2004—2006年在河北栾城中国科学院农业生态试验站开展了不同耕作方式下冬小麦生长发育特征及其影响因素的比较研究。冬小麦基本苗数和分蘖率在不同耕作方式间差异显著, 表现为免耕<旋耕<翻耕。免耕处理冬小麦分蘖成穗率高于翻耕和免耕处理, 但基本苗数低, 2004—2005生长季比翻耕和旋耕处理分别低28.9%和29.7%, 2005—2006生长季分别低11.7%和10.0%; 免耕处理冬小麦株高、叶面积指数、地上部干物质积累和产量均低于翻耕和旋耕处理, 其中叶面积指数在2004—2005和2005—2006生长季的最高值分别为2.9和6.0, 产量比翻耕降低30.1%和27.19%、比旋耕降低15.3%和25.20%。免耕可保持耕层较高的土壤水分含量, 总体上高于翻耕和旋耕处理; 免耕处理在冬小麦苗期和返青期表现出明显的“降温效应”, 耕层土壤日均温度低于翻耕和旋耕, 冬小麦出苗和返青较翻耕和旋耕分别晚1~3 d和4~5 d。
The agro-ecosystem in North China Plain is challenged by water shortage, environmental pollution with burning crop stalks and high cost. Practice of conservation tillage is very essential in North China Plain for saving water, reducing environment pollution and tillage cost, increasing the crop productivity and organic matter content of soil. With the extension of conservation techniques, zero-tillage arouses more and more attention in the area. Some investigators found yield increasing with zero-tillage, but some experiments indicated the weaker seedling and revival stage delaying of winter wheat under zero-tillage as compared with conventional tillage. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the growth and development of winter wheat under zero-tillage treatment in North China Plain and to explore the reason of the influence of zero-tillage. The experiment using the winter wheat cultivar “Kenong 9204” with three tillage treatments including conventional tillage with stubble incorporating (CT), rotary tillage with residue returning (RT), and zero-tillage with stubble direct drilling (ZT) was conducted in Luancheng Ecological Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences during 2004–2006 growth seasons. To keep similar rate of seedling emergence in all treatments, seeding rate was from 165.0 kg ha-1 (in CT and RT treatments) increased to 262.5 kg ha-1 in ZT treatment. In addition to the characteristics of growth and development of wheat, the plough layer temperature and soil water con-tent were measured. Soil temperature was measured by thermoelectric couple every day. Soil moisture was observed by TDR (plough layer soil) and neutron instrument (deeper than 20 cm) every 14 d during winter and every 7 d for the rest time. The basic seedling and tillers in three treatments ranked significantly as ZT<RT<CT (P≤0.05), but the percentage of seed-setting tillers in ZT treatment was higher than that in CT treatment. The number of basic seedling in ZT was lower than that in CT by 28.9% and 11.7% in 2004–2005 and 2005–2006 growth seasons, and lower than that in RT by 11.7% and 10.0%, respectively. The plant height, leaf area index, dry weight of wheat shoot and grain yield were the lowest in ZT treatment because of the deficient population. In ZT treatment, the maximum leaf area indices were 2.9 and 6.0 in two growth seasons, respectively. Grain yield of ZT reduced by 30.1% and 27.2% as compared with that of CT in the two growth seasons and decreased by 15.3% and 25.2% than that of RT, respectively. The water content in 0–30 cm soil layer in ZT treatment was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in CT treatment during the whole growing period. The topsoil temperature was the lowest in ZT treatment from seedling to revival stages, indicating ZT had a “lower temperature effect”, which delays the emergence and revival of seedlings and reduce tillering rate in winter wheat. The time of seedling emergence and revival in ZT was late 1–3 and 4–5 d than that in CT and RT, respectively.
全 文 :作物学报 ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2008, 34(2): 290−296 http://www.chinacrops.org/zwxb/
ISSN 0496-3490; CODEN TSHPA9 E-mail: xbzw@chinajournal.net.cn
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(30400277); 国家科技支撑计划项目(2006BAD15B01)
作者简介: 李素娟(1980−), 女, 山西大同人, 硕士研究生, 主要进行保护性耕作研究。E-mail: susu_li@163.com
*
通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张海林(1973–), 男, 内蒙古人, 博士, 副教授。E-mail: hailin@cau.edu.cn
Received(收稿日期): 2007-02-29; Accepted(接受日期): 2007-09-15.
DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.00290
华北平原免耕冬小麦生长发育特征研究
李素娟 陈继康 陈 阜 李 琳 张海林*
(中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院/农业部作物栽培与耕作学重点实验室, 北京 100094)
摘 要: 2004—2006年在河北栾城中国科学院农业生态试验站开展了不同耕作方式下冬小麦生长发育特征及其影响
因素的比较研究。冬小麦基本苗数和分蘖率在不同耕作方式间差异显著, 表现为免耕<旋耕<翻耕。免耕处理冬小麦分蘖
成穗率高于翻耕和免耕处理, 但基本苗数低, 2004—2005生长季比翻耕和旋耕处理分别低 28.9%和 29.7%, 2005—2006生
长季分别低 11.7%和 10.0%; 免耕处理冬小麦株高、叶面积指数、地上部干物质积累和产量均低于翻耕和旋耕处理, 其
中叶面积指数在 2004—2005和 2005—2006生长季的最高值分别为 2.9和 6.0, 产量比翻耕降低 30.1%和 27.19%、比
旋耕降低 15.3%和 25.20%。免耕可保持耕层较高的土壤水分含量, 总体上高于翻耕和旋耕处理; 免耕处理在冬小麦
苗期和返青期表现出明显的“降温效应”, 耕层土壤日均温度低于翻耕和旋耕, 冬小麦出苗和返青较翻耕和旋耕分别
晚 1~3 d和 4~5 d。
关键词: 免耕; 冬小麦; 生长发育; 华北平原
Characteristics of Growth and Development of Winter Wheat under
Zero-tillage in North China Plain
LI Su-Juan, CHEN Ji-Kang, CHEN Fu, LI Lin, and ZHANG Hai-Lin*
(College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University /Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, Ministry of
Agriculture, Beijing 100094, China)
Abstract: The agro-ecosystem in North China Plain is challenged by water shortage, environmental pollution with burning crop
stalks and high cost. Practice of conservation tillage is very essential in North China Plain for saving water, reducing environment
pollution and tillage cost, increasing the crop productivity and organic matter content of soil. With the extension of conservation
techniques, zero-tillage arouses more and more attention in the area. Some investigators found yield increasing with zero-tillage,
but some experiments indicated the weaker seedling and revival stage delaying of winter wheat under zero-tillage as compared
with conventional tillage. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the growth and development of winter wheat under
zero-tillage treatment in North China Plain and to explore the reason of the influence of zero-tillage. The experiment using the
winter wheat cultivar “Kenong 9204” with three tillage treatments including conventional tillage with stubble incorporating (CT),
rotary tillage with residue returning (RT), and zero-tillage with stubble direct drilling (ZT) was conducted in Luancheng Ecologi-
cal Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences during 2004–2006 growth seasons. To keep similar rate of seedling
emergence in all treatments, seeding rate was from 165.0 kg ha-1 (in CT and RT treatments) increased to 262.5 kg ha-1 in ZT
treatment. In addition to the characteristics of growth and development of wheat, the plough layer temperature and soil water con-
tent were measured. Soil temperature was measured by thermoelectric couple every day. Soil moisture was observed by TDR
(plough layer soil) and neutron instrument (deeper than 20 cm) every 14 d during winter and every 7 d for the rest time. The basic
seedling and tillers in three treatments ranked significantly as ZT