全 文 ：广 西 植 物 Guihaia 27(2)：180— 185 2O07年 3月
The hyperaccumulating of Scirpus tabernaemontani
to Cd and its potential for phytoremediation
LI Shuo，LIU Yun-Guo，LI Yong-Li，
XU W e Hua，LI Xin
(College of Environmental Science and Enginering，Hunan University，Changsha 410082，China)
Abstract：Cadmium phytoextraction can be economically feasible only when the developed systems high biomass plant
can accumulate greater than 100 mg／ Cd on dry weight．In this experiment，Scirpus tabernaemontani，a perennial
herb．was used to demonstrate its capability at accumulating Cd，more than 280 mg／kg Cd in its above-ground parts．This
hydroponics experiment showed the effects of two factors，solution pH and medium Cd concentration，on the plant bio—
mass growth and CA-extraction in 30 days．The herb could bear high level of Cd(30 mg／L)and widespread pH value
shifting．The highest CA -extractions are 264．71 mg／kg(above-ground parts)and 234．39 mg／kg(underground parts)，
wi th the average translation coefficient 1．13．It demonstrated the potential of this herb for phytoremediation．
Key words：hyper accumulator；Scirpus tabernaemontani；cadmium ；phytoremediation
CLC humher：Q945 Document code：A Article ID：1000—3142(2007)02—0180-06
Cadmium concentration is increasing rapidly in the
environment because of its increasing used by human so—
ciety．Alarming concentrations of the metal have been
reported in water and land near ma in area and industrial
waste disposal sites．The contamination originates ma in
ly from mi ning，metallurgy，chemi cal industry and heavy
metal recycling industry(Guo，1994)．CA not only af—
fects plant growth and productivty but also enters into
the food chain．which wiU cause health hazards to man
and animals(Seaward et a1．，1993；Li et a1．，2004)．Re—
mediation of CA contamina ting soi1 and water is necessa—
ry fOr protecting both human’s life and agricultural pro—
duction-
There are ma ny conventiona1 treatments for reme—
diation of Cd-contami nated sites 1ike absorption，ion ex-
change，co-precipitation，membrane process，electrodialyt—
ic and treatment etc(Yang et a1．，2002)． Among the
new strategies for removal of heavy metals from contain-
inated sites，phytoremediation is growing interest because
of its 1ow environm enta1 impact and cost-effectiveness，e—
ven if a longer time is required for treatment．The term
hyperaccumulation was first used to describe plants con—
tainng more than 1000 mg／kg Zn on dry weight(Sea—
ward et a1．，1993)．It now extends to represent a con—
centration of about 100 times greater than that of the
largest values to be expected in non-accumulating plants
(Broks et a1．，1998)．
Hyperaccum ulators are usualy sma l，native plants，
such as those belonging to genus Thlaspi and several
others(Brown et a1．，1997)． Conversely，the plant，
Scirpus tabernaemontani，not only produces large bio—
mass production，but also fulfils distinct prerequisites
such as meta1 tolerance and meta1 accumulation via ex—
traction translocation(from underground parts to above-
ground parts)and sequestration．And the herb is easy to
harvest．So it is a plant whose species is efficient for
phytoextraction of heavy metals(Reeves et a1．，2000)．
The plant biomass and cadmium extraction of Scirpus
tabernaemontani depend on environm ental factors such
as soil type，nutrient supply and medium pH．In all fac—
Received date：2005-。06·。22 Accepted date：2006·。02·。01
基金项目：湖南省自然科学基金 (04JJ3013)；国家发改委科学基金 (2002BA516A15—12)[Supported by Natural Science Foundation of
Hunan Province(04JJ3013)：Science Foundation of National Development and Reform Commission(2oo2BA516A15—12)3
作者简介：李硕(1981一)，男，湖南长沙市人，硕士研究生，工程师 ，从事环境科学研究 ，(E-mail)hncslish@126．tom。
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2期 李硕等：水葱对镉的超富集作用及其用于植物修复的潜力 181
tors，mediurn pH and Cd concentration are very impor—
tant ones influencing plant growth and Cd-extraction．It
was expected that the analysis of the influences of these
two factors and their combinations on plant growt h and
Cd_extraction could obtain the optimum combination of
pH and Cd to achieve maximum plant growt h and Cd-
extraction of Softstem Bulrush．
1 Materials and methods
1．1 Seedling collection and pro-treatment
Seedlings were obtained from fertile fronds of Soft—
stem Bulrush growing in the effluent of Yongzhou lead-
zinc n1ine，Hunan Province(26。22 E，111。63 N)．The
local soil contains Cd 74．52 mg／kg，Zn 7 653．75 mg／kg，
Pb 157．90 mg／kg，Hg 0．74 mg／kg．The pH value is
6．57．
To make the plants according the requirement of
the hydroponics experiment，uniform seedlings were
picked out and washed under running tap water fOr 3O
rnin．Then they were surface-sterilized with 0．2 met—
curie chloride for 5 min，folowed by rinsed three times
wi th distiled water． After that，every four seedlings，
placed in separate holes on a Styrofoam sheet(as a plant
supporter)，were transferred to a plastic pot，containing
500 mL of Hoagland’s nutrition solution，and allowed to
grow for 2 weeks． The pH value of nutrient solution
was adjusted with dilute HC1 and NaOH．All chemicals
were of analytical reagents．
The solution was vigorously aerated and replaced
every 3 days．The environment was climate-controlled at
a cycle of 24／20℃，light cycle at 16h light／8h dark，rel—
ative humidity 70％．Ⅵ en the seedlings attained a
higher of 4～ 11 cm in 2 weeks，they were ready for the
following experiments．
1．2 Plant growth experiment
Seedlings wi th fresh weight of 7～ 1O g per plant
and sim lar size of roots were selected for the experi—
ment．A1l of them were washed wi th tap water for 3O
mi n and then rinsed for 3 times wi th distilled water．AIl
samples were weighted for their fresh weight，and then
ten of them were sampled to determine basic content of
Cd．Af ter that，two groups of hydroponics experiments
were carried out．
Group one was an experiment to determine the
effect of medium pH on plant CA-extraction potential
and the plant bioma ss of Scirpus tabernaemontani．The
pH of the nutrient solution，wi th the fixed concentration
of Cd(20 mg／L)，was varied as the following values：
3．7，4．7，5．7，6．7，and 7．7．
Group two was to investigate the plant’s toleration
ability of Cd and uptake of Cd influenced by medium Cd
concentration．The basal medium，Hoagland’s nutrition
solution，which pH value was adjusted at 5．6，was sup—
plemented with Cd(NO_5)2 at the following concentra—
tions：5，10，15，20，25 and 30 mg／L
Each level of treatments was repeated 3 times(3
pots)with 4 plants in every pot．The solution was aera—
ted vigorously and renewed every 3 days．During this
period，the solution pH was checked and adjusted at least
once or as necessary．The plants were alowed to grow
fOr 30 days until the effects of experimental treatments
were fuly displayed．
The herbs fostered in the norma l conditions(with—
out cadmium in nutrient solution and at pH 5．63)were
designed in al experiments，so as to determine the chan—
ges in the plants treated by Cd_
1．3 Cd analytical methods
All plant samples were weighted and washed with
tap water followed by rinsing in deionized water three
times． Then herbs were separated into above-ground
parts(stalks)and underground parts(roots plus rhizo—
mes)and oven-dried at 80℃ to weight the dry biomass
of stalks and roots．Af ter that，plant samples were di—
gested with HNOa／HC104 in a microwave digestion sys—
tem (M A RS 5，USA)and determined Cd concentrations
by a Flame Atomi c Absorption Spectrophotometer(Agi—
lent 3510，Shanghai)．
2 Results
2．1 The growth and Cd-extraction of wild Softstem Bulrush
The field investigation showed that Scirpus taber—
naemontani could adapt seeper and the poverty of the
soil．Advanced analysis indicated that it could absorb Cd
from contami native soil：The above-ground parts accu—
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182 广 西 植 物 27卷
mulated 78．97 mg／kg(dry weight)；The underground
parts were 106．45 mg／kg(dry weight)；The translation
coefficient was 0．72．
3 4．7 5．7 6．7
pH vaI ue
Fig．1 Efect of diferent medium pH on fresh weight of S．
tabernaemontani grown in Cd calcareous solution in 30 days
Data represent mean士 S．D．of three independent
replications．The same bellow．
3 4．7 5．7 6．7
pH va I ue
Fig．2 Effect of different medium pH on Cd-extraction
of S．tabernaemontani grown in Cd
calcareous solution in 30 days
2．2 The influence of nutrient solution pH
The irlcrease of Softstem Bulrush seedlings’bio—
mass and Cd-extraction were influenced by nutrient solu—
tion pH distinctly．
Seedlings produced relatively high biomass (4．62
g／plant)at pH 4．7．But it reduced to 2．76 g／plant at
DH 6．7，and the minimum (1．94 g／plant)at pH 7．7
(Fig．1)．Many seedlings leaves shriveled and turned
ve1ow at that pH value．One of the probable reasons
was the high pH value effects seedlings to counteract the
toxic properties of CA．
The maximal seedlings Cd-extractions were 295．23
mg／kg(above-ground part)and 261．76 mg／kg(under—
ground part)at nutrition solution pH 4．7．After that，
the Cd_extractions were descent with the revising of pH
value(Fig．2)．
2．3 The influence of solution Cd-concentration
S． 以6 门哩Ⅱ彻 D 以 seedlings could tolerate high
levels(30 mg／L)of CA when grown in modified Hoag—
lar1d’s nutrient medium under sterile conditions
(pH5．6)．25 mg／L of Cd could enhance the growth of
seedlings effectively(4．97 g／plant)．But seedlings were
poisoned at CA concentration 3O mg／L(Fig．3)．
5 10 1 5 20 25 30
Cd appI i catiorl to medi um(mg／L)
Fig．3 Effect of different Cd application on fresh weight
of S．tabernaemontani grown in Cd calcareous
Hoagland’s nutrition solution in 30 days
5 10 1 5 20 25 30
Cd appl i cati orl to medi um(mg／L)
Fig．4 Effect of different Cd application on Cd—extraction
of S．tabernaemontani grown in Cd calcareous
Hoagland’s nutrient solution in 30 days
The CA -extraction after 3O days of growt h was pos—
itive1v correlated with CA concentration in the solution
until 3O mg／L CA (Fig．4)．When the concentration of
CA in solution was more than 25 mg／L，the Cd-extrac—
tion in the above-ground stem did not enh ance further
while that of the underground part still increased．The
Scirpus seedlings could uptake the most amount of Cd in
shoots(289．74 mg／kg in dry weight)when the Cd con-
centration was 25 mg／L in the medium，and in roots
5 4 3 2 O
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期 李硕等：水葱对镉的超富集作用及其用于植物修复的潜力 183
(275．67 mg／kg in dry weight)with CA at 30 mg／L
There were visible conclusions that optimum condi—
tions for Scir由 s Cd-extraction were low pH and high
CA concentration in nutrient medium，、 th the maximum
point at CA 25 mg／L and pH 4．7 for above-ground part
and Cd 30 mg／L and pH 4．7 for the underground part．
The amount of Cd assimilated by above-ground parts in
this species is far greater than that of the known Cd-hy—
Deraccumulator，Brassica juncea，which accum ulates
107．63 mg／kg Cd in dry weight when grown in nutrient
solution(Jonathan et a1．，2004)．
2．3 Translation coefficient
Transiation coefficients means the above-ground
Dart of heaw metal extraction divided by underground
part．If a hyperaccumulator is wi th high translation co—
efficients,it wi ll accumulate heaw metal from soil effec—
tively．The translation coeficients of Scirpus tabernae一
0 tani seedling were more than l in most conditions．
Thev were influenced by medium pH and Cd concentra—
tion．
The translation coefficient ranged between 1．1 1～
lI 24 wi th medium pH value changed between 3．7～ 7．7
(Table 1)，and ranged between 0．99～ 1．24 wi th Cd con—
centration changed between 5～3O mg／L(Table 2)．
Table 1 Effect of medium pH on translation
coefficlent of Scirpus tabernaemontan
Table 2 Effect of medium Cd
coefficient of Scirpus
application on translation
tabernaemontani
It seemed that pH6．7 and 5 mg／L Cd in nutri—
tion solution would be the most suitable conditions
to achieve the highest translation coefficient
(1．24)．
3 Discussion
scir s tab ，72Ⅱemontani G．seedlings tolerated high
levels(30 mg／L)of Cd and large-scale of pH values
(3．7～ 7．7)when growi ng in modified Hoagland’s nu—
trient medium It can uptake Cd into its tissue more than
200 mg／kg in dry weight，which is as much as twice to
the recognized standard of typical cadmium hyp eraccu—
mulator(David et a1．，1999)．
The efects of medium pH and Cd concentrations
on plant biomass increase indicated that low pH and
high Cd concentrations enhanced plant growth． It is
Dossible that plant biornass increase affected by medium
DH is more beneficialy than CA concentration(CA≤25
mg／L)． However，shoots showed symptoms of some
toxicity at and above 30 mg／L，while the roots could tol—
erate higher Cd and wi thout any stunted growt h appar—
entiy．The most common effect of Cd toxicity in plants
shown earlier is stunted growth，leaf chlorosis and alter-
ation in the activty of many key enzym es of various met—
abolic pathways(Godbold et a1．，1985~Arduini et a1．，
1996)．
Our results indicated that the beneficial Cd concen—
trations for Scirp125 uptake cadmium were greater than
those of other typical Cd hyperaccumulator e．g．Thlas—
p1．and Brassica，(Levent et a1．，2003；Qadir et a1．，
2004)．This observation suggests that S．tabernaemon—
tani is wel equipped wi th Cd tolerance mechanisms ．The
findings also suggest that the processes causing metal
hyperaccumulation trait in S．tabernaemontani also cause
this plant species to be sensitive to Cd deficiency．
The effects of Cd concentrations and medium pH
on CA -extraction were exhibited from Fig．3 and Fig．4．
The Scirpus seedlings uptake cadmium eficiently when
the mediLlm Cd concentrations were above 10 mg／L
(shoot contained more than 200 mg／kg of Cd on dry
weight)．However，there was little decline of Cd concen—
tration in shoot when medium Cd attained reached 30
mg／L But the Cd in plant root moved upward with the
same Cd concentrations(Fig．4)．This finding suggests
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184 广 西 植 物 27卷
that Scirpus root is adapted high CA concentration better
than its above-ground parts．It is possible that a new
polypetides is synthetised in root under CA pollution．It
is proved that the mechanism of cadmium resistance in
hyperaccumulator may involve different strategies：reten—
tion in root，accum ulation in intercelular deposition on
eell wal，compartmentalization in vacuole，insoluble CA-
binding components and CA-binding protein(Nishizono，
1987；Wang，1991)．
Consideration of pH is crucial to phytoremediation
strategies since pH varies greatly in CA polluted soils
and waters．Although there was no significant effect of
pH on plant biomass where the medium pH was below
5．7(Fig．1)，high plant biomass occurred at Cd≥2O mg／
L (Fig．2)．The agreement between the cadmium uptake
and the proton release during the accumulation process
indicates an equivalent ion exchange between Cd2 and
H ．The active binding groups reside in the cell wall
and the initial sorption rate is accelerated due to its large
surface．
High translation coefficient of hyper accumulator is
one of the most important influence facts to any phy—
toremediation progress waltz carry through (Nedelkoka
et a1．，2000)． It is the ratio of above-ground part CA
concentrations to underground part in dry weight．High
translation coefficient results in more cadmium ion being
uptake from underground to above-ground (Tu et a1．，
2003)．In our study，medium pH influenced plant trans-
lation coefficient from 1．1 1 to 1．24．Rising of medium
pH value enhanced the plant translation coefficient basi—
caly，meanwhile，the translation coefficient increased
、Ⅳith the decrease of mediurn CA concentration。thus was
opposite to the effects of medium pH and CA concentra—
tion on plant biomass and CA -extraction． So it is a di—
len1Ina to obtain high biomass。CA -extraction and trans-
lation coefficient with same medium pH and CA concen—
tration．
In summary，Scirpus tabernaemontani fresh bio—
mass，and CA -extraction were influenced by medium pH
and CA concentration under hydroponic conditions． CA
concentrations at 20，、—25 rog／L was beneficial to plant
growth and CA extraction． Such effects of CA were influ—
enced by pH due to the significant interactions between
them．The results suggested that optimum plant growt h
could be achieved by adj usting pH based on CA concen—
trations，whereas ma ximum CA hyperaccumulation by
ma intainng solution pH≤ 5．7．Our results should be
useful for developing strategies to Cd-phytominng and
remediate Cd-contaminated water and soil using So ft—
stem Bulrush．
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2期 李硕等：水葱对镉的超富集作用及其用于植物修复的潜力 185
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水葱对镉的超富集作用及其用于植物修复的潜力
李 硕，刘云国，李永丽，徐卫华，李 欣
(湖南大学 环境科学与工程学院，长沙 410082)
摘 要：野外观察与研究发现水葱 (Scirpus tabernaemontani G．)可以耐受土壤中高浓度的重金属污染，并对镉
有很高的生物富集量。实验室水培试验研究了两个主要因素，营养液 pH值以及镉含量，对其生物量以及镉富
集效果的影响。结果表明，水葱可耐受的高浓度Cd(30 mg／L)和大范围pH值变化 (3．7～7．7)。当营养液 pH
值为4．7，cd含量为 25 mg／L时，水葱富集的cd达到最大值：地上部分264．71 mg／kg，地下部分234．39 mg／kg，
平均转运系数 1．13。这显示了它用于植物修复镉污染土壤的巨大潜力 。
关键词：地超富集植物 ；水葱 ；镉 ；植物修复
川1◆川 1◆川l◆川1◆ 川I◆ 川1◆ 川I◆川 I◆川1◆川1◆ ¨◆川1◆ ¨¨ ◆ 川1◆ l1I◆川1◆ ◆ 川1◆川 I◆ l¨I◆ 川1◆ 川1◆¨¨ ◆川1◆ 川l◆ ⋯ ◆川1◆川1◆川l◆ 川1◆ 川1◆ 川1◆ ¨◆lIi1~川1◆ 川1◆ 川1◆川1◆ 【¨_◆ l¨I◆ 川1◆ ¨◆ 川1◆ 川1◆l_
(上接第 243页 Continue from page 243)
钙向皮肉的扩散微弱，推测果核向果肉的主动运输
困难。
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