全 文 ：第 27 卷 第 5 期 作 物 学 报 V o l. 27, N o. 5
2001 年 9 月 A CTA A GRONOM ICA S IN ICA Sep t. , 2001
Crea tion of New Plan t Type and Breed ing R ice for Super H igh Y ieldΞ
CH EN W en2Fu XU Zhen2J in ZHAN G W en2Zhong ZHAN G L ong2Bu YAN G Shou2R en
(S heny ang A g ricu ltu ra l U niversity , S heny ang 110161, Ch ina)
Abstract A fter experiencing tw o m ajo r b reak th rough s2one, th rough b reed ing fo r dw arf2
ness and the o ther, th rough u se of hyb rid hetero sis2rice yield level has stagna ted fo r a long
t im e. T he th ird b reak th rough in yield shou ld com e from b reed ing fo r super h igh yield, to be
rea lized by com b in ing the u se of an idea l p lan t type and the u se of grow th vigo r. R esearch
find ings have show n tha t increasing the b io log ica l yield is the m ateria l basis, w hereas op t i2
m izing yield com ponen ts is the p recondit ion fo r a t ta in ing such a goal. T he find ings have a lso
ind ica ted tha t the effect ive w ay to develop super h igh2yield ing variet ies is to crea te a p lan t
type and harness the m igh ty vigo r th rough cro ssing ind ica w ith jap on ica sub species, o r
cro ssing geograph ica lly d istan t variet ies. T h is tw o advan tages are then con so lida ted th rough
op t im izing the com b ina t ion of desirab le t ra its via m u lt ip le cro ssing o r backcro ssing. Based on
th is theo ry and m ethod, germ p lasm s w ith new p lan t type and super h igh2yield ing jap on ica
variet ies have been developed in no rthern Ch ina. A nd gra in2yield has reg istered 12213 t·
ha- 1. T he m o st d ist inct ive fea tu re of the variet ies is their erect heavy pan icle and sub stan t ia l
b iom ass p roduct ion. Judging from the perspect ives of pho to syn thet ic eff iciency and b iom ass
p roduct ion, such an erect pan icle type cou ld be ano ther phenom enal change in ad ju st ing the
jap on ica rice p lan t type to m eet the m ax im um yield requ irem en t.
Key words R ice; N ew p lan t type; B reed ing fo r super h igh yield
水稻新株型创造与超高产育种
陈温福 徐正进 张文忠 张龙步 杨守仁
(沈阳农业大学, 辽宁沈阳 110161)
提 要 水稻单产水平在经历了矮化育种和杂种优势利用两次大的飞跃后, 已有相当长一段时间停滞
不前。第三次产量突破将产生于理想株型与优势利用相结合的超高产育种。研究结果表明, 增加生物
产量是获得超高产的物质基础, 优化产量结构是实现超高产的先决条件, 利用籼粳稻亚种间杂交或地
理远缘杂交创造新株型和强优势, 再通过复交或回交优化性状组配是选育超高产品种的有效途径。根
据这一理论与方法, 中国北方已经创造出新株型优异种质, 并育成了直立大穗型超高产粳稻新品种,
在北方寒地稻作生态区产量已达到 12～ 13 t·ha- 1。这些品种的最大特点是直立或半直立大穗型, 生
物产量高。从光合作用与物质生产角度看, 直立大穗型的出现很可能是粳稻继矮化育种之后适应超高
产要求而发生的又一次株型变化。
关键词 水稻; 新株型; 超高产育种Ξ P ro ject suppo rted by the N ational N atural Science Foundation (39870523) and RFD P
Received on: 2000204227, A ccep tedon: 2001202206
R ice is the p rim e food crop in A sia. Boo st ing rice p roduct ion p lays a decisive ro le in in2
creasing the to ta l food ou tpu t and in stab ilizing A sian society in the new cen tu ry. To increase
the yield level of A sian rice, peop le began to p in hopes on b reed ing fo r super h igh yield and
pu t their schem es in to act ion in the early 1980s. T h rough tw en ty years of st renuou s effo rts,
g rea t p rogress have been m ade in theo ret ica l p robe of super h igh yield, in develop ing singu lar
germ p lasm s fo r new p lan t types (N PT ) , and in select ing new super h igh2yield ing variet ies.
1 Theor ies and M ethods of R ice Breed ing for Super H igh Y ield
B reeding fo r sho rt sta tu re and u t iliza t ion of hyb rid vigo r had led to tw o quan tum leap s in
the yield level of rice. L a ter, how ever, ow ing to the lagging beh ind in research on b reed ing
theo ries and techn iques, no tw ith stand ing the fact tha t m any new variet ies o r hyb rid rice w ere
developed and som e im p rovem en ts w ere m ade in the yield per day, gra in quality and resis2
tance, no sub stan t ia l b reak th rough had been ach ieved in esca la t ing the yield po ten t ia l. In
view of th is, in 1981 Japan launched first a p ro ject fo r research on b reed ing super h igh2yield2
ing rice, in an effo rt to b reed super h igh2yield ing variet ies tha t can a t ta in a yield po ten t ia l of
10 t·ha- 1 (b row n rice) , o r has a 50% yield advan tage over A k ih ikari. A fter tha t, IRR I and
Ch inese scien t ists a lso em barked on p rogram s fo r research on b reed ing fo r super h igh yield,
and began to exp lo re theo ret ica lly po ssib le app roaches to ach ieve m ax im um yield and tech2
n iques fo r select ing super h igh2yield ing cu lt ivars.
1. 1 R ice Breed ing for the New Plan t Type in IRR I
A fter the release of IR 8, IRR I scien t ists developed a series of o ther IR 2coded variet ies.
Bu t these new variet ies d id no t boo st the yield po ten t ia l m uch. T he researchers believe tha t,
in o rder to b reak dow n the con stra in ts to the yield po ten t ia l of ex ist ing h igh2yield ing vari2
et ies, new b reak th rough s m u st be m ade in p lan t type. In ligh t of the characterist ics of o ther
cerea l crop s, th rough com para t ive stud ies, IRR I scien t ists w ere the first to advance theo ries
of b reed ing the N PT , and at the end of the 1980s actua lly in it ia ted a p rogram fo r b reed ing
super h igh2yield ing rice fit t ing th is descrip t ion. T he m ajo r com ponen t of the N PT designed
w ere as fo llow s (Peng, 1994) :
·L ow tillering capacity w ith 3～ 4 pan icles per p lan t w hen direct seeded.
·N o unp roduct ive t illers
·200～ 250 gra in s per pan icle
·90～ 100 cm ta ll
·Stu rdy stem
·V igo rou s roo t system
·M u lt ip le d isease and in sect resistance
·110～ 130 days grow th du ra t ion
·H arvest index of 0. 6
·13～ 15 t·ha- 1 yield po ten t ia l
T he m o st p rom inen t fea tu res of IRR I′s concep t of the N PT are scan ty t illering, heavy
666 作 物 学 报 27 卷
pan icle and h igh harvest index. Based on an idea suggested by Donald (1968) tha t in w heat
idea l p lan t type design, the sig le2stem p lan t type w ithou t t illering o r w ith lit t le t illering, is
less com pet it ive in a sing le crop popu la t ion, IRR I scien t ists ho ld tha t the ligh t t illering p lan t
type can reduce the num ber of unp roduct ive t illers, avo id the w o rsen ing of field environm en t
from large LA I and the b iom ass w aste due to su rp lu s nu trit ion, sho rten the grow th du ra2
t ion, increase the yield per day and econom ic coefficien t, thu s ach ieving h igh yield. A t the
sam e tim e, having taken in to fu ll accoun t such facto rs as lim ited w ater resou rces, the labo r
sho rtage b rough t abou t by indu stria liza t ion and the chem ica l po llu t ion, the N PT design has
to m eet the dem and fo r u sing less w ater resou rces, labo r and chem ica l sub stances to a t ta in
h igh gra in yield. R ecen t ly, they found tha t exceed ing ly poo r t illering capacity affects the
pho to syn thesis of canopy and b iom ass p roduct ion, so they eased som ew hat the select ion cri2
terion fo r t illering capacity (Yang, 1996).
1. 2 Research on Breed ing for Super H igh Y ield in Ch ina
Ch ina′s research on rice b reed ing fo r super h igh yield da tes back to the m iddle of 1980s.
A t tha t t im e, researchers a t Shenyang A gricu ltu ra l U n iversity and o ther in st itu t ion s sta rted
con sciou sly the study on theo ries and m ethods of rice b reed ing fo r super h igh yield. A fter
m o re than a decade of hard w o rk, by the m id21990s, som e group s had m ade grea t advances
in theo ries and p ract ices.
1. 2. 1 T he T heo ry of Com b in ing the Idea l P lan t T ype w ith the U tiliza t ion of V igo r A f2
ter m ak ing a com para t ive ana lysis of the tra its and characters of cu rren t h igh2yield ing rice va2
riet ies developed by Ch ina and Japan, Yang Shou ren et a l. (1987, 1996) and Chen W enfu et
a l. (1995) concluded tha t increasing the b io log ica l yield is the m ateria l basis fo r ach ieving
super h igh yield, and tha t op t im izing yield com ponen ts is the p recondit ion fo r a t ta in ing such
a goal. Fu rtherm o re, they defined clearly the techn ica l gu idelines fo r select ing super h igh
yield ing variet ies, under w h ich first, ind icas and jap on icas o r geograph ica lly d istan t variet ies
are cro ssed to ob ta in varia t ion in p lan t type and strong vigo r, then the tw o are com b ined
th rough op t im izing the pa iring of t ra its by m ean s of m u lt ip le cro ssing o r backcro ssing to
ach ieve the goal.
T h is theo ry po in ts ou t unequ ivoca lly tha t in rice b reed ing fo r super h igh yield st ress
m u st be p laced on the com b ina t ion of the p lan t type w ith vigo r, tha t is, the com b ina t ion of
m o rpho logy w ith funct ion s, and tha t the erect heavy pan icle shou ld be u sed as a p rim e crite2
rion fo r jap on ica p lan t type design. T herefo re, the theo ry is app licab le to the b reed ing of
bo th conven t iona l and hyb rid super rice.
1. 2. 2 M odel of the Sem idw arf C lum py Early2grow ing Super H igh2yield ing P lan t T ype
O n the basis of b reed ing fo r dw arfness and b reed ing fo r clum p iness, H uang Yaox iang
(1994) a lso advanced an idea of b reed ing a sem idw arf clum py early grow ing p lan t type to re2
a lize super h igh yield. T he p lan t type w ere designed as 105～ 115 cm ta ll, 9～ 18 pan icles·
h ill- 1, 150～ 250 gra in s. pan icle- 1, vigo rou s roo t system , 115～ 140 days grow th du ra t ion,
harvest index of 0. 6 and 13～ 15 t·ha- 1 yield po ten t ia l. H e argued tha t in the sou thern rice2
7665 期 CH EN W en2Fu et a l. : C reat ion of N ew P lan t T ype and B reeding R ice⋯⋯
grow ing reg ion of Ch ina, rice cou ld be divided in to the early2 and the la te2season crop s.
Com pared w ith tha t of the sing le cropp ing rice in the no rth and the sing le m iddle2season rice
in the Sichuan Basin, the grow th du ra t ion of each crop in the sou th is rela t ively sho rter.
T herefo re, fo r a cu lt ivar to g ive h igh yield, its grow th m u st be rap id, and its yield per day
m u st be increased th rough the early fo rm at ion of popu la t ion canopy and the u t iliza t ion as
m uch as po ssib le of the hea t and ligh t a t the early stage of grow th. H is no t ion abou t the
p lan t type fo r super h igh yield is sound. Bu t from the N PT designed by IRR I, th is p lan t type
is apparen t ly d ifferen t in p lan t heigh t, t illering capacity and grow th du ra t ion.
1. 2. 3 B reeding Super H yb rid R ice betw een Ind ica and J ap on ica Sub species Yuan
L ongp ing (2000) once po in ted ou t tha t by u sing direct ly the m igh ty vigo r engendered from
cro ssing betw een ind ica and jap on ica sub species via the tw o2line m ethod, it is po ssib le to de2
velop new super hyb rid rice tha t cou ld p roduce a yield over 20% h igher than the cu rren t
th ree2line hyb rid rice. T he discovery of the pho to2tem pera tu re sen sit ive m ale sterile gene and
the b road ly com pat ib le gene has m ade it po ssib le to tran sfo rm th is dream in to rea lity. How 2
ever, the fo rm idab le accom panying“negat ive vigo r”em anat ing from the direct cro ssing be2
tw een sub species cou ld degrade p lan t type and m it iga te to a vast ex ten t the yield increasing
effect of the“u sab le vigo r”. T herefo re, Yuan suggested fu rther the pa iring p rincip le of
“Seek ing the near from am ong the d istan t, and the sho rt2sta tu red from am ong the long
sta tu red”. R ecen t ly, he a lso spelled ou t specif ic select ion criteria fo r p lan t type, and believed
tha t super hyb rid rice shou ld have the fo llow ing m o rpho log ica l characterist ics: upper th ree
leaf b lades are long, erect, narrow , V 2shape and th ick; ta ller erect2leaved canopy w ith
droop ing pan icle; even sink size. A nd a super hyb rid rice b reed ing p rogram w as set up in
1998. Its ta rget is to develop super hyb rids can yield 100 kg·ha- 1·d- 1 (Yuang, 2000).
A no ther avenue of select ing super rice by u t ilizing the vigo r of hyb rids betw een sub2
species is the b reed ing of the th ree2line heavy2pan icle hyb rids suggested by Zhou Kaida
(1995). In view of the eco log ica l condit ion s of the Sichuan Basin, Zhou deem s tha t adequate2
ly easing the select ion criterion fo r p lan t heigh t, reducing the num ber of pan icles, and in2
creasing pan icle w eigh t cou ld im p rove the pho to syn thesis of popu la t ion, increase m ateria l
p roduct ion, and reduce the dam age from diseases and pests, thu s lead ing to super h igh yield.
A ll the above2m en tioned theo ries of b reed ing fo r super h igh yield can be bo iled dow n to
the fo llow ing po in ts:
·R eshap ing p lan t type
·U tilizing the strong vigo r genera ted from cro ssing betw een sub species
·Com b in ing the idea l p lan t type w ith the u t iliza t ion of vigo r
F rom the perspect ive of p lan t type design, by w hatever theo ries o r app roaches, the new
super h igh2yield ing p lan t types designed share the comm on fea tu res of:
·A dequately increased p lan t heigh t
·R educed t illering ab ility
· Increased pan icle w eigh t
A nd stress is p laced on bo th the b io log ica l yield and econom ic coefficien t. In term s of
866 作 物 学 报 27 卷
b reed ing m ethods, in a ll cases, a t ten t ion has been given to the crea t ion of in term edia te m ate2
ria ls via cro ssing betw een ind ica and jap on ica sub species, and then develop the super h igh2
yield ing cu lt ivars th rough m u lt ip le cro ssing o r develop the super hyb rid rice th rough u sing
direct ly the m igh ty vigo r.
In fact, since the researchers of Shenyang A gricu ltu ra lU n iversity launched the study on
theo ries and m ethods of rice b reed ing th rough cro ssing ind icas w ith jap on icas in the 1950s, a
ho st of in term edia te type variet ies o r b reed ing m ateria ls have been developed. T hese variet ies
o r m ateria ls can be po rtrayed as“T here are som e of the genes from jap on ica in ind ica , and
from ind ica in jap on ica. T hey are bo th ind ica and jap on ica”. T he genet ic basis is qu ite com 2
p lica ted. T h is la id a m ateria l foundat ion fo r develop ing super rice in the fu tu re.
2 Advances in Breed ing R ice for Super H igh Y ield in Northern Ch ina
T he research on b reed ing jap on ica rice fo r super h igh yield in no rthern Ch ina, in w h ich
Shenyang A gricu ltu ra l U n iversity p lays a lead ing ro le, g rew ou t of the research on b reed ing
th rough cro ssing ind icas w ith jap on icas and b reed ing fo r idea l p lan t types. So far the w o rk
has gone th rough th ree stages: research on fundam en ta l p rincip les, crea t ion of germ p lasm s
fo r new p lan t type and developm en t of new cu lt ivars fo r super h igh yield.
2. 1 Research on Fundam en ta l Pr inc iples
It is est im ated tha t over the last decade the yield fo r jap on ica rice in no rthern Ch ina has
on the average increased by abou t 10%. Tow ard th is ga in b reed ing and m anagem en t p ract ice
each con tribu ted abou t 50%. B reed ing m ain ly increased the num ber of gra in s per pan icle and
the gra in w eigh t, w h ile m anagem en t p ract ice boo sted the seed2set t ing ra te. Fo r average cu l2
t ivars, y ield is sign if ican t ly po sit ively co rrela ted to the num ber of gra in s per pan icle, bu t
m o re clo sely rela ted to the b io log ica l yield. T herefo re, to boo st yield fu rther, it is necessary
to augm en t the m ateria l basis fo r yield, tha t is, the b io log ica l yield. Fu rtherm o re, it w as a l2
so found tha t the h igh b io log ica l yield of the h igh2yield ing cu lt ivar Shennong 91 w as ch iefly
due to its im p roved physio log ica l funct ion s, w h ile the sam e fea tu re in L iao J ing 326 w as due
to its m o re idea l p lan t type. It fo llow s tha t by com b in ing the streng th s of m o rpho logy and
funct ion s, it is po ssib le to m ake a b reak th rough in the b io log ica l yield level (Chen and Xu,
1995).
Fo r jap on ica rice, select ing erect pan icle type, increasing app rop ria tely p lan t heigh t,
im p roving the m o rpho logy and funct ion s of the roo t system and increasing the dry w eigh t of
ind ividua l stem s are the po ssib le w ays fo r enhancing the b io log ica l yield. T he study also
found tha t the erect pan icle type favo red the fu ll u t iliza t ion of ligh t energy by a popu la t ion af2
ter head ing, p rom o ted CO 2 diffu sion, accelera ted the increase in b io log ica l yield, m it iga ted
the conflict betw een pan icle num ber and size, and helped im p rove the lodging resistance of
the p lan t. T herefo re, it is suggested tha t the erect pan icle type m igh t be ano ther im po rtan t
m o rpho log ica l change enab ling the p lan t type of jap on ica rice to m eet the requ irem en t fo r su2
per h igh yield, fo llow ing the desired dw arfness.
9665 期 CH EN W en2Fu et a l. : C reat ion of N ew P lan t T ype and B reeding R ice⋯⋯
A nalysis of the rela t ion sh ip betw een sou rce and sink revea led tha t the p rincipa l facto r li2
m i2t ing the fu rther increase in the yield of such w idely grow n cu lt ivars as L iao J ing 326 and
Shennong 91 w as the sink ra ther than the sou rce. O n ly th rough augm en ting the dry m atter
p roduct ion of a popu la t ion after head ing, on the basis of increasing the num ber of sp ikelets
per un it g round area, w as it po ssib le to pu sh h igh yield to a new level. O therw ise, the in2
creased pho to syn thet ic p roduct w ou ld accum u la te in the stem and shea th, in stead of convert2
ing in to the econom ic yield (Chen and Xu, 1995).
T h rough the above2m en tioned system at ic and in2dep th study, it is believed tha t boo st ing
the b io log ica l yield is the m ateria l guaran tee fo r super h igh yield, tha t op t im izing yield com 2
ponen ts is the necessary condit ion fo r ga in ing such a yield, tha t crea t ing new p lan t types and
vigo r th rough cro ssing betw een ind ica and jap on ica , o r betw een geograph ica lly d istan t vari2
et ies, is the p rim ary m ethod, and tha t com b in ing the idea l p lan t type w ith vigo r th rough op2
t im izing the pa iring of t ra its is the feasib le w ay to ach ieve super h igh yield (Chen and Xu,
1995; Yang, 1996). Based on these understand ings, a set of theo ret ica l and techn ica l sys2
tem s b reed ing fo r super rice have been fo rm u la ted, and acco rd ing to the eco log ica l and p ro2
duct ive condit ion s of the frig id rice grow ing reg ion of no rthern Ch ina, a quan t if ied design of
the p lan t type m odel fo r the super h igh2yield ing has been w o rked ou t:
·M edium tillering capacity w ith15～ 18 pan icles per p lan t
·95～ 105 cm ta ll
·E rect pan icle
·150～ 200 gra in s per pan icle
·V igo rou s roo t system
·Sub stan t ia l b iom ass p roduct ion
·M u lt ip le d isease and in sect resistance
·155～ 160 days grow th du ra t ion
·H arvest index of 0. 55～ 0. 6
·12～ 15 t·ha- 1 yield po ten t ia l
Com pared w ith IRR I′s concep t of the N PT , T he m o st d ist inct ive fea tu re of the p lan t
type design is the erect heavy pan icle and sub stan t ia l b iom ass p roduct ion.
2. 2 Crea tion of Super ior Germ pla sm s with NPT
By u tilizing the specia l fea tu re of w ild segrega t ion in the p rogeny of hyb rid iza t ion s be2
tw een ind ica and j ap on ica , superio r germ p lasm s fo r the new p lan t type w ith d ist inct ive tra its
have been in ten t iona lly developed in Shenyang A gricu ltu ra l U n iversity since 1980s. So far
qu ite a num ber of m ateria ls have been evo lved and selected, includ ing Shennong 89366,
w h ich is of sho rt stu rdy stem s and long b ig pan icles, and Shennong 159, w h ich is of erect
pan icles, sem idw arf sta tu re, com pact configu ra t ion, and has w eak ind ividua l com pet i2
t iveness. Som e of these germ p lasm s have been u sed in b reed ing super rice w ith N PT , w h ile
o thers are being u sed as the b ridg ing paren ts in super hyb rid rice. Fo r in stance, the co re par2
en t of the N PT super rice developed by IRR I is Shennong 89366. P ract ice ind ica tes tha t
cro ssing ind icas w ith j ap on icas is an effect ive w ay fo r evo lving elite germ p lasm s fo r N PT.
076 作 物 学 报 27 卷
2. 3 Breed ing Practice for Super R ice
A cco rd ing to the fundam en ta l p rincip les and the design of p lan t type, the first super
rice, Shennong 265 has been developed in Shenyang A gricu ltu ra l U n iversity. In 1997 it w as
pu t on tria l p lan t ing on 6. 7 ha of land in the subu rb of Shenyang w ith an average yield of 10.
99 t·ha- 1. A nd on 1. 3 ha the yield topped 11. 8 t·ha- 1, w h ich w on fo r the first p lace in
tha t year′s L iaon ing p rovincia l con test fo r h igh yield of rice on sm all acreage. In 1999 the
sam e cu lt ivar w as p lan ted on 8 ha and reg istered an average yield of 11. 14 t·ha- 1 (P la teÉ ).
T h is cu lt ivar is 105 cm h igh, w ith st rong t illering ab ility, erect heavy pan icles, erect th ick
dark green leaves, a vigo rou s roo t system , good popu la t ion ligh t recep t ion po stu re and 158～
160 days grow th du ra t ion. Its essen t ia lm o rpho log ica l t ra its agree basica lly w ith the theo ret i2
ca l design (T ab. 1). In 1999 ano ther tw o super rice Shennong 606 and Shennong 6014 have
been developed and go t 12. 23 t·ha- 1 and 12. 45t·ha- 1 gra in yield on 2. 0 ha respect ively,
and the fo rm er reg isted an average yield of 12. 15 t·ha- 1 on 21. 25 ha of land in 2000. Com 2
pared w ith Shennong 265, the gra in quality of the la ters have been im p roved obviou sly.
A fter m any years of pa in stak ing effo rts, researchers in no rthern Ch ina have m ade im 2
p ressive p rogress w ith rice b reed ing fo r super h igh yield. E specia lly the successfu l develop2
m en t of Shennong 265, Shennong 606 and Shennong 6014 have no t on ly tested and verif ied
the co rrectness of the theo ries and m ethods p ropo sed by the researchers of Shenyang A gri2
cu ltu ra l U n iversity, bu t m an ifested the po ssib ility of ach ieving super h igh yield in the no rth2
ern frig id rice2grow ing reg ion of Ch ina. T h is ach ievem en t a lso fo rebodes an even b roader
p ro spect ahead.
Table 1 Y ield and y ield componen ts of the new j ap on ica super r ice developed by Shenyang
Agr icultural Un iversity (1999)
V ariet ies
N o. of pan icles
(head·m - 2)
N o. of grains
per head
Seed2sett ing
rate (% )
Grain w eigh t
(g·1000 grains- 1)
Grain yield
( t·ha- 1)
Shennong 265 316. 5 151 89. 7 26 11. 14
Shennong 606 387. 0 148 84. 0 25 12. 23
Shennong 6014 304. 3 171 86. 0 25 12. 45
3 Trends of D evelopm en t
A s has been m en t ioned above, rice is the dom inan t food crop in A sia and also the stap le
fo r A sian peop le. In the new cen tu ry, the level of rice p roduct ion w ill affect d irect ly the food
secu rity and socia l stab ility in A sia. In Ch ina, w ith an est im ated popu la t ion of 1, 600 m illion
in 2030, a 55% increase in gra in p roduct ion is requ ired to m eet basica lly the dem and. O f th is
addit iona l po rt ion of gra in p roduct ion, rice w ill accoun t fo r 30%～ 40%. A t p resen t, becau se
of land and w ater resou rce con stra in ts, the land availab le fo r expending rice fields is qu ite
lim ited. T he on ly w ay ou t is to p roduce m o re rice from lim ited land, tha t is, to enhance the
yield per un it a rea. P ract ice has p roved tha t boo st ing the yield po ten t ia l of crop variet ies by
m ean s of b reed ing is an effect ive app roach to ach ieve th is goa l. H ence, undertak ing research
on b reed ing fo r super h igh yield on the basis of p resen t yield level is of d ire necessity.
A fter tw o decades of endeavo r, w e have m ade grea t advances in research on theo ries and
1765 期 CH EN W en2Fu et a l. : C reat ion of N ew P lan t T ype and B reeding R ice⋯⋯
p ract ices fo r b reed ing super rice and in crea t ing N PT. Besides estab lish ing the theo ry of
“com b in ing the idea l p lan t type w ith the u t iliza t ion of vigo r”, w h ich p lays a crucia l gu id ing
ro le in rice b reed ing, w e have charted the techn ica l cou rse fo r develop ing super h igh yield ing
cu lt ivars o r super hyb rid rice th rough crea t ing N PT and strong vigo r via cro ssing ind icas
w ith jap on icas o r cro ssing geograph ica lly d istan t variet ies, then com b in ing the tw o by op t i2
m izing the pa iring of t ra its. A t the sam e tim e, w e have designed p lan t types to fit in to d iffer2
en t rice2grow ing eco reg ion s. T he fo rm at ion, developm en t and perfect ion of these theo ries
have la id a so lid foundat ion fo r b reed ing super rice in the fu tu re.
A s far as b reed ing m ethods are concerned, after researchers overcam e the th ree m ajo r
ob stacles: w ild segrega t ion, low seed2set t ing ra te and un stab le p rogeny, cro ssing betw een
ind ica and jap on ica sub species has becom e a conven t iona l rice b reed ing m ethod and received
w ide app lica t ion. T he strik ing varia t ion em anat ing from cro ssing ind icas w ith jap on icas af2
fo rds the po ssib ility of reshap ing p lan t type and com b in ing it w ith vigo r. T he elite
germ p lasm of the N PT thu s crea ted has been app lied to b reed ing fo r super h igh yield w ith
encou rag ing resu lts. T he discovery of the pho to sen sit ive m ale sterile and the b road ly com 2
pat ib le genes ex tended fu rther the scope of u t iliza t ion of hyb rid vigo r in rice, thu s laying a
foundat ion fo r develop ing super hyb rid rice betw een ind ica and jap on ica sub species. It is ex2
pected tha t rice b reed ing fo r super h igh yield w ill m ake its con tribu t ion to the food secu rity
fo r m ank ind w ith its ou tstand ing ach ievem en ts in the new cen tu ry.
REFERENCES
1 Chen W enfu, Xu Zhenjin, Zhang L ongbu. P hy siolog ica l B asis of R ice B reed ing f or S up er H ig h Y ield. Shenyang:
L iaoning Science and T echno logy P ress, 1995. 229～ 242
2 Peng S, GS Khush, KG Cassm an. In: B reak ing the Y ield B arrier, edited by KG Cassm an, IRR I, Ph ilipp ines, 1994. 5
～ 20
3 Donald C M. E up hy tica, 1968, 17: 385～ 403
4 H uang Yaoxiang. Guang d ong A g ricu ltu ra l S cience, 1994, (4) : 1～ 6
5 Khush G S. Geo. J , 1995, 35: 329～ 332
6 Yang S R , L B Zhang, W F Chen et al. A cta A g ronom ica S in ica, 1996, 22 (3) : 295～ 304
7 Yang Rencui. W orld A g ricu ltu re, 1996, (2) : 25～ 27
8 Yuan L ongp ing. Ch inese R ice R esearch N ew s L etter, 2000, 8 (1) : 13～ 15
9 Zhou Kaida. J ou rna l of S ichuan A g ricu ltu ra l U niversity , 1995, 13 (4) : 423～ 427
Explana tion of pla tes
Plate É : T he first japonica super rice w ith erect2panicle, Shennong 265, has been developed in Shenyang A gricturalU niver2
sity in 1997. It w as put on trial p lat ion on 8 ha of land in no rthern frigid rice2grow ing regin of Ch ina w ith on average yield of
11. 14 t·ha- 1 in 1999
PlateÊ : T he second japonical super rice w ith good qudity, Shennong 606, has been developed in Shenyang A gricu ltu ral U 2
niversity in 1999. It w as p lan ted on 21. 25 ha in L iaoning p rovince and registed an average yield of 12. 15 t·ha- 1 in 2000.
276 作 物 学 报 27 卷