免费文献传递   相关文献

A New General Biomass Allometric Model

一个新的通用性相对生长生物量模型


针对West等(1997; 1999)提出的理论生物量模型与经验模型存在显著差异的问题,对应用最广的一元生物量模型MaDb的2个参数进行专题研究。首先,基于几何学的观点推导出参数b的理论值为7/3(≈2.33),与大量已有研究结果的对比表明,该理论参数值能够很好地描述地上生物量与胸径之间的平均相对生长关系; 然后,利用包含1 441株样木的5组立木生物量数据对新提出的通用性理论模型进行验证; 最后,分析参数a与木材密度ρ之间的相关性,并建立二者之间的线性回归模型。新的模型既简单明了,又能反映不同树种之间的生物量差异,可为建立用于区域性和国家级森林生物量估计的通用性生物量模型提供可行途径。

To implement monitoring and assessment of national forest biomass, it is becoming the trend to develop generalized single-tree biomass models suitable for large scale forest biomass estimation. Considering that the theoretical biomass allometric model developed by West et al. (1997; 1999) was statistically different from the empirical one, the two parameters in the most commonly used biomass equation M=aDb were analyzed in this paper. Firstly, based on the ideas of geometry, the theoretical value of parameter b was deduced, i.e., b=7/3(≈2.33), and the comparison with many empirical studies conducted throughout the globe indicated that the theoretical parameter could describe soundly the average allometric relationship between above-ground biomass M and D (diameter on breast height). Secondly, using 5 biomass datasets which consisted of 1 441 M-D pairs of sample trees, the new general biomass allometric model was validated. Finally, the relationship between parameter a and wood density ρ was analyzed, and the linear regression was developed. The new model, which is not only simple but also species-specific, offers a feasible approach on establishment of generalized biomass models for regional and national forest biomass estimation.


全 文 :!!"
" !
#
#
$ % # $
$
#
%
& ( )
&()*+(, &(-.,) &(*(,)
./01!"!*/1#
2345!$ % # $
Ê¢6>¢¹;v=ÍÎͨÙX
!
€‚
7
ƒ„…
"
Rœ&()PQFFGmnPQ§
7

#%%%;#$
!
7
"
!7
®=
OFVT
¼
"#;;9# #;;;$
-Ý>,/ͨÙXY4ÈÙXË|oplm>ÓÔ
!
=Þ¹S²>ÊQ
ͨÙX
P=8A
>
$
¢ˆÚö›–ÔPQ
%
íU
!
‘uÌ )>M˜L7݈Ú
A
>,/ƒf
9g8"
&
$188$!
YEÐ{PQ]^>=Ö_`
!
æ,/ˆÚƒ#â½(3Uº3ŽÍ¨Y¤¥Éˆ>òiv=ÍÎwŠ
#
Ÿ
É
!
x¹ð€
# !!#
gK4>
:
îŠ4ͨÚ1=6-Ý>¢¹;,/ÙXö›È2
#

!
[\ˆÚ
8
Y4Î
bc&Ɉ>vw;
!
)‰Š¿¥Éˆ>s;yÙX
%
6>ÙXêÎ3`ß
!
:#ýn­ˆ¬Éˆ>ͨ
lm
!
½f‰Š¹u×Ø;‚œš¦&ͨ ¡>¢¹;ͨÙX-.½›Õ¥
%
#$%
&7
v=ÍÎÙX
#
ͨ ¡
#
Ì )
#
,/ˆÚ
#
4Îbc
&()*
! &9:"777
+,-./
!,777
+01*
!#%%# 69!"""$%#$#%# 6%%!" 6%:
ŒŽ#
& $%#% 6%8 68%#
Ž#
& $%#% 6%! 6#>%
‘’“”
&
œžŸ()‘’“”
"8#%9%!":$%
!Ϧ…f¢£¤¥
%
K¨J&\FG6,IÂ({®¯f&PQ-.ßæJ-4
(
¹Ú¦>Š4ͨTUÚ1
!
|Þ°_µâ
%
;X#?W#&#"6Q)*800;6*8#(")3,*.#6
RF4JOFIVLF4J7+34J&L/H]LF4J
"9&1&8":/ X*1.5.;.&$(3$"&1.9&1$;":&1X*($"+8.5$* >&:/*5H;&1! #)37C&5I5* #%%%;#$
;<0("3(&7+/I<@0FJF4FS30I]FU VI4J0F_TSFF[I/<3VV[I/<3VV30/TN/@3S3NFSF3430W]FU I4 TLIV@3@FS5BISVT0W! [3VFU /4 TLF
IUF3V/XJF/&
$188$! 34U TLFY/<@3SIV/4 NITL
<34WF<@ISIY30VTHUIFVY/4UHYTFU TLS/HJL/HTTLFJ0/[FI4UIY3TFU TL3TTLFTLF/SFTIY30@3S33ZFS3JF30/[I/<3VVU3T3VFTVNLIYL Y/4VIVTFU /X# !!# P_\ @3ISV/XV3<@0FTSFFV! TLF4FNJF4FS30[I/<3VV30/Z30IU3TFU5BI430W! TLFSF03TI/4VLI@ [FTNFF4 @3S3&
N3V3430W]FU! 34U TLF0I4F3SSFJSFVVI/4 N3V
UFZF0/@FU5+LF4FN/XJF4FS30I]FU [I/<3VV=#> ?*".0&730/77
¦&ÍáŠã¤fÒ3ÍáŠã>kú
!
|<»G܊ã
(
Tö»tò+
(
EÜEGRÉG
ú]cŽ·¼„ê·{n½ãr>¤¹
%
ÇÞ
!
]
¯Âœ|ñ|—Æ=¦&ͨ>®N
"+/<@@/&.
8%5! $%#%$%
“¶œ¦&ͨ®N‚Р
(
‰Š
UÅdE×Øçè>¢¹;Š4ͨÙXÄ[f
lŸNø
!
}ǎ½ÛœÐ4|±Ä󢄛~
†
!
n!)¥1|ëU*+‰ŠUŜ
(
×Øb
»Qò>¢¹;Š4ͨÙX
"A34VF4! $%%$#
L/t43Y^W! $%%$# 2F4^I4V&.8%5! $%%8# &4/S3V/4 &.
8%5! $%%># .30FT&.8%5! $%%># EF@/03&.8%5! $%%9#
\HH^^/4F4! $%%9# 3VF&.8%5! $%%"# *nZ3S! $%%;$%
竃WwX>«
!OFVT
¼
"#;;9# #;;;$
‘u
&4[¶&€‚&4]>ͨ†)>,
!
|Û¬
õ
"
Ä&4Æfۚ[¶&€
(
š[¶>êë
‚úë¦-
(
S.>[¶3QEenY¼
$
>‘•
Ž-Ýß;Åv=ÍΟ >¢¹ÙX
!
)¢YŠ
w%&>L7YNWÁ&4µ¥

P
8g"
!
ëÏf
3ŽÍ¨ÙX
P=8A
R>ÜڈÚ
A="g8"
&
$1>9$%
ÞÉ
!
æ,/ÙX
"
ÎÏ
OD)
ÙX
$
|}ß
²ÎwX
% L/t43Y^W"$%%$$
®=?œ¦&FG•
UR&4ͨ ¡„…>ÛK;‚%&;
!
Ïf
7!
#
# @Í¼
&
Ê¢6>¢¹;v=ÍÎͨÙX
OD)
ÙXfÎ:ͨ>¡£YN-.ß½#
#
RI34IV
¼
"$%%!$
=ðñ
OD)
ÙX|s>
8
¬Î:
ͨ ¡>„…ö›ß=Ö[!
]^_`E
PQ]^WÁ>òiˆÚf
$189!
Y
OD)
ÙX>
,/ƒ
$1>9
|㡎{`olm
# RI34IV
¼
"$%%>$
x¹ñž]¯Â3>Û¢ˆ¬>3ŽÍ¨
P
Y
ˆÃµ¥
Ú1=,/ÙXö›ßÈ2
!
]^_`
OD)
ÙXn#Uº4ÈÚ1¬R
PBv=ÍÎ>
+
# ?I0I
¼
"$%%>$
=n­$áÂß>
8!A
ƒö›
ßPQ
!
ª]^_`[&Âß>
A
ƒY
OD)
ÙX>
,/ƒô`olm
!
y
8
ƒY4Îbcopvw
%
&ujÌ )f‘•
!
PQ-ÝÊ¢6>¢¹
;v=ÍÎͨÙX
!
)x¹EŠ4ͨÇ
NÚ1‚u‰FH=ÙXö›È2
%
6>ÙXÄf
Î:E¦c¦&ͨ ¡-.½›Õ¥
%
#7
Ú1
&u§¹Ú1ðñ
$
²[
&
!ʲ[fŠ43
ŽÍ¨ÇNÚ1
!
·úðñ
#;;9
$œÍ¨
ÔîÒþ>K4Ú1
!!9
g
!
Æ7B„‚=„
$
^
!
ªRB„^
"
¢ˆ¬î
!
봂¦
"F8"5@+&%5*5$(
,
-
")A5&1(8A"5$(
í¦
"!5*;1M$"85&*151$(
¶ˆ
">5%58
8+;"&*151$(
QŠ~
"3"8@5*;1+8*=1/;"5:8$(
”>Ò
"W;%8*1+8*=1/;"5:8 $(
æ ‚ ƒ
" !/&%$=$*="$+
8+;"&*1&$
‚×4„
"):&"+$*$$!
”
$;:
g
!
=„^
8
¢ˆ¬î
!
ë-4
"#;**5*/8+58 %8*:&$%8.8$(
¹Ú¦
"!5*;1+81$*58*8$
‚«‚ˆ
!
”
#:$
g
# $%%9
$K¨
JïÒ-4
(
¹Ú¦Š5Ú_Òþ>K4Ú1
>;!
g
!
ªR-4
8;;
gK4
!
¹Ú¦
$;:
gK4
# $%%;
$œ-³•UͨTU‰Ù“”Œþ>Ú1
8%%
g
!
Æ7?B´‚¦‚=„¹Ú¦
$
¢ˆ¬
!
¢ˆ
¬Â
#:%
g
% 8
¢²[>K4Ú1”¡
# !!#
g
%
!
¿²[fÂWu‰FHŽŒþ>3ŽÍ¨ÙXˆ
Ú]^
!
ðñB?
#!>
¢„N‚»­
>#
¢„N>ˆ
Ú
!
j7?œ
(
υE
(
†A‡‚zœÐ4µ_>Ê$
„NˆÚ
%
$7
ÙX>-Ý
OK4lÌ )>M˜
!
Ÿÿ¨ú>\Ú«ù
Ú
!
yžŸ¯Ë|>¬¨ú¢w«ŠŸÿ>
!
ÇÞ
½jx¹[+Ì )ñUºŠŸÿ¨ú>\Ú
"\34UF0[S/T! #;"8$%
[+Ì )>ç;ÉÊ«½
j¹ŠùÚ\ñUºÃMË|>¨ú
"+LFI0FS!
#;;%$%
|,/Ž
!
&4>_ê+½j¤fòê
‚Š„ú>1ŨúñUº
!
Çfžên«r\>
Šú
!
:n«¿\>òê
!
ª\ÚÞæˆu¿\‚r
\Ɉ
%
Ī‰¶Á&4ͨ> ¡
!
ÿ™—
P=8A
R>
A
ƒv2u\Ú
!
ªƒÞ|
$ 8`
Ɉ
#
o^Ò¹™—
P=8[
K
Y
!
ÿ
$ fAj:f8"RI34IV&.
8%5! $%%!$%
=uÞ¹S²>ÊQÙX
!OFVT
¼
"#;;;$
-ݪ,/
A
ƒÞf
"g8!
h
RI34IV
¼
"$%%!# $%%>$
x¹EÚ1ö›ÛÈÉÏf
!
óÊ
,/ƒ)n#Uº
P
Y
Ɉ>wŠ
!
Y4ȈÚ
ƒË|oplm
!
y(«`oïE
%
‘uÌ )>

!
Xê=
A
ƒö›[%
íUñ[\ˆÃ>+
%
ß
#
f~1-4>™
c„N
"
@Í¼
! #;;9$
ŠÒ>ÊsYµs>=
ÖOâß
%
nŸÿ>ˆÃ½j¹Ÿÿ>·‹úñª
¸Uº
%
zò7#
!
ˆÃ‘²µ¥
%
[>Œóê
êë
$
%
!
«¿\>
#
ŒóêYˆt
K
[>·F
úúë
8
%
"
õ
K

%
$!
«r\>
%
0ÞWL
!
õŒóêYˆt[>·‹úúë
A
%
"
õ
K

%
$!
ÿ
A
ƒÆv2u·‹ú>ŠùÚ%
°u
·‹úúë¼u·Fúúë>
#g8!
OKµM>L
ó
!
½jWÁ
A=$ j#g8 =9g8
¨
A=8 6$g8 =9g8%
Çf·‹ú½jä[«ˆÃ>ª¸Uº
!
§jˆÃ
>ŠùÚ\½jª¸†
9g8"
¨&
$188$%
°u&4
ˆ·YˆÃ·{W¸>[+"RFIUF! #;;%$!
y(
&43ŽÍ¨EL
"%i
°ˆÃ[
!
ÇÞ
!
ù¢
&4>\Ú1½j†ª¸ƒ
9g8!
Ãy3ŽÍ¨
™—
P=8A
½j†
A=9g8%
ß
#7
&4ÊsOâ
BIJ5#7&TFŸÉÆñ[\ˆÚ
8
ƒ
%
ʄê
!
°u
8
ƒY
A
ƒË|Ä`o>‡vw
"RI34IV&.8%5! $%%!# ?I0I&.
8%5! $%%>$!
ë@ҹʢ4˜>
A
ƒ
"
o
$188$
½#
YǓnâv;
!
h½j|½ENcŽÃ
8
ƒW
Á¥
#
)ʄê
!8
ƒY4Îbcopvw
"?I0I
;!
& ( )
!"
"
7
&.8%5! $%%>$!
ÇÞ½j‰Š
8
ƒY4Îbc &Ɉ
>ywŠ
%
°u4Îbc«ˆ¬>—¸ç;É
Ê
!
n­ˆ¬3ŽÍ¨ÙX>lmk¸°ˆÚ
8
ñúr
%
ó1YOÄ
!
4Îbcv­>ˆ¬
!
ª3Ž
ͨÙX1v­
%
ÇÞ
!
4ÎbcÖdTª>ˆ
¬
!
½jÅ)‰Š3ŽÍ¨ÙX
%
87
ÙX>È2
¢Y¹º[!
WÁjX‘u&4µ¥>¢¹
;3ŽÍ¨ÙX
P=8A
!
ªR
A=9g8"
ª¸†
$188$%
æÙX#ßýͨÚ1>Ǔû(
!
&u҆oX
$
¢Õ¥ö›È2
&
Ê«YÐ4µ_
>ÂWu‰R>{w]^¨Í¨ÙXˆÚö›=
Ö[#
¿«x¹Œþ>Š4ͨÇNÚ1¢Y
‰Ù[\ö›È2
%
@ABC
HþÿÈɈßEDW
RI34IV
¼
"$%%!$
û®þß
$9;
“PQ]^
¡£WÁ>òi
A
ƒ¼u
$18>9 ;!
åælf
%1$9!
å
æþf
%1%#> 8!
EL
>;i
>
A
ƒ|
$1#" $`1:!
Ɉ
!
#8i
|
$1>" $`1"%
Ɉ
#
ªòiƒY
OD)
ÙX>,

$1>9
Ë|oplm
!
hY&u-Ý>,/ƒ
$188
ŠwTª
%

+FS_\I^3F0I34
¼
"#;;9$
Œþ>
B?
>:
¢ˆ¬
#!>
¢3ŽÍ¨„N>
A
ƒö›¡
£
!
ª£Oòiƒ
$188!
RíÚf
$18:#

RI34IV
¼
"$%%:$
Œþ>»­
8;
¢ˆ¬
>#
¢3ŽÍ¨„
N>
A
ƒö›¡£
!
ª£Oòiƒ
$18%!
RíÚf
$188#

B/HS4IFS
¼
"$%%8$
>υE
$!
¢ˆ¬3
ŽÍ¨„N>
A
ƒö›¡£
!
òif
$188#

L/t43Y^W"$%%$$
‰Š>?œ
#%
¢ˆ¬î>¢¹;3
ŽÍ¨„N>
A
ƒö›¡£
!
òif
$188#

\HH^^/4F4"$%%9$
‰Š>»­
9
¢ˆ¬>¢¹;3
ŽÍ¨„N>
A
ƒö›¡£
!
òif
$1$9#

*nZ3S"$%%;$
‰Š>†A‡
9
¢¦Wˆ¬î
"*=9$#$
>3ŽÍ¨„N>
A
ƒö›¡£
!
òif
$1$;"
Ç
fgÚvlVE
!
Ã
$9 8`"!

!
oOgÚτò
if
$188$#
x¹/öœ¼
"#;";$
‰Š>Rœ?B
#%
¢ˆ¬î>3ŽÍ¨„N>
A
ƒö›¡£
!
òi
f
$188%
½`o
!
ŽºÂ“PQ]^>òi
A
ƒY&
u-Ý>,/ƒŠwTª
!
{$ab̎z{lm
%
Žº=ÖÚ1%_
#%
6
BC
´)3!"žÖ×Ø ¡E
"
«ˆßDW
!‰Í
*/5

EFJI/4
Ú1î
P3T3
òi
A
ƒ
\F34 /XA
A
ƒçè
E34JF/XA
FHñG
EFXFSF4YFSFV/HSYF
#
B?
*/STL , $188 #18: $`1"9 +FS_\I^3F0I34 &.8%5"#;;9$
$

k&, #% $188 #19% $`1!" L/t43Y^W"$%%$$
8
υE
343U3 $! $188 $1#8 $`1>8 B/HS4IFS&.8%5"$%%8$
!

K0/[F $9; $189 #1#> 8`18$ RI34IV&.8%5"$%%!$
:
»­
)HS/@F ># $18% #1"8 $`1"# RI34IV&.8%5"$%%:$
>
»­
)HS/@F 9 $1$9 $1#$ $`1!# \HH^^/4F4"$%%9$
9
†A‡
\FQIY/ 9
$188
!
$1#> $`1!8 *nZ3S"$%%;$
"

LI43 #% $188 #1>> $`19;
/öœ¼
"#;";$ LF4 LH34JH/&.8%5"#;";$
77
! †A‡>Ú1ÇfgÚvlVE
!
1Ogچτòi
% DFY3HVF/XTLF4H<[FS/XTSFVVX/SF3YL ^I4U /X@I4FN3VZFSWUIXFSF4T!V/TLFAZ30HFN3VY30YHT30FU [WNFIJLT/XTSFF4H<[FSV5
@AEC
¢£#$V™%&Ë
x¹¹ê-Á>
:
îŠ43ŽÍ¨ÇNÚ
1
!
OτSe¿÷yñÅÙX
P=8A
!
ª]
^%_
$%
y ¡>„ƒÚÒ¹
L=#g("@$
$
"
@Í¼
! #;;;$%
Ã_
$
>]^½jäÝ
!
ˆ
Ú
A
ƒY&u-Ý>,/ƒ
$188
lmnE
!
yY
OD)
ÙX>,/ƒ
$1>9
ÿ{`olm
%
o^ĈÚ
A
5f4˜ƒ
$188!
=Žº
:
î
6
EC
3!Ö×Ø ¡
>_:
<
(íˆß
!
!_:
"
Ú1
P3T3
K&
&3<@0FV*
¤¥çè
PI3S34JFgY<
ˆÚ ¡ƒ
?3S3ã¡Üå
&T3TIVTIY30I4UIYFV
8 A
9
$
&))
#;;9
$œÚ1
*D\?U3T3I4 #;;9 !!9 #1> >`;19 %1#%! > $1!%; " %1;#$ 8 #%#1!!
$%%9
$K¨-4
LI4FVFBIS/XKHI]L/H
I4 $%%9
8;; !1# 8`>1! %1%"# # $18"# : %1;#! 8 $$1;%
$%%9
$K¨¹Ú¦
\3VV/4 ?I4F/X
KHI]L/H I4 $%%9
$;: !1% !`!1" %1#%$ " $1!%; ! %1";> : !:1>:
$%%;
$=„¹Ú¦
\3VV/4 ?I4F/X
KHI]L/H I4 $%%;
#:% #1: !`91$ %1##$ $ $18>: % %1;:! 9 !;1;$
$%%;
$?B´‚¦
-3SYL /X4/STLF3VTI4
$%%;
#:% #19 !`!1# %1#8% ; $18!# " %1;:; ! !918#
77
"
9
$
f±˜ŠÚ
!&))
f ¡ƒ>åæþl
%
_
8
­
%9
$
IVTLFUFTFS%:
7!
#
# @Í¼
&
Ê¢6>¢¹;v=ÍÎͨÙX
Ú1ö›—6ñÅ
!
ª]^%_
8%
Ã_
8
>
$
“
ã¡Üåä
!
Y_
$
>]^Ý#nE
!
ªR
#;;9
$
œÚ1‚
$%%9
$K¨¹Ú¦Ú1>ñÅ]^é
¸(u_
$%
°uÙXC{
#
¢ˆÚ
!
n­ˆ¬É
ˆ>ÖdÆ5fÎ3„:
!
oK¨¹Ú¦‚=„¹
Ú¦ÙX
!
ˆÚ
8
>lmnÁ
:i "
K¨>ïE
81>"i$#
y(ÇfˆÚ
8
Y4Îbcopvw
!
§
j~1ˆÚ
8
> ¡ƒÆ#7#n­ˆ¬>4Îb
clm
!
o¹Ú¦>4ÎbcEu-4
!
´‚¦>4
Îbc:Eu¹Ú¦
%
6
@C
3!Ö×Ø ¡
>_:
EA@@
(íˆß
!_:
EA@@
Ú1
P3T3 8
9
$
&))
#;;9
$œÚ1
*D\?U3T3I4 #;;9 %1#8% ! %1;8" # ":1#>
$%%9
$K¨-4
LI4FVFBIS/XKHI]L/H I4 $%%9 %1%;$ " %1;%" % $819%
$%%9
$K¨¹Ú¦
\3VV/4 ?I4F/XKHI]L/H I4 $%%9 %1#$> ; %1;%# " !!1!%
$%%;
$=„¹Ú¦
\3VV/4 ?I4F/XKHI]L/H I4 $%%; %1#$$ ! %1;!9 " :81!8
$%%;
$?B´‚¦
-3SYL /X4/STLF3VTI4 $%%; %1#8! " %1;:" 8 !919>
77

!
Æx¹
#;;9
$œÍ¨ÔîÒþ>
!!9
gK4Ú1
!
ñ[\ˆÚ
8
Y4Îbc &>w
Š
%
gK4>4Îbc&
"JY<
68
$
°ˆÃͨ
„jˆÃõ/ÎëWÁ
!
ˆÚ
8
°3ŽÍ¨
P
„
j
$188

%
¢Ys;yÙX
8 =A
%
jA
#
&ö›
[!
JˆÚ
A
%
Y
%
z{oplm
!
ÃyˆÚ
8
Y4Îbc &Ɉ>wŠY[ßÎ3>Ö»wŠ
8=M
&
%
4ñÅ
!
ª]^f
&
8 Q%18%$ 9
&
7"9
$
Q%1;:$ ;!&))Q%1%$; >!
3Q;%$ 8!!^%1%%% #!* Q!!9$% "#$
77
o^x¹_
$
R²K4Ú1ö›ñÅ
!
ª]
^f
&
8 Q%1$;> 9
&
7"9
$
Q%1;:8 >!&))Q%1%$> ;!
3Q$;> %!!!^%1%%% #!* Q# !!#$% "$$
77
Ã
"#$!"$$
—7
!
C¸:7ߌˆ¬>4Îb
cmn
!
ƽ=ˆÚ
8
ö› ¡
%
€Ž§º
!
Š4>3ŽÍ¨ÙX½j_ºf
P=89g8
!
ªR
8
&
%18
&
!
&f4Îbc
%
!7
]/Y)/
&uÃ
OFVT
¼
"#;;9# #;;;$
-Ý>,/ͨ
ÙXݵ
!
=Eçèۈ¬>ÊQͨÙX
P=8A
>
$
¢ˆÚö›ßPQ
%
‘uÌ )>M
˜Ló݈Ú
A
>,/ƒf
9g8"
&
$188$!
)¢Y
Yе_u‰>EPQ]^ö›=Ö
!
3`6-
Ý>ˆÚƒ#â½(3Uº3ŽÍ¨Y¤¥Éˆ
>òiv=ÍÎwŠ
#
­‡éx¹
:
îŠ4ͨ
ÇNÚ1
"
”¡
# !!#
gK4
$
=6-Ý>,/ÙX
ˆÚö›ßÈ2
#
SÉé[\߈Ú
8
Y4Îbc
&Ɉ>vw;
!
)‰Šß¿¥Éˆ>s;yÙ
X
%
]^_`
&
ˆÚ
8
Y4Îbc &„op…v
w
!
Ä4Îbc÷j
%18
Æ#WÁˆÚ
8
>ª¸ 
¡ƒ
%
6>ÙXêÎ3`ß
!
:#ýn­ˆ¬É
ˆ>ͨlm
!
f‰Š¹uE¦cçè¦&ͨ
 ¡>¢¹;ͨÙX-.ß½›Õ¥
%

!
&u-Ý>,/ˆÚC«‘uÌ )7
Ö§>µMLó
%
}ǎ
!
01­K>Ló
!
ÊQ
ˆÃͨÙXabÊQÎëÙX1Þæ·{W¸
>
A
ƒˆÚ
%
Çfó„êŒþ>FHd!
!
óVê
=ˆÃͨ-.Ê$vw]^
&
Ê«x¹
+FS_
\I^3F0I34
¼
"#;;9$
Œþ>B?
>:
¢ˆ¬
#8!
¢ˆ
Ãͨ„N>
A
ƒö›¡£
!
ª£Oòiƒf
$18##
¿«x¹
RI34IV
¼
"$%%:$
Œþ>»­
##
¢
ˆ¬
8%
¢ˆÃͨ„N>
A
ˆÚö›¡£
!
£O
òiƒf
$1$"#
r«x¹
#;;9
$œÍ¨Ô
îÒþ>
##
¢ˆ¬î>
!!9
gK4Ú1ö›ñÅ
!
ˆÚ
A
> ¡ƒf
$18$%

!
žòY¹º,/ƒ
>lm)nE
%
Çfn­ˆ¬>Ês„N«Ë|
lm>
!
ÇÞ
$188
C#«Ê¢ª¸>òi ¡ƒ
%
X Y + ,
/öœ
!
÷9¬
5#;";1
?Bk¸&4ͨ•ò
5

&
Rœ&Ý

5
@ Í
!
 ø Ù
5#;;91
™ c „ N > P Q
5
& ( )
!
88"$$& #$9 6#8$5
@Í
!
‘#ø
!
’?B
5#;;;1
/τyY‰Ù
5
&()
!
8:":$& : 6##5
3VFD! A30E25$%%"1,VVFVVI4J@SFUIYTI/4 FS/SV/XJF4FS30I]FU TSFF
[I/<3VV34U Z/0HYF4TS30343U3534 2B/SEFV! 8""!$& "9" 6"";5
L/t43Y^WP5$%%$1,0/FVTI<3TI/45?S/YFFUI4JV/XTLFTLISU 344H30X/SFVTI4ZF4T/SW34U
3430WVIVVW<@/VIHB/SFVT&FSZIYFk&P,! ;> 6#%$5
B/HS4IFSE ,! -HTLFS2)! KHI4U/4 -! &.8%5$%%81 \3@@I4J
3[/ZFJS/H4U TSFF [I/<3VV3TTLF VT34U 0FZF0XS/< I4ZF4T/SW
I4X/S<3TI/4& TFVTY3VFVI4 *FNX/H4U034U 34U MHF[FY534 2B/S
#:
& ( )
!"
"
7
EFV! 88"#%$& #"!> 6#">85
A34VF4 \5$%%$1./0HY/4VIVTF4YWZV5SFJI/4303YYHS3YW5?S/YFFUI4JV/XTLFTLISU 344H30
X/SFVTI4ZF4T/SW34U 3430WVIVVW<@/VIHF4TS30EFVF3SYL &T3TI/4! B/SFVT&FSZIYFk&P,! #%; 6#$%5
2F4^I4V2! L/t43Y^WP! AF3TL -&! &.8%5$%%81*3TI/430_VY30F
[I/<3VVFVTI<3T/SVX/Sk4ITFU &T3TFVTSFFV@FYIFV5B/S&YI! !;"#$&
#$ 68:5
\34UF0[S/TDD5#;"81+LFXS3YT30JF/*FNC/S^! !>"5
\HH^^/4F4 ?5 $%%91 KF4FS30I]FU 30/FuH3TI/4VX/SV/#$>"$$& #:9 6#>>5
*nZ3S25$%%;1,0/X/SX/SFVTV/X4/STLNFVTFS4 \FQIY/5B/SFVT)Y/0/JW34U \343JF$:9"$$& !$9 6!8!5
?I0IE! ,4X/UI0/+! 3SFS\5$%%>1+/N3SUV3XH4YTI/43034U
VI<@0IXIFU 30/\343JFEF@/032! ht34VHH E! rH^^/03\5$%%91DI/<3VVXH4YTI/4VX/S&Y/TV
@I4F! */SN3WV@SHYF34U [ISYL I4 BI4034U5O/S^I4J?3@FSV/XTLF
BI44IVL B/SFVTEFVF3SYL (4VTITHTF:8 " LT@&
$
NNN5tH0^3IVHTgN/S^I4J@3@FSVg$%%9g&4/S3V/4 ,! )I43SVV/4 & B5$%%>1&I4J0F_TSFF[I/<3VV34U VTFXH4YTI/4VX/SF0FZF4 TSFFV@FYIFVHVFU I4 (YF034UIYX/SFVTSW5(YF0
,JSIY&YI! #;& #: 6$!5
+FS_\I^3F0I34 \+! r/S]H^LI4 \P5#;;91DI/<3VVFuH3TI/4VX/SVIQTW_
XIZF*/STL ,;9"#$& # 6$!5
+LFI0FS25#;;%1)VTI<3TI4JXS3YT30UI$&
#%:: 6#%985
+/<@@/)! KVYLN34T4FS+! -3NSF4YF\! &.8%5$%#%1*3TI/430X/SFVT
I4ZF4T/SIFV& @3TLN3WVX/SY/<C/S^! k&,5
.30FT?! PLzTF2B! -F\/JHwUFYK! &.8%5$%%>1PFZF0/@3[/ZFJS/H4U Z/0HI4 BS34YF5B/SFVT)Y/0/JW34U \343JFOFVTKD! DS/N4 2A! )4uHIVTD25#;;91,JF4FS30/SIJI4 /X30/":8%;$&
#$$ 6#$>5
OFVTKD! DS/N4 2A! )4uHIVTD25#;;;1,JF4FS30VTSHYTHSF34U 30/!%%& >>! 6>>95
RFIUFD5#;;%1BS3YT30JF/EF@ ?*O_K+E_$>8 ?/ST034U! hE& k5&5 PF@3ST,JSIYH0THSF! B/SFVT&FSZIYF5?3YIXIY*/STLNFVTEFVF3SYL &T3TI/4!
$>% 6$>>5
RI34IVP! \F4YHYYI4I\5$%%!1h4 VI<@0IXWI4J30/X/SFVT[I/<3VV5B/SFVT)Y/0/JW34U \343JF688$5
RI34IVP! \HH^^/4F4 ?! \{^I@{{E! &.8%5$%%:1DI/<3VV34U VTF<
Z/0H"\/4/JS3@LV!$& # 6>85
RI34IVP! E3U/J0/H r5$%%>1 /<@3SIV/4 [FTNFF4 F<@ISIY3034U
TLF/SFTIY30[I/<3VV30/VTF!
!"#$
7
?@A
"
$: