
$2$%; U/c%2#"% U/!
jd
&2;<8 U/c%2#%& U/&!
•Æ"°
$
Œ„…NIË4Ü
$
h’¶O¯cU~?"
g¯c¡Û”…Ê
$ Z(?M
JÏ¡ÛÁÂ
"
Æ"°
&
I\]ŒJ:
82%#a
I
0/$?CHPF5A01!&2;"a
I
)VQH501!"%28#a
I
%>&H0/$?WHPTH501
q
&2%8a
I
&?WHPTH505H#
¡Êk1³´2¬I$_
!
Æ"°
&
I\]ŒJ:
!2:"a
I
$?UHKJD1?
8?T4KH5?$?01!#82:&a
I
)VQH501%
¡0:
;#2;a&!&2!#a
I
(HOPH5H
q
$$2!$a
I
)Q0RFPD0VJA1H5H$
¡Êûß$_J
Ïsu
"
Ê>ŒJÆ"°•Z°Ô`¶gaU±bðÝc³dÆ"@|½]Ê>
!)VQH501
•"+Z°Ô`¶ga
{`]=Ù
!
ƒ
%>&H0/$?WHPTH501
i•"+±bðÝc³d{`]=Ù
$
#$%
"9
Z°Ô`¶ga
#
ðÝc³d
#
Z°Ô
#
gaÆ"°
# Z(?M# *-Z# %>&H0/$?WHPTH501# AVQH501
&()*
!:#828%<999
+,-./
!-999
+01*
!&%%& 7:!""#$%&$$%# 7%%"; 7%#
H,..0#0-+1++#*+,F0P..0*+&-6P1/N0&<$-&0&$.E2((70,$)F"+7(%!$(0$<+0#!J*$(4+,60&
-6W+&K#06+$#!3""(#-7((70(+/#"+7(%!$(0$<+0#" !(0#,60& +$ W<&(>#0&
E4F5 >HA
&!$
9.40E04YA5C
&
9JA34F5
&
9\FPABH1A}WFFPF
8
%&I%&()*#+)!#+"#+>/4=/094!9+&).8 B#.$&+=)!/#. #"6/./$!+#"7890)!/#.92&/;/.5 ,#+&$!+<./=&+$/!92&/;/.5 &%%%"8#
$I%&()*#+)!#+#",#+&$!M+#!&0!/#. #">!)!&,#+&$!+C8D/./$!+)!/#.9@&$&)+03 A.$!/!9!&#",#+&$!70#4#5!7.=/+#.D&.!).8 M+#!&0!/#.! BC,
2&/;/.5 &%%%;&# 8IS&G)+!D&.!#"CGG4/&8 2/#4#5! <./=&+$/!#"E&4$/.[/9E&4$/.[/,A:H%%%&!&
12&+#*+"9>AH1O HdVHPAUH5KQR05O4RKHO A5 -HPQJF5 G0PHQKFPHF! )55HPM05C01AF! QJ0SHO KJFK)VQ14PH& FKPFRKHO U4RJ
U0PHKJHR1HPAO VPHOFK0P?3).)$/D9$$9*$!+/)!9$%& 8&; A5OAWAO4F1Q& KJF5 AG$$9*&4#.5)!9$%&# A5OAWAO4F1Q&6h5 KJH
R05KPFPD! )VQ14PH$ FKPFRKHO U4RJ U0PHAI$9*&4#.5)!9$%$! &%! A5OAWAO4F1Q& KJF5 AKQVPHOFK0PQ%::# A5OAWAO4F1Q&6,JH
TA010CARF1FRKAWAKAHQ0GKJHKS0AVQ14PHQSHPHG4PKJHPHWF14FKHO 4QA5CH1HRKP0F5KH550CPFU %*-Z& PHR0POA5CSAKJ F5KH55FH
GP0UAI$9*&4#.5)!9$F5O ?I$9*$!+/)!9$6,JH*-ZFUV1AK4OH0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$K0)VQ14PH$ %$2&8; U/c%2#:" U/
GHUF1HQ! $2&#; U/c%2!:8 U/ UF1HQ& SFQU4RJ QKP05CHPKJF5 K0)VQ14PH& % %2!!% U/c%2$8$ U/ GHUF1HQ!
%2$;: U/c%2&!$ U/UF1HQ&6)5 R05KPFQK! KJHPHQV05QH0G?I$9*$!+/)!9$K0)VQ14PH& %!2#&" U/c&2&%# U/GHUF1HQ!
!2<8! U/c&2%": U/UF1HQ& SFQU4RJ QKP05CHPKJF5 K0)VQ14PH$ %$2$%; U/c%2#"% U/GHUF1HQ!&2;<8 U/c%2#%&
U/UF1HQ&6,JH*-ZPHQ41KQSHPHA5 FCPHHUH5KSAKJ KJ0QH0TKFA5HO GP0UGAH1O HdVHPAUH5KQ6ZFQ(JP0UFK0CPFVJD?MFQQ
& ( )
!"
"
9
VHRKP0UHKPD%Z(?M& F5F1DQHQQJ0SHO KJFK)VQ14PH& UFA51D0/$?CHPF5A01% 82%#a&! )VQH501% &2;"a&! % > &?0/$?
WHPTH501% "%28#a&! &?WHPTH505H% &2%8a& F5O )VQ14PH$ R05QAQKHO 0G$?UHKJD1?8?T4KH5?$?01% !2:"a&! )VQH501
%#82:&a&! (HOPH5H%&2!#a& F5O AQ0RFPD0VJA1H5H%$$2!$a&6,JHAVQH501?O0UA5F5KT1H5O FKPFRKHO FJACJ 54UTHP
0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$SJA1HKJH% >&?0/$?WHPTH501?O0UA5F5KT1H5O FKPFRKHO FJACJ 54UTHP0G?I$9*$!+/)!9$6,JHX50S1HOCH
RF5 THFVV1AHO G0PV0V41FKA05 U05AK0PA5CF5O TA010CARF1R05KP010GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$6
304 5$#6&" 9 AG$$9*&4#.5)!9$# ?3).)$/D9$$9*$!+/)!9$# ()+/T 5D&4/./# )VQ14PH# Z(?M# *-Z# % > &?0/$?
WHPTH501# )VQH501
99,JH 1FPRJ TFPX THHK1H AG$ $9*&4#.5)!9$
%(01H0VKHPF! R01DKAOFH& AQFQHPA04QS00O A5QHRKT0PHP
A5 50PKJHP5 (JA5FSJARJ FKFRXQ()+/T$/*/+/0)! ()+/T
5D&4/./! ()+/TG+/.0/G/$H+9GG+&03!/! ()+/T#45&.$/$F5O
0KJHP1FPRJ QVHRAHQA5 AKQ5FK4PF1PF5CH%IJF5C&!)46!
&;;$ &6 ,JAQ TFPX THHK1H VPHGHPQ SHFXH5HO!
SA5OKJP0S5 F5O T4P5HO KPHHQ! F5O F1Q0FKFRXQJHF1KJD
1FPRJ KPHHQFKJACJ V0V41FKA05 OH5QAKAHQ%IJF5C&!)46!
&;";" &;;$ &6IJF5C&!)4I% $%%% & JFWHPHV0PKHO
QHWHPF1V0KH5KAF1VJHP0U05H R0UV05H5KQ GP0U KJH
JA5OC4K0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$UF1HQR05QAQKA5C0GKJHUFp0P
AVQH501F5O AVQOAH501FQSH1FQUA50P8?UHKJD1?8?
T4KH5?&?016>4PKJHPU0PH! KJH PFRHUAR AVQH501RF5
FKPFRKT0KJ QHdHQ0GAI $9*&4#.5)!9$QAC5AGARF5K1D
%IJF5C&!)46! $%%:&6
=PHOFK0PQ0GTFPX THHK1HQ! HQVHRAF1DR1HPAO THHK1HQ
%(01H0VKHPF! (1HPAOFH& RF5 F1Q0THFKPFRKHO TDKJH
FCCPHCFKA05 VJHP0U05H0GTFPX THHK1H% H1F5OHP&!)46!
&;"%# I4UP! &;"8# RJP0HOHP! &;""# -WKNAQ! &;;&# IJF0
&!)46!&;;8&6>0PHdFUV1H! +0PSFDQVP4RH%M/0&) )*/&$&
10CQTFAKHO SAKJ QD5KJHKARVJHP0U05H0GKJHTFPX THHK1H
AG$!G#5+)G39$! FKPFRKHO FT04K&: KAUHQU0PH0GKJH
R1HPAOQ ?3).)$/D9$ "#+D/0)+/9$ .A55FH4Q &:<"6
%(01H0VKHPF" (1HPAOFH& F5O ?I+9"/G&$[PFJU&:;: KJF5
OAO 10CQSAKJ04KVJHP0U05H%I4UP! &;"8&6[0KJ QHdHQ0G
?I"#+D/0)+/9$PHQV05OHO K0KJHVJHP0U05H%[FXXH&!)46!
&;:"&6,JHVPHOFK0P?I"#+D/0)+/9$F1Q0JFQ01GFRK0PD
PHRHVK0PRH1QG0PUF5DTFPX THHK1HVJHP0U05HQ! SJARJ
A5OARFKHO KJFK?I"#+D/0)+/9$AQFT1HK0 OHKHRKF5O
OAQRPAUA5FKH THKSHH5 UF5D TFPX THHK1H QVHRAHQ
%,0UUHPFQ! &;"< &6k51AXH?I"#+D/0)+/9$! 1AK1HAQ
X50S5 FT04KKJHFKPFRKAWHHGHRK0G?I$9*$!+/)!9$K0
FCCPHCFKA05 VJHP0U05HQ0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$6
79O0+"$6&-6%+0#,(&
7879I,0(6+#<<,-@ 0V<0#,%0-+
>AH1O KPFVVA5CHdVHPAUH5KSFQRFPPAHO 04KA5
-HPQJF5 G0PHQKFPHF%&&;q<& .`&$%q<: *`# !:q%: .`
!:q<< +`# "$% 7& :!< UF6Q616&! )55HPM05C01AF!
(JA5F! GP0U $% 345HKA1 $; -4C4QK$%%"6,JPHH
R0UVFPKUH5KQ0GG0PHQKCP0SA5C ()+/T5D&4/./SHPH
QH1HRKHO6,JHFWHPFCHFCH0GKJHKPHHQSFQ$< DHFPQ!
KJHJHACJK0GKJHKPHHQSFQ&$ 7&! U F5O KJHAP
OAFUHKHPFKTPHFQKJHACJK&& 7&< RU6*FRJ G0PHQK
R0UVFPKUH5KSFQOAWAOHO A5K0KS0Q4TR0UVFPKUH5KQQ0
KJFKKJHFWHPFCHFCH! KPHHJHACJK! OAFUHKHPFKTPHFQK
JHACJKF5O RP0S5 OH5QAKDSHPHQAUA1FP6[HRF4QHKJH
FKPFRKA5CHGHRK0GAVQ14PHAQFT04K$%% U! KJHOAQKF5RH
THKSHH5 KJHKS0Q4TR0UVFPKUH5KQSFQU0PHKJF5 $%%
U6AdKPFVQSHPHQHKFKKJHJHACJK0G&2< U05 KJHKPHH
KP45X F105CF1A5HA5 HFRJ Q4TR0UVFPKUH5K6 ,JH
OAQKF5RHTHKSHH5 KJHKPFVQSFQ<% U6-1KJHQAdKPFVQ
A5 FQ4TR0UVFPKUH5KSHPHTFAKHO HAKJHPSAKJ )VQ14PH&
%8 PHV1ARFKHQ& 0PSAKJ )VQ14PH$ %8 PHV1ARFKHQ& 4QA5C
8# KPFVQA5 K0KF16,JHAVQ14PHQSHPHPH5HSHO A5 &
QK
-4C4QKK0H5Q4PHKJHAPFKPFRKAWH5HQQ6,JHRFKRJ 0GKJH
FKPFRKHO AI$9*&4#.5)!9$F5O ?I$9*$!+/)!9$FO41KQSFQ
R045KHO FKKJHA5KHPWF1Q0G: OFDQ6
78A9W-&0*+*$(0*+,$-
+HS1DHUHPCHO AI$9*&4#.5)!9$F5O FRKAWH?I
$9*$!+/)!9$FO41KQSHPHR01HRKHO G0PF5KH55F1PHR0POA5CQ
GP0U5FK4PF1DFKFRXHO ()+/T5D&4/./KPHHQA5 UAO 341D
$%%"6,JHQHdHQ0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$SHPHQHVFPFKHO 05
KJH TFQAQ0GKJH QHR05O F5O KJAPO H1DKPF1QVA5H
OAGHPH5RHQ%EA5! &;"!# IJF5C&!)4I! &;;$ &6,JH
QHdHQ0G?I$9*$!+/)!9$SHPHQHVFPFKHO 05 KJHTFQAQ0G
UFKA5CR04V1HQ6,J04QF5OQ0G1AWA5CTFPX THHK1HQF5O
J45OPHOQ0G?I$9*$!+/)!9$SHPHUFA5KFA5HO 05 GPHQJ (I
5D&4/./TFPX A5 S00OH5 R01HRKA05 T0dHQ6
78B9P(0*+#$-+0--$@#%#0&<$-&0&
,JHKS0OAGHPH5KAVQ14PHQSHPHKHQKHO 05 KJH
F5KH55FH0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$F5O ?I$9*$!+/)!9$TD4QA5C
H1HRKP0F5KH550CPFU %*-Z& % D5KHRJ (0UVF5D&6,JH
KHQKHO AVQ14PHQFUV1HQSHPHOAQQ01WHO A5 JHdF5HFKF
%;
9!
#
# ˜
9

"
Ê>i†Æ"°•Z°Ô`¶gaUº±bðÝc³dIÆ"
R05RH5KPFKA05 0G%2R05KP016-5KH55FH0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$F5O ?I$9*$!+/)!9$
SHPHR4K0GFKKJHTFQF1VFPK! F5O FQUF1VFPK0GKJH
F5KH55F1H5O SHPHR4KFSFD6,JH5 KJHKS0H5OQ0GKJH
F5KH55FHSHPHR055HRKHO K0H1HRKP0OHQSAKJ H1HRKP0OH
CH16,JH04K1HKG0PKJH*-Z SFQA5QHPKHO A5K0F
J4UAOAGAHO FAPQKPHFU %&%% U.(Q
7&
& 0WHPKJHF5KH55F1
VPHVFPFKA05Q6KAU41ASHPHCAWH5 TDFVV1DA5C$%
"
.0G
AVQ14PHQ0PV4PHJHdF5H05K0FVAHRH0GGA1KHPVFVHP
%%2< RU i8 RU& A5 F=FQKH4PVAVHKH6ZFQG10SG0P
V41QHQKAU41FKA05 SFQ$ U.(Q
7&
F5O KJHQKAU41FKA05
KAUHSFQ%2$ Q6*FRJ QKAU41FKA05 SFQG010SHO TDF
UA5AU4U0G#% QV4PCHVHPA0O 0GGA1KHPHO FAPK0H5Q4PH
KJHPHR0WHPD0GF5KH55F1PHRHVK0PQ6*FRJ KHQKJFO HACJK
PHV1ARFKHQT0KJ G0PGHUF1HQF5O UF1HQ! F5O HFRJ
F5KH55FSFQKHQKHO KJPHHKAUHQ6
78C9/!DOJ-(4&0&
,JHKS0OAGHPH5K1AY4AO AVQ14PHQFUV1HQSHPHKHQKHO
TD4QA5CZFQ(JP0UFK0CPFVJD?MFQQVHRKP0UHKPD%Z(?
M&6Z(F5F1DQAQR05OAKA05QSHPHFQG010SQ" (014U5
-[?<_M % 8% U i %2$< UU i %2$<
"
U GA1U
KJARX5HQQ&! %2!
"
.FQKJHA5pHRKA05 W014UH! VPHQQ4PH0G
RFPPAHPCFQ$% X=F! VP0CPFUUHO GP0U<% b! PAQA5CK0
$$% b FK$% b(UA5
7&
F5O JH1O G0P& UA5# KJH5 PAQA5C
K0$;% b FK&% b(UA5
7&
F5O JH1O G0P&< UA56M
R05OAKA05Q" *)?Q04PRH! H1HRKP05 H5HPCD:% H/! UFQQ
PF5CH$; g7&
6Z(_
M A5KHPGFRH KHUVHPFK4PH $<% b! A05 Q04PRH
KHUVHPFK4PH$%% b SAKJ GA1FUH5KR4PPH5K8<%
"
-6
A9N0&>(+&
A879I,0(6+#<<,-@
)5 KJHGAH1O KPFVVA5CHdVHPAUH5K! $# $&< TFPX
THHK1HQF5O VPHOFK0PQSHPHRF4CJKSAKJ 8# KPFVQ6&# AI
$9*&4#.5)!9$F5O & 8&; ?I$9*$!+/)!9$SHPHFKPFRKHO TD
)VQ14PH&! SJA1H$! &%! AI$9*&4#.5)!9$F5O ::# ?I
$9*$!+/)!9$SHPHFKPFRKHO TD)VQ14PH$6
)VQ14PH& FKPFRKHO U4RJ U0PH?I$9*$!+/)!9$KJF5
AI$9*&4#.5)!9$Ih51D&# AI$9*&4#.5)!9$A5OAWAO4F1Q
SHPHFKPFRKHO TD)VQ14PH& A5 &" KPFVQ%>AC2&F&6h5
KJHR05KPFPD! KJHJACJHQK54UTHP0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$
FKPFRKHO TD)VQ14PH$ HdRHHOHO &% %%% O4PA5CKJH
VHPA0O 0G: OFDQ%>AC2&T&! T4K051D&"8 ?I$9*$!+/)!9$
SHPHRF4CJK%>AC2&R&6+0K051DAI$9*&4#.5)!9$F5O
AKQVPHOFK0PQ! T4KF1Q0PHVPHQH5KFKAWHQ0G0KJHPA5QHRK
0POHPQ Q4RJ FQ BHUAVKHPF % &% A5OAWAO4F1Q&!
.HVAO0VKHPF% < A5OAWAO4F1Q& F5O BDUH50VKHPF% $!
A5OAWAO4F1Q& SHPHFKPFRKHO TD)VQ14PH&6)VQ14PH$
FKPFRKHO 051D <$ 105C J0P5HO THHK1HQ F5O &$
A5OAWAO4F1Q 0G 0KJHP A5QHRK 0POHPQ QJ0SA5C JACJ
QVHRAGARAKDK0AI$9*&4#.5)!9$6,JAQVJH50UH505 SFQ
Q4PVPAQA5CQA5RHT0KJ AVQ14PHQTH105CK0FCCPHCFKA05
VJHP0U05HR0UV05H5KQ0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$I
>AC2&9+4UTHP0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$F5O ?I$9*$!+/)!9$FKPFRKHO
TDKS0AVQ14PHQGP0U$% 345HKA1$; -4C4QK! $%%"
F"AI$9*&4#.5)!9$%
(
& F5O ?I$9*$!+/)!9$%
)
& FKPFRKHO
TD)VQ14PH&# T" AI$9*&4#.5)!9$FKPFRKHO TD)VQ14PH$#
R"?I$9*$!+/)!9$FKPFRKHO TD)VQ14PH$6
A8A9P1/#0&<$-&0&
)VQ14PH&! )VQ14PH$ F5O V4PHJHdF5HSHPHKHQKHO
05 F5KH55FH0GT0KJ QHdHQ0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$F5O AKQ
VPHOFK0P ?I $9*$!+/)!9$6 ,JH PHQV05QH 0G AI
$9*&4#.5)!9$%T0KJ QHdHQ& SFQU4RJ QKP05CHPK0)VQ14PH
$ KJF5 K0)VQ14PH& %>AC2$ F! T&6)5 R05KPFQK! KJH
PHQV05QH0G?I$9*$!+/)!9$%T0KJ QHdHQ& K0)VQ14PH& AQ
U4RJ QKP05CHPKJF5 K0)VQ14PH$ %>AC2$R! O &6+0
QAC5AGARF5KOAGHPH5RHQSHPH0TQHPWHO THKSHH5 KJHQHdHQ
0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$0PSAKJ KJHQHdHQ0GAKQVPHOFK0P
%Ml%2< A5 HFRJ RFQH! -+h/-&6[0KJ AVQ14PHQ! T4K
HQVHRAF1D)VQ14PH&! QKP05C1DFKPFRKHO ?I$9*$!+/)!9$
&;
& ( )
!"
"
9
%>AC2$R!O&6,JHQHPHQ41KQFPHA5 FRR0POF5RHSAKJ KJH
PHQ41KQGP0UKJHGAH1O HdVHPAUH5KQ" )VQ14PH& FKPFRKHO
U4RJ U0PH?I$9*$!+/)!9$KJF5 AI$9*&4#.5)!9$! SJA1H
PHWHPQHPHQ41KQSHPH0TKFA5HO G0P)VQ14PH$6
>AC2$9*-ZPHQV05QHQ0GT0KJ QHdHQ0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$%F! T& F5O ?I$9*$!+/)!9$%R! O& K0AVQ14PHQ
/HPKARF1TFPQQJ0SQKF5OFPO HPP0PQ0GKJHUHF56+4UTHPQPHGHPK0PHVHKAKA05Q
A8B9/!DOJH0+0#%,-+,$-
Z(?M OHKHPUA5FKA05 QJ0SHO KJFKKJHR4PPH5K
UFA5 HGHRKAWH R0UV05H5KQ0G)VQ14PH & SHPH0/$?
CHPF5A01! AVQH501! % >&?0/$?WHPTH501F5O &?WHPTH505H!
SJARJ FRR045KG0P82%#a! &2;"a! "%28#a F5O
&2%8a! PHQVHRKAWH1D%,FT2& &6hTWA04Q1D! % >&?0/$?
WHPTH501! SJARJ TH105CQK0TFPX THHK1HQR0UV05H5KQ!
SFQKJHUFp0PFCCPHCFKA05 VJHP0U05H0G)VQ14PH&6
[HQAOHQ % > &?0/$?WHPTH501! KJHPH SHPH 0KJHP TFPX
THHK1HQR0UV05H5KQQ4RJ FQAVQH501!&?WHPTH505HF5O
V1F5KW01FKA1HQ4TQKF5RHQGP0U KJHJ0QKQQ4RJ FQ0/$?
CHPF5A01F5O FVA5H5H6 H^Q41KQG0P)VQ14PH$ SHPH
R0UTA5HO SAKJ KJHA5G0PUFKA05 GP0UUF54GFRK4PHPF5O
Z(?M F5F1DQAQ6,JHUFA5 HGHRKAWHR0UV05H5KQ0G
)VQ14PH$ SHPH$?UHKJD1?8?T4KH5?$?01! AVQH501% V4PAKD
;#2;a&! RHOPH5H F5O AQ0RFPD0VJA1H5H! SJARJ
FRR045KG0P!2:"a! #82:&a! &2!#a F5O $$2!$a!
PHQVHRKAWH1D % ,FT2& &6 -RR0POA5C K0 KJH VPHQH5K
PHQ41KQ! )VQ14PH& F5O )VQ14PH$ R041O F1Q0THRF1HO
%>&?0/$?WHPTH501?O0UA5F5KT1H5O F5O AVQH501?O0UA5F5K
T1H5O! PHQVHRKAWH1D6
[0KJ KJHGAH1O KPFVVA5CQF5O *-Z HdVHPAUH5KQ
PHWHF1HO KJFKT0KJ QHdHQ0G?I$9*$!+/)!9$QJ0SHO QKP05C
PHQV05QHQK0% > &?0/$?WHPTH501?O0UA5F5KT1H5O6,JAQ
A5OARFKHO KJFKFJACJ R05RH5KPFKA05 0G% >&?0/$?WHPTH501
99
:2879!$-+0-+$.%,-0..0*+,F0*$%<$-0-+&
$.+5$ ,<&(>#0&
)VQ14PH&%a& )VQ14PH$%a&
0/$?CHPF5A01 82%# %
)VQH501 &2;" #82:&
% >&?0/$?WHPTH501 "%28# %
&?WHPTH505H &2%8 %
(HOPH5H % &2!#
$?UHKJD1?8?T4KH5?$?01 % !2:"
)Q0RFPD0VJA1H5H % $$2!$
SAKJ UA50PQ4PV14Q0GAVQH501! &?WHPTH505HF5O W01FKA1H
Q4TQKF5RHQGP0U KJHJ0QKV1F5KR041O FKPFRKFJACJ
54UTHP0GVPHOFK0PQT4K5HFP1D50AI$9*&4#.5)!9$6
B0SHWHP! T0KJ QHdHQ0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$QJ0SHO QKP05C
PHQV05QHQK0AVQH501?O0UA5F5KT1H5O6,JAQ! A5 K4P5!
A5OARFKHO KJFKFJACJ R05RH5KPFKA05 0GAVQH501SAKJ
UA50PQ4PV14Q 0G$?UHKJD1?8?T4KH5?$?01F5O V1F5K
W01FKA1H Q4TQKF5RHQ R041O HGARAH5K1D FKPFRK AI
$9*&4#.5)!9$I-1Q0KJHVHOFK0PQ?I$9*$!+/)!9$R041O TH
FKPFRKHO! F1KJ04CJ KJHHGHRKSFQ50KFQC00O FQSAKJ
KJH%>&?0/$?WHPTH501?O0UA5F5KT1H5O6
B9H,&*>&&,$-
,JAQ AQ KJH GAPQK OHKFA1HO QK4OD 05 KJH
OHKHPUA5FKA05 0GSJARJ VJHP0U05H R0UV05H5K0P
R0UV05H5KT1H5O V1FDQF5 AUV0PKF5KP01HA5 FKPFRKA5C
KJHTFPX THHK1HAI$9*&4#.5)!9$F5O AKQVPHOFK0P?I
$;
9!
#
# ˜
9

"
Ê>i†Æ"°•Z°Ô`¶gaUº±bðÝc³dIÆ"
Q4TQKPAFK4Q6/01FKA1HQ4TQKF5RHQ0GJ0QKV1F5KQ%UFA51D
KHPVH5ARR0UV045OQ& FPHKJHVPAUFPDFKPFRKA05 R4HQK0
U0QKTFPX THHK1HQ6-GKHPFKFRXA5CKJHJ0QKV1F5KQUF5D
TFPX THHK1HQPH1HFQHVJHP0U05HQ6,JHQHVJHP0U05HQ
R0UTA5HO SAKJ KJHW01FKA1HQ4TQKF5RHQ0GJ0QKV1F5KQ
KJH5 A5O4RH KJH QHR05OFPD FKPFRKA05 0GKJH TFPX
THHK1HQ6(0UTA5FKA05 0GKJHW01FKA1HQ4TQKF5RHQ0GKJH
J0QKV1F5KQF5O QHd0PFCCPHCFKA05 VJHP0U05HQGP0UKJH
TFPX THHK1HQG0PUKJHFKPFRKAWHQDQKHU0GTFPX THHK1HQ
%[0POH5 &!)46! &;;"# *PTA1CA5 &!)46! $%%% &6
-RR0POA5CK0KJHVPHQH5KF5F1DQHQ0G)VQ14PH$! AVQH501
SAKJ UA50PQ4PV14Q0G$?UHKJD1?8?T4KH5?$?01F5O V1F5K
W01FKA1H Q4TQKF5RHQ RHOPH5H F5O AQ0RFPD0VJA1H5H
%FRR045KA5CK0CHKJHPG0P$82""a& R041O HGARAH5K1D
FKPFRK AI $9*&4#.5)!9$6 B0SHWHP! KJH W01FKA1H
Q4TQKF5RHQ0/$?CHPF5A01F5O F5 45AOH5KAGAHO VA5H5HA5
)VQ14PH& 051DFRR045KG0P#2$:a6,JAQR05RH5KPFKA05
SFQQ0QUF1%Q0UHR0UV045OQVP0TFT1D10QKO4PA5C
KJH 105C?KAUH VPHQHPWFKA05 & KJFKKJH R0UTA5FKA05
R0UV045O FKPFRKHO 051DFJACJ 54UTHP0GVPHOFK0PQ?I
$9*$!+/)!9$T4KF1U0QK50AI$9*&4#.5)!9$6
Z(?M OHKHPUA5FKA05 0G)VQ14PH$ A5OARFKHO KJFK
KJHJACJ R05RH5KPFKA05 0GAVQH501JFO FRP4RAF1P01HA5
FKPFRKA5CJACJ 54UTHPQ0GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$6=PHWA04Q1D!
QHWHPF1QVHRAHQ0GTFPX THHK1HQJFWHTHH5 PHV0PKHO K0
JFWHQKP05CPHQV05QHQK0AVQH5016>0PAI0&D*+)&!
AVQOAH501 F5O 8?UHKJD1?8?T4KH5?&?01 JFWH THH5
PHV0PKHO FQVFPKQ0GFQD5HPCAQKARUAdK4PHK0CHKJHPSAKJ
AVQH501! G0PUA5C F KJPHH?R0UV05H5K FCCPHCFKA05
VJHP0U05HQDQKHU % K0FX1HD&!)46! &;:"# H^5SARX &!
)46! &;:;&6mJH5 AVQOAH501SFQ1HGK04K0GKJHKJPHH?
R0UV05H5KT1H5O! KJHFKPFRKA05 0GAI0&D*+)&SFQ
K0KF1DH1AUA5FKHO % K0FX1HD&!)4I! &;:" &6 >AH1O
KPFVVA5CHdVHPAUH5KQ%IJF5C&!)4I! $%%:& QJ0SHO KJFK
KJH *-]?FRKAWH! UFp0P UF1H?JA5OC4K R0UV05H5K!
PFRHUARAVQH501! SFQKJH051DA5OAWAO4F1R0UV045O
KJFK QAC5AGARF5K1D FKPFRKHO T0KJ QHdHQ 0G AI
$9*&4#.5)!9$! SJHPHFQ0KJHPR0UV045OQ! AVQOAH501F5O
8?UHKJD1?8?T4KH5?&?01! SHPH 45FKPFRKAWH6B0SHWHP!
OAGHPH5KTFPX THHK1H QVHRAHQ JFWH QJ0S5 WFPDA5C
PHQV05QHQK0AVQH501F5O 0KJHPFCCPHCFKA05 VJHP0U05HQ6
K4OAHQ0GF5KH55F101GFRK0PDPHRHVK0PQ0G?I"#+D/0)+/9$
F5O AI!G#5+)G39$QJ0SHO KJFKAI!G#5+)G39$AQU0PH
QH5QAKAWH K0 AVQOAH501F5O % > &?0/$?WHPTH501KJF5
AVQH501! T4KG0PT0KJ QVHRAHQ% >&?% j&?AVQOAH501AQ
KJHU0QKHGHRKAWH0GKJHKHQKHO R0UV045OQ%BF5QH5!
&;"8&6
Z(?M OHKHPUA5FKA05 0G)VQ14PH& A5OARFKHO KJFK
KJH JACJ R05RH5KPFKA05 0G% > &?0/$?WHPTH501JFQF
RP4RAF1P01H A5 FKPFRKA5C JACJ 54UTHPQ 0G ?I
$9*$!+/)!9$6B0SHWHP! VPHWA04QPHQHFPRJ TD[FXXH&!
)4I%&;"&& QJ0SHO KJFKFR10QH1DPH1FKHO R1HPAO THHK1H
?I"#+D/0)+/9$PHQV05OHO UFA51DK0PFRHUARAVQOAH501
F5O AVQH501T4K1HQQK0%>&?0/$?WHPTH5016M0PH0WHP! AI
!G#5+)G39$SFQU0PHQH5QAKAWHK0 % > &?0/$?WHPTH501
KJF5 AVQH501% BF5QH5! &;"8 &6>HUF1HF5O UF1H
F5KH55FH0GAIG)+)0#."9$9$SHPHU0PHQH5QAKAWHK0KJH
VJHP0U05F1R0UV05H5K! % >&?0/$?WHPTH501! KJF5 K0AKQ
F5KAV0OH! % @&?0/$?WHPTH501% .ACJK! &;"8 &6 h4P
PHQ41KQFPHKJHGAPQKK0QJ0SKJFK?I$9*$!+/)!9$PHQV05OQ
QKP05C1DK0 % > &?0/$?WHPTH501?O0UA5F5KT1H5O6 ,JAQ
R05R14QA05 SFQG4PKJHPQ4VV0PKHO TD*-ZHdVHPAUH5KQ
QJ0SA5CKJFKKJHPHQV05QH0G?I$9*$!+/)!9$% T0KJ
QHdHQ& K0% > &?0/$?WHPTH501?O0UA5F5KT1H5O AQU4RJ
QKP05CHPKJF5 K0AVQH501?O0UA5F5KT1H5O6
,JH U0QK QKPAXA5C PHQ41K 0G KJH VPHQH5K
A5WHQKACFKA05 SFQKJHOAQR0WHPDKJFKAI$9*&4#.5!9$F5O
AKQVPHOFK0P?I $9*$!+/)!9$PHQV05O A5 QAC5AGARF5K1D
OAGHPH5KSFDQK0% >&?0/$?WHPTH501?O0UA5F5KT1H5O F5O
AVQH501?O0UA5F5K T1H5O6 )VQH501?O0UA5F5K T1H5O
FKPFRKHO FJACJ 54UTHP0GAI$9*&4#.5!9$F5O AKQ
VPHOFK0P?I$9*$!+/)!9$6h5 KJHR05KPFPD! % > &?0/$?
WHPTH501?O0UA5F5KT1H5O FKPFRKHO FJACJ 54UTHP0G
VPHOFK0PQT4KF1U0QK50AI$9*&4#.5!9$6,JHQHPHQ41KQ
RF5 THFVV1AHO A5 V0V41FKA05 U05AK0PA5C0GKJHTHHK1HQ
F5O G4PKJHPA5 TA010CARF1R05KP010GAI$9*&4#.5)!9$6
N0.0#0-*0&
-WKNAQ+6&;;&6AOHRFVK4PHQA5 TFPX THHK1HVJHP0U05HKPFVQA5 50PKJHP5
ZPHHRH6-5N6 RJFHO1A5CQXO6=G1F5NH5QRJ4KNkUSH1KQRJ4KN! #!
%&& "&8 7&!6
[FXXH-! \WFUUH,6&;:"6\FAP0U05HPHQV05QHTDKJHVPHOFK0PQ
?3).)$/D9$"#+D/0)+/9$F5O ?3).)$/D9$+9"/G&$K0KJHQD5KJHKAR
VJHP0U05H0GAG$!G#5+)G39$6+0PS3*5K0U01! $<%&& "!& 7!!6
[FXXH-! \WFUUH,6 &;"&6 \FAP0U05HPHQV05QHA5 ?3).)$/D9$
VPHOFK0PQK0VJHP0U05HR0UV05H5KQ0GAG$!G#5+)G39$63(JHU
*R01! :%$& "8%< 78&$6
[0POH53B! mA1Q05 )M! ZPAHQ^ ! &!)46&;;"6/01FKA1HQGP0UKJHTFPX 0G
KPHUT1A5CFQVH5! M#G949$!+&D94#/8&$MARJd6% F1ARFRHFH& OAQP4VK
QHR05OFPDFKPFRKA05 TDKJHU045KFA5 VA5HTHHK1H! S&.8+#0!#.9$
G$&98#!$95)&B0VXA5Q%(01H0VKHPF" R01DKAOFH&6(JHU0HR010CD! "
%$& "#; 7:<6
8;
& ( )
!"
"
9
*PTA1CA5 +! \H55HKJ >! F^GF\ >6$%%%6hVV0QA5CHGHRKQ0GJ0QK
U050KHPVH5HQ05 PHQV05QHQTDKS0QDUVFKPARQVHRAHQ0GTFPX THHK1HQ
K0KJHAPFCCPHCFKA05 VJHP0U05HQ63(JHU *R01! $# % & & " $<$:
7$BF5QH5 \6&;"86 H^RHVKA05 0GTFPX THHK1HVJHP0U05HA5 KJHVPHOFRH04Q
R1HPAO THHK1H?3).)$/D9$"#+D/0)+/9$(01H0VKHPF(1HPAOFH63(0UV
=JDQA01-H5Q+H4PF1[HJFW=JDQA01! &<%%8& "8:& 78:"6
.ACJK] M6&;"86 H5QAKAWAKD0GF5KH55FH0GUF1HF5O GHUF1HAG$
G)+)0#."9$9$%(01H0VKHPF" R01DKAOFH& K0KJHAP5FK4PF1FCCPHCFKA05
VJHP0U05HF5O AKQH5F5KA0UHPARR0UV05H5KQ63(JHU*R01! ;%<& "
<#& 7<"!6
H^5SARX 3--! ]ARXH5Q3(6&;:;6(05KP010GVJHP0U05HVP0O4RKA05 A5
KJHTFPX THHK1H! AG$0&D*+)&6=JDQA01*5K0U01! !%!& "8:: 78"&6
RJP0HOHP.M6&;""6-KPFRKA05 0GKJHTFPX THHK1H?#D/09$G/./G&+8)
F5O Q0UH0KJHPTFPX F5O S00O?1AWA5CTHHK1HQK0KJHJ0QKW01FKA1HQ
F1VJFVA5H5HF5O HKJF5016*5K0U01*dV -VV1! !#%8& "$%8 7$&%6
H1F5OHP3! +40PKHWFM6&;"%6kQH0GQD5KJHKARVJHP0U05HQG0PKJH
R05KP010GQVP4RHTFPX THHK1HQA5 FJHFWA1DA5GHQKHO QVP4RHQKF5O6
A1WF>H55! &!%$& "&&8 7&$&6
K0FX1HD3,! [FXXH-! H^5SARX 3--! &!)46&;:"6,JHFCCPHCFKA05
VJHP0U05HQDQKHU 0GKJH1FPRJ TFPX THHK1HAG$0&D*+)&BHHP6I
-5CHS*5K0U01! "#%& 7!& "&:! 7&::6
,0UUHPFQ[-6&;"<6VHRAF1ANFKA05 0GKJH01GFRK0PDPHRHVK0PRH1QA5 KJH
TFPX THHK1HAG$!G#5+)G39$F5O AKQVPHOFK0P?3).)$/D9$"#+D/0)+/9$
K0TFPX THHK1HVJHP0U05HQF5O J0QKKPHHW01FKA1HQ63(0UV =JDQA01-
H5Q+H4PF1[HJFW=JDQA01! &<:%8& "88< 78!$6
EA5 B>%
lݛ
& ! B4F5C>%
G÷V
& ! .AI.%
ïmn
&6&;"!6
*R050UAR)5QHRK>F45F0G(JA5F6[HApA5C"RAH5RH=PHQQ%
()up
q
&6
IJF5C@B! +AHUHDHPB6&;;$6M0PVJ010CARF1RJFPFRKHPAQKARQG0PQHdA5C
1AWA5CFO41KQ0GAG$0&D*+)&%BHHP& %(016! R01DKAOFH&63-VV1
*5K0U01! &&!"!%8 7!%;6
IJF5C@B%
¬Wa
& ! .A4 IJ4F5GF5C%
&oø
& !45 E4pA5F%
Ç9p
& !
&!)46&;";6/HPKARF1OAQKPAT4KA05 0GKJH1FPRJ TFPX THHK1H! AG$
$9*&4#.5)!9$! 05 KJHT4P5HO KPHHQ0G1FPRJ63+0PKJHFQK>0Pk5AW%
?
k&Q))¾
& ! &"%#& "&! 7&"6
IJF5C@B! RJ1DKHP>! (JH5 Z>! &!)46$%%%6=JHP0U05HR0UV05H5KQ
A5 KJH1FPRJ TFPX THHK1H! AG$0&D*+)&! GP0U (JA5F" Y4F5KAKFKAWH
WFPAFKA05 FU05CFKFRX VJFQHQF5O A5OAWAO4F1Q63(JHU *R01! $#
%!& ""!& 7"<"6
IJF5C@B! RJ1DKHP>! (JH5 Z>! &!)46$%%:6*1HRKP0VJDQA010CARF1
F5O THJFWA0PF1PHQV05QHQ0GAG$$9*&4#.5)!9$K0QHUA0RJHUARF1QGP0U
AKQJ0QKQ! 505?J0QKQ! F5O R05QVHRAGARQA5 (JA5F63(JHU*R01! 88
%$& " 8;& 7!%!6
IJF0[Z%
Ìâ.
& ! IJF5C %
¬ÔÀ
&6&;;86)5KP0O4RKA05 0GG0PHAC5
PHQHFPRJHQ05 A5QHRKFCCPHCFKA05 VJHP0U05HQ6+F5pA5C>0Pk5AW%
@
P&Q))¾
& ! &:%&& ""! 7;%6
I4UP/6 &;"86 *GHRK0GVJHP0VPFdQD5KJHKAR VJHP0U05HQ05 KJH
R01H0VKHP04QVPHOFK0PQ0GKJHQVP4RHTFPX THHK1HAG$!G#5+)G39$6I
-5CHS*5K0U01! ;<%&& "!: 7<%6
!
^_`a
9
()
"
!;