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鹅掌楸属植物化学成分及其生物活性研究进展



全 文 :天然产物研究与开发 Nat Prod Res Dev 2014,26:454-462
文章编号:1001-6880(2014)3-0454-09
收稿日期:2013-08-26 接受日期:2013-12-12
基金项目:中国林业局 948 项目(2012-4-07)
* 通讯作者 E-mail:jiaaiqun@ gmail. com
鹅掌楸属植物化学成分及其生物活性研究进展
杨东婷1,2,杨国旭2,董 伟1,贾爱群2*
1南京理工大学化工学院;2 南京理工大学环境与生物工程学院,南京 210014
摘 要:本文综述了鹅掌楸属植物化学成分以及该属植物及其部位成分的生物活性,其化学成分包括生物碱、
倍半萜、苯丙素、黄酮类等化合物。生物活性包括抗菌、抗疟疾、抗肿瘤等活性。
关键词:鹅掌楸;生物碱;倍半萜;生物活性
中图分类号:R93 文献标识码:A
Advances in the Study on Chemical Constituents and
Biological Activities in Liriodendron Genus
YANG Dong-ting1,2,YANG Guo-xu2,DONG Wei1,JIA Ai-qun2*
1Chemical Engineering Institute of Nanjing University of Science and Technology;
2School of environmental and biological engineering,Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing 210014,China
Abstract:The study on chemical constituents and biological activities of liriodendron was reviewed in this paper. Chemi-
cal constituents were investigated here including alkaloids,sesquiterpenes,phenylpropanoids,flavonoid,and others. Bio-
logical activities were also given including anti-microbial,anti-malarial,antineoplastic,and others.
Key words:Liriodendron;alkaloids;sesquiterpenes;biological activities
木兰科鹅掌楸属植物是在中生代侏罗纪就已经
出现的一种被子植物,目前全球仅存两个种:北美鹅
掌楸(Liriodendron tulipifera L.) ,主要分布于美国东
部和加拿大东南部[1]。中国鹅掌楸[ Liriodendron
Chinense (Hemsl.)sarg.],星散分布于长江流域以
南区域,如江西(庐山)、福建(武夷山)、湖北(房
县)等[2],是首批列入《中国珍稀濒危保护植物名
录》的国家二类濒危植物。这两个种又被称之为
“洲际种对”(Vicariad Species Pairs)[3]。为保护濒
危植物,1963 年,我国林木育种学家叶培忠教授首
次以中国鹅掌楸为母本,与北美鹅掌楸杂交成功选
育得到种间杂交种--杂交鹅掌楸[ L. chinense
(Hemsl.)Sarg. x L. tulipifera L.][4,5],又称杂交马褂
木。
鹅掌楸属植物作为传统的药用植物,具有很高
的药用价值。《全国中草药汇编》记载以中国鹅掌
楸的树皮和树根入药,可祛风除湿,止咳消喘,用于
治疗风寒咳嗽,风湿关节痛等病症。北美鹅掌楸树
皮亦早期曾被作印第安人用于辅助用药、兴奋剂和
退烧药,并且美国内战中北美鹅掌楸树皮的粗提物
曾作为喹啉的替代物,用于治疗疟疾[6]。国内外学
者对北美鹅掌楸中所含有的化合物及其药理活性进
行了较为深入系统的研究,而对中国鹅掌楸植物的
研究则相对较少,尤其迄今未见杂交鹅掌楸中化学
成分的研究报道。本文对鹅掌楸属植物中分离鉴定
得到多种生物碱类、倍半萜内酯类、黄酮类及苯丙素
类等化学成分及该属植物部位成分可能的生物活性
做一综述。
1 化学成分
1. 1 生物碱类(Alkaloids)
生物碱类化合物广泛存在鹅掌楸属植物中。目
前,国内外学者已经从北美鹅掌楸的不同部位分离
得到 46 个生物碱,其中大部分为阿朴啡类生物碱及
其脱氢、氧化的衍生物,只有少量的生物碱是原阿朴
啡类生物碱和四氢小檗碱,见表 1。
1. 2 倍半萜(Sesquiterpenes)
倍半萜类化合物也存在鹅掌楸属植物中。目
前,该属植物中已经发现十余种愈创木烷型、吉马
型、桉叶烷型构型的倍半萜类化合物,见表 2。
表 1 鹅掌楸属植物的生物碱
Table 1 Alkaloids of Liriodendron Genus
分类
Classifications
名称
Names
结构
Structures
来源
Sources
参考文献
References
Aporphines
R R1 R2 R3
Anonaine H CH2O2 H L. tulipifera (Barks) [6,7]
N - Acetylanonaine COCH3 CH2O2 H L. tulipifera (Barks) [7]
Remerine CH3 CH2O2 H L. tulipifera (Leaves) [7 - 9]
Remerine N - Oxide L. tulipifera (Leaves) [7]
Caaverine H OH OCH3 H L. tulipifera (Leaves) [7,9,10]
Lirinidine CH3 OH OCH3 H L. tulipifera (Barks) [7,9,10]
Lirine CH3 OCH3 OCH3 OH L. tulipifera (Barks) [7]
O - Methylirine CH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 L. tulipifera (Leaves) [7,9,11]
Liridine CH3 OCH3 OH OCH3 L. tulipifera (Leaves) [7,11]
O - Methylnorlirine H OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 L. tulipifera (Barks) [7]
Asimilobine H OCH3 OH H L. tulipifera (Barks) [6,7]
N - Acetylasimilobine COCH3 OCH3 OH H L. tulipifera (Barks) [7]
Nornuciferine H OCH3 OCH3 H L. tulipifera (Leaves) [7,9]
N - Acetylnornuciferine COCH3 OCH3 OCH3 H L. tulipifera (Barks) [7]
Nuciferine CH3 OCH3 OCH3 H L. tulipifera (Barks) [7]
Tuliferoline COCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 L. tulipifera (Seeds) [7,12]
O - Acetyliridinine CH3 OCH3 OCH3 COCH3 L. tulipifera (Barks) [7]
Norushinsunine L. tulipifera (Barks) [6,7]
R R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Thalicmidine CH3 OH OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 H L. tulipifera (Barks) [7]
Isolaureline CH3 O2CH2 OCH3 H H L. tulipifera (Leaves) [7,9,13,14]
N - Acetyl - 3 - metho
- xynornantenine
COCH3 OCH3 OCH3 O2CH2 OCH3 L. tulipifera (Woods) [7,15]
Lirinine CH3 OH OCH3 OCH3 H H L. tulipifera (Leaves) [9,16,17]
554Vol. 26 杨东婷等:鹅掌楸属植物化学成分及其生物活性研究进展
Lirinine N - oxide L. tulipifera (Leaves) [7]
O - Methyllirinine CH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 H H L. tulipifera (Leaves) [17]
Apoglaziovine CH3 OH OCH3 H OH H L. tulipifera (Flowers) [18]
Perdicentrine CH3 OCH3 OH OCH3 OCH3 H L. tulipifera (Flowers) [7]
N - Methyllaurotetanine CH3 OCH3 OCH3 OH OCH3 H L. tulipifera (Leaves) [7,19]
Lirioferine CH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OH H L. tulipifera (Barks) [7]
Norglaucine H OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 H L. tulipifera (Barks) [6,7]
Glaucine CH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 H L. tulipifera (Woods) [7,20,21]
Boldine CH3 OH OCH3 OCH3 OH H L. tulipifera (Leaves) [7]
N - Acetylnormantenine COCH3 OCH3 OCH3 O2CH2 H L. tulipifera (Leaves) [7,15]
Liriotulipiferine CH3 OCH3 OH OCH3 OH H L. tulipifera (Leaves) [7]
Oxoaporphines
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
Liriodenine O2CH2 H H H L. tulipifera (Leaves) [6,7,22]
Lysicamine OCH3 OCH3 H H H L. tulipifera (Woods) [7,9]
Liriodendronine OH OH H H H L. tulipifera (Barks) [7,20]
Liridrine OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 H H L. tulipifera (Leaves) [11,23]
Lanuginosine O2CH2 H OCH3 H L. tulipifera (Barks) [7]
N - Methylatheroline OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 H L. tulipifera (Barks) [6]
Corunnine L. tulipifera (Leaves) [7]
Dehydro-aporphines
R R1 R2 R3 R4
Dehydroremerine CH3 O2CH2 H H L. tulipifera (Woods) [7]
Dehydroisolaurenine CH3 O2CH2 OCH3 H L. tulipifera (Flowers) [7]
Dehydroglaucine CH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 L. tulipifera (Woods) [7,15]
Proaporphine N-Methylcrotsparine L. tulipifera (Leaves) [24]
654 天然产物研究与开发 Vol. 26
Tetrahydropro-
toberberine
R1 R2 R3 R4
Isocorypalamine OCH3 OH OCH3 OCH3 L. tulipifera (Leaves) [19]
Stepholidine OCH3 OH OCH3 OH L. tulipifera (Flowers) [18]
表 2 鹅掌楸植物中的倍半萜
Table 2 Sesquiterpenes of Liriodendron genus
名称
Names
结构
Structures
来源
Sources
参考文献
References

Tulipinolide L. tulipifera (Roots ) ,L. chinense (Woods) [25,26]
Epitulipinolide L. tulipifera (Roots) [27]
Costunolide H L. tulipifera (Roots) [26,28]

Parthenolide H L. tulipifera (Roots) [29]
Lipiferolide L. tulipifera (Leaves) ,L. chinense (Woods) [6,25]
Peroxyferolide L. tulipifera (Seeds) [6,12]
Epitulipinolide diepoxide L. tulipifera (Seeds) ,L. chinense (Woods) [12,25]
α-Liriodenolide L. tulipifera (Roots) ,L. chinense (Woods) [25]
β-Liriodenolide L. tulipifera (Roots) ,L. chinense (Woods) [25]
Tulirinol L. tulipifera (Leaves) ,L. chinense (Woods) [25]
Dihydrochrysanolide L. tulipifera (Leaves) [26]
754Vol. 26 杨东婷等:鹅掌楸属植物化学成分及其生物活性研究进展
β-Cyclolipiferolide L. tulipifera (Leaves) [26]
1. 3 苯丙素类(Phenylpropanoid)
苯丙素类化合物主要存在鹅掌楸属植物的茎、
叶和种子中。目前,国内外学者已在北美鹅掌楸植
物中已经发现木质素类和苯丙素类化合物,见表 3。
表 3 鹅掌楸属植物中的苯丙素类化合物
Table 3 Phenylpropanoids of Liriodendron Genus
分类
Classifications
名称
Names
结构
Structures
来源
Sources
参考文献
References
Ligans
R1 R2 R3 R4
Liriodendrin OCH3 GlcO GlcO OCH3 L. tulipifera (Stems,Leaves) [28,30]
(+)-Syringaresinol OCH3 OH OH OCH3 L. tulipifera (Stems,Leaves) [30,31]
(+)-Pinoresinol H OH OH H L. tulipifera (Stems,Leaves) [30]
(+)-Medioresinol H OH OH OCH3 L. tulipifera (Stems,Leaves) [30]
Yangambin OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 L. tulipifera (Woods) [31,32]
Eudesmin H OCH3 OCH3 H L. tulipifera (Seeds) [31]
Phenylpro-panoids

β-O-Dilignol CH2-CH = CH2 L. tulipifera (Seeds) [24]
Liriolignal CHO L. tulipifera (Seeds) [28]
1. 4 甾体类(Steroids)
在北美鹅掌楸植物的茎中发现了甾体类化合物,见表 4。
表 4 鹅掌楸属植物中的甾体类化合物
Table 4 Steroids of Liriodendron Genus
名称
Names
结构
Structures
来源
Sources
参考文献
References

β-Sitosterol L. tulipifera (Stems) [31]
854 天然产物研究与开发 Vol. 26
β-Sitostenone = O L. tulipifera (Stems) [31]
Stigmasterol L. tulipifera (Stems) [31]
Stigmastenone = O L. tulipifera (Stems) [31]
1. 5 黄酮类(Flavonoids)
仅在北美鹅掌楸植物中发现了一个黄酮类化合
物 5-Hydroxy-6-2-dimethoxy isoflavone 7-O-β-D gala-
cotopyranoside[33],其结构如图所示。
2 生物活性
鹅掌楸属植物及其部位成分含有各种生物活性
成分,《全国中草药编汇》中记载鹅掌楸属植物具有
祛风除湿,止咳,可用于风湿关节痛,风寒咳嗽。文
献报道有抗菌、抗疟疾,抗肿瘤等。
2. 1 抗菌活性
李书华和曾超珍分别采用滤纸片观察法和杯碟
法表明:中国鹅掌楸的正丁醇部位抑菌性最强,且中
国鹅掌楸提取物对金色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus au-
reus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、大肠埃希杆
菌(Escherichia coli)的生长均有较强的抑制效果,其
MIC 值分别为 0. 0313、0. 0625、0. 0625 mg /mL
[34,35]。
Anonaine对三种革兰氏阳性菌:蜡样芽孢杆菌
(Bacillus cereus)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、金黄色葡
萄球菌具有显著的抑菌作用(MIC 值≥ 50 mg /
mL)。同时 Anonaine 也能够有效的抑制真菌如白
色念珠菌(Candida albicans)、新型隐球菌(Crypto-
coccus neoformans)及其他念珠属菌类的生长(MIC
值在 62. 5 ~ 1000 mg /mL之间)[36]。
Liriodenine 能够抑制多种革兰氏阳性菌如枯草
芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及 β-溶血链球菌(Beta
hemolytic streptococcus)等和革兰氏阴性菌如大肠埃
希杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)和
志贺痢疾杆菌(Shigella shigae)等的生长。Liriode-
nine对黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)、白色念珠菌、杂色
曲霉(Aspergillus versicolor)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus ni-
ger)等真菌亦具有显著的细胞毒性[37]。同时,Lysi-
camine 和 Liriodenine 对表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococ-
cus epidermidis)和都柏林念珠菌(Candida dublinien-
sis)具有细胞毒性(MIC 值在 12. 5 ~ 100 mg /mL 之
间)[36]。
2. 2 抗疟疾活性
Graziose R等研究发现北美鹅掌楸树皮及树皮
的乙醇提取物和叶子的氯仿提取物均具有抗疟原虫
活性,其 IC50值分别为 10. 9 μg /mL,2. 0 μg /mL
[6]。
Liriodenine 能够抑制利什曼原虫(Leishmania
braziliensis 和 Leishmania donovani)和恶性疟原虫
(Plasmodium falciparum)的生长(其 IC50值分别为
21. 5、26. 16、15 mM)[38,39]。Graziose R 等人从北美
鹅掌楸树皮中分离纯化得到六种阿朴啡类生物碱:
Asimilobine、Norushinsunine、Norglaucine、Liriodenine、
Anonaine、Oxoglaucine,并在体外进行抗疟疾活性实
验,实验显示这六种生物碱均具有抗疟疾活性。并
且研究显示 Dehydroremerine 在体外能够抑制恶性
疟原虫 Plasmodium falciparum W2 的生长,其 IC50值
为 0. 36 mM。Caaverine 亦对利什曼原虫和克氏锥
虫具有显著的抑制效果[6]。
2. 3 抗肿瘤活性
Jin-Hui Chen等人研究表明中国、北美及杂交
鹅掌楸的茎、叶的粗体物对人体乳腺癌细胞
MDAMB-231 和 MCF-7、胃癌细胞 SGC-7901、肝癌细
胞 HuH-7 及结肠癌细胞 HCT-15 都有不同程度的抑
制活性[40]。Rao 等人亦研究显示北美鹅掌楸根部
树皮的醇提物对人的鼻咽癌细胞 KB 细胞具有强烈
的抑制活性[35]。
Anonaine 能够抑制人肺癌细胞 H1299 增殖,扩
954Vol. 26 杨东婷等:鹅掌楸属植物化学成分及其生物活性研究进展
散迁移以及阻断 H1299 细胞周期,引起其 DNA 损
伤,进而抑制癌细胞生长[41];同时 Anonaine 能够上
调宫颈癌细胞 HeLa细胞中 Bax 蛋白和 p53 蛋白表
达,促使癌细胞迅速凋亡[42]。
Gerhardt D 等人指出 Boldine 能有效的抑制神
经胶质瘤细胞系 U138MG、U87-MG 和 C6 的细胞生
长,Boldine可能成为治疗神经胶质瘤的一种潜在的
抗癌药物[43]。
Liriodenine 对人的多种癌细胞生长具有抑制作
用。Yang C 等人通过实验指出 Liriodenine 能够抑
制癌细胞系 MCF-7、NCI-H460 和 SF-268 细胞的生
长(其 IC50 值分别为 2. 19、2. 38 和 3. 19 mg /
mL)[44],且 Liriodenine 可以诱导癌细胞凋亡。同
时,Liriodenine分别和金属离子 Mn2 +、Fe2 +、Co2 +和
Zn2 +形成复合物,增强对癌细胞株的毒性[45,46]。Li-
riodenine碱银配合物(AgLA2)在体外能够抑制肺癌
细胞 SPC-A-1 增殖,并诱导肺癌细胞凋亡[45]。
Lanuginosine能够抑制肝细胞癌细胞系 HepG2
和脑癌细胞系 U251 的增殖[47],并诱导其凋亡,
Caaverine对 HepG2 细胞具有强烈的抑制活性[48]。
2. 4 神经系统作用活性
Boldine 在体外和多巴胺受体结合能力非常强。
Boldine和 Glaucine在大鼠神经具有抑制功效,表明
它们对多巴胺受体可能有拮抗作用,研究显示 Bold-
ine在体外对 D1-和 D2-受体均具有良好的亲和力,
但在体内却不能有效的显示对中枢系统多巴胺受体
的拮抗作用;而 Glaucine 在体内有显著的多巴胺受
体拮抗作用,但在体外实验中效果却并不明显[49]。
2. 5 其他生物活性
除了上述活性外,鹅掌楸属中的阿朴啡生物碱
还表现出许多其他生物活性。Lysicamine 、Glaucine
和 Nornuciferine 具 有 安 眠 镇 静 的 功 效[50,51];
Glaucine 和 Oxoglaucine显示出明显的消炎能力[52];
Nuciferine 具有较强的抗 HIV 活性(IC50值为 0. 8
mg /mL)[53];N-methylcrotsparine 能够抑制单纯性疱
疹病毒 HSV-1、HSV-1-TK、HSV-2(IC50 值分别为
8. 3、7. 7、6. 7 mg /mL)[54];Anonaine 、Liriodenine、
Norshinsunine具有促使血管舒张作用[42,55],同时,
Liriodenine 具有抗心率不齐和在心肌缺血再灌注损
伤时对心脏和心血管保护的功效[56,57];Liriodenine、
Lanuginosine、N-acetylnornuciferine 可以抑制由花生
四烯酸等引发的血小板聚集[58-60];Boldine 能够通过
清除活性氧和活性自由基,抑制次黄嘌呤-黄嘌呤氧
化镁系统等机理发挥其抗氧化作用[61,62]。
3 结语
鹅掌楸属植物含有结构多样的植物化学成分以
及潜在的生物活性成分,开发利用本属植物资源有
良好的药学等应用前景。目前从鹅掌楸属植物中所
分离得到的部位成分大多具有良好的生物活性,但
该属植物尤其中国马褂木中化学成分以及可能的活
性物质还没有被系统研究,另外中国马褂木和北美
鹅掌楸均为孑遗濒危植物,通过对杂交马褂木中活
性成分的研究显得更有意义。总结提出进一步创新
性研究想法与思路!
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