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决明属植物的化学成分及药理作用研究进展



全 文 :第 32 卷第 6 期
2012 年 12 月
林 产 化 学 与 工 业
Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products
Vol. 32 No. 6
Dec. 2012
决明属植物的化学成分及药理作用研究进展
收稿日期:2011 - 12 - 15
作者简介:李 婷(1987 -) ,女,云南大理人,硕士生,主要从事药用植物化学研究工作
* 通讯作者:王利勤,教授,硕士生导师,主要从事药用植物化学研究;E-mail:kibwang@ sohu. com。
LI Ting
李 婷1,冯占民2,杨巡纭1,王利勤1
*
(1.云南师范大学化学化工学院,云南 昆明 650500;2.科菲特有限公司,吉林 长春 130032)
摘 要: 豆科决明属植物多为药用植物,具有多种生物活性,本文对该属植物的化学成分及药
理作用进行综述,为进一步深入研究和开发该属植物提供一定参考依据。
关键词: 豆科;决明属;化学成分;药理作用
中图分类号:TQ35 文献标识码:A 文章编号:0253 - 2417(2012)06 - 0107 - 12
Research Progress of Chemical Constituents and Pharmacology of Cassia
LI Ting1,FENG Zhan-min2,YANG Xun-yun1,WANG Li-qin1
(1. Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Yunnan Normal University,Kunming 650500,
China;2. Cofeed Feed Co.,Ltd.,Changchun 130032,China)
Abstract:Plants of Cassia genus were widely used as folk medicines. This review summarized the research progress of the chemi-
cal constituents of Cassia and their pharmacological effects. It will provide reference basis for their further research and develop-
ment.
Key words:Leguminosae;Cassia;chemical constituents;pharmacological effects
决明属(Cassia)植物大多具有良好的药用价值,据报道约有 600 种,主要分布于热带、亚热带和温
带地区,我国原产约 10 余种[1],广布于全国各地。该属植物在我国传统中医药中的应用十分广泛。如
决明子有清肝明目,利水通便的功效;望江南(C. occidentalis)可作缓泻剂,种子炒后可治疟疾,但有微
毒性;腊肠树(C. fistula)的根、树皮、果瓤、种子均可入药,用作缓泻剂;翅荚决明(C. alata)的种子有驱
蛔虫功效;茳芒决明(C. sophera)种子可做解热药[1]。该属植物除可用药外,还有多种用途,大多可做
绿肥及庭园观赏植物,部分木材坚硬、光泽美丽可作家具等用材[1]。近来,国内外许多学者已对该属植
物的化学组成及药理活性做了大量研究,作者对该属植物的化学成分及药理作用进行综述,为进一步深
入研究和开发该属植物提供了一定参考依据。
1 化学成分
据国内外文献报道决明属植物的化学成分以蒽醌类、黄酮类为主,另外还有萜类、甾体、生物碱、香
豆素、木脂素和少量脂肪族类化合物。
1. 1 蒽类及醌类
1. 1. 1 蒽醌类 该属植物多含有蒽醌类成分,但多为已知成分,国内外许多学者对该属植物做了细致
深入的研究,从 C. torosa中得到了 3 个已知成分大黄酚(1)、大黄素甲醚(2)、大黄素(3)[2]。C. alata 中
分离出化合物 alatinone(4)[3]。C. roxburghii中得到 roxburghinol(5)[4]。此外该属中已报道的蒽醌类成
分有 obtusin(6)、橙黄决明素(7)、黄决明素(8)、1-desmethylaurantio-obtusin(9)、1-desmethylchryso-ob-
tusin(10)、大黄酸(11)、芦荟大黄素(12)、1,2,8-三羟基-6,7-二甲氧基蒽醌(13)、1-O-甲基大黄酚
(14)、questin(15)、1-羟基-7-甲氧基-3-甲基蒽醌(16)、7-甲基大黄素甲醚(17)、决明蒽醌(18)、1,5-
108 林 产 化 学 与 工 业 第 32 卷
二羟基-3-甲氧基-7-甲基蒽醌(19)、大黄酚苷(20)、8-O-甲基大黄酚(21)、纯叶素葡萄糖苷(22)、glu-
co-aurantioobtusin(23)、gluco-chrysoobtusin(24)、1-hydroxy-3,7-diformylanthraquinone(25)、3-formyl-1,2,
8-trihydroxy-anthraquinone(26)、1,5-二羟基-3-三甲基蒽醌(27)、1,3,4-三羟基-6,7,8-三甲氧基-2-
甲基蒽醌(28)、isochrysophanol(29)、2-hydroxyemodin 1-methylether(30)、alaternin(31)、chrysophanol
triglucoside(32)、1,6-二羟基-8-甲氧基-3-甲基蒽醌(33)、1-羟基-8-甲氧基-3-甲基蒽醌(34)、1,8-
二羟基-6-甲氧基-3-甲基蒽醌(35)、1,6,8-三羟基-3-甲基蒽醌(36)、1,6,8-trihydroxy-3-carboxylan-
thraquinone(37)、1,6,8-三羟基-3-羟甲基蒽醌(38)、citreorosein(39)、rhein methyl ester(40)、ziganein
(41)、1,4,5-三羟基蒽醌(42)、1,2,7-三羟基-6,8-二甲氧基-3-甲基蒽醌(43)、1,2,6-三羟基-7,8-
二甲氧基-3-甲基蒽醌(44)、1,3-二羟基-5,7,8-三甲基-2-甲基蒽醌(45)、1,8-二羟基-3,6-二甲
氧基-2-甲基-7-乙基蒽醌(46)、2-羟基-1,6,7,8-四甲氧基-3-甲基蒽醌(47)、1,3,8-三羟基-2-甲基
蒽醌(48)、1,5,6-三羟基-3-甲基蒽醌-8-O-葡萄糖苷(49)分别从 C. obtusifolia[5-10] C. obtuse[11]、
C. alata[12]、C. italica[13]、C. grandis[14]、C. tora[15-16]、C. artemisioides[17]、C. nigricans[18]、C. fistula[19]、C.
sophera[20-21]、C. tora[22]、C. spectabilis[23]、C. reingera[24]分离得到;从 C. tora[25]中得到了黄决明素-2-O-
β-D-葡萄糖苷(50)、1-羟基-5-甲氧基-2-甲基蒽醌(51)、5-甲氧基-2-甲基蒽醌-1-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷
(52)[26];1-demethylaurantio-obtusin-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(53)从 C. obtusifolia[27-28]中分离得到;从 C.
occidentalis[29]中得到 6-O-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl)emodin(54) ;大黄素-1-O-
β-龙胆二糖苷(55)、大黄酚-1-O-β-龙胆二糖苷(56)、大黄素甲醚-8-O-β-龙胆二糖苷(57)、chry-
sophanol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside(58)、1,8-二羟
基-2-甲基蒽醌-3-新橙皮糖苷(59)、1,2,4,8-四羟基-6-甲氧基-3-甲基蒽醌-2-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖
苷(60)、3-羟基-6,8-二甲氧基-2-甲基蒽醌-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(61)、1,3-二羟基-6,7,8-三甲
氧基-2-甲基蒽醌-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(62)、大黄素甲醚-8-半乳糖苷(63)、大黄素甲醚-8 - O-
β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(64)、sodium emodin-1-O-β-gentiobioside(65)、1-[(β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-D-
glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone(66)、1-[(β-D-
glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-gluco-pyranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)
oxy]-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone(67)、1,3,5,8-四羟基-2-甲基蒽醌-3-O-葡萄糖苷(68)、
1,3-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-2-methylanthraquinone-3-O-rhamnosyl-(1→6)-glucopyranoside(69)分别来自
于 C. obtusifolia[30]、C. sophera[31]、C. grandis[32]、C. laevigata[33]、C. obtusifolia[34]、C. tora[35]、C. margina-
ta[36];从 C. obtusifolia中得到了 3 个乙酰化的蒽醌苷 obtusifoline-2-O-β-D-2,6-di-O-acetylglucopyranoside
(70)、obtusifoline-2-O-β-D-3,6-di-O-acetylglucopyranoside(71)、obtusifoline-2-O-β-D-4,6-di-O-acetylgluco-
pyranoside(72)[37];C. sophera[38]中得到了 sopheranin(73) ;此外,决明属植物中还分离出为数不多的蒽
醌二聚体 1,1-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-8,8-dimethoxy-6,6-O-bianthraquinone(74)、floribundone-1(75)、
floribundone-2(76)、torososide A(77)、4,4-bis(1,3-dihydroxy-2-methyl-6,8-dimethoxy anthraquinone)
(78)、1,1-bis(4,5-dihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone) (79)、4,4-bis(1,3,8-trihydroxy-2-methyl-6-methyl-
anthraquinone) (80)、1,1,3,8,8-pentahydroxy-3,6-dimethyl(2,2-bianthracene)-9,9,10,10-tetrone
(81)、7-chloro-1,1,6,8,8-pentahydroxy-3,3-dimethyl(2,2-bianthracene)-9,9,10,10-tetrone(82)、
bianthraquinone cassiamin(83)、physcion-9-anthrone(84) ,分别从 C. artemisioides[17]、C. floribunda[39]、C.
torosa[40-41]、C. siamea[42]、C. occidentalis[43]、C. hirsute[44]、C. siamea[45-46]、C. nomame[47]中分离得到,见
图 1。
1. 1. 2 其它醌类和蒽类 据文献报道决明属植物中除蒽醌外,还含有少量的其它醌类和蒽类。从 C.
alata[3]中分离得到了 2,6-二甲氧基苯醌(85) ;在 C. obtusifolia[48]中分离到 2-乙酰基-3-甲基-8-甲氧
基-1,4-萘醌-6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(86) ;kleinioxanthrone-1(87)、kleinioxanthrone-2(88)、kleinioxan-
throne-3(89)、kleinioxanthrone-4(90)、大黄素-9-蒽酮(91)、大黄素甲醚-9-蒽酮(92)、计米大黄蒽酮
(93)、torosachrysone(94)、germitorosone(95)、甲基计米决明蒽酮(96)、4-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-3,8-dimethyl-
第 6 期 李 婷,等:决明属植物的化学成分及药理作用研究进展 109
3-hydroxy-6-methoxyanthracen-1(2H)-one(97)、torosaol-III(98)为蒽类成分,分别从 C. kleinii[49-50]、C. no-
mame[47]、C. torosa[2,40,51-52]、C. obtusifolia[5]、C. petersiana[53]得到,见图 2。
1. 2 黄酮类
1. 2. 1 简单黄酮类 黄酮类成分在该属植物中较为常见,不亚于蒽醌。已报道的有(99~143) ,其中
110 林 产 化 学 与 工 业 第 32 卷
(99)是 Luteolin;C. grandis[54]中得到 centaureidin(100) ;unsubstituted flavone(101)、山奈酚-3-O-鼠李
糖苷(102)、quercetin-3-O-arabinoside(103)、ombuin 3-O-(2-rhamnosylglucoside) (104)、ombuin(105)、
kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside(106)、槲皮素(107)、dihydrorhamnetin-
3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(108)、quercetin-3,4,7-trimethylether-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside(109)、山奈酚-
3-鼠李糖葡萄糖苷(110)、山奈酚-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(111)、3,5,7,4-四羟基黄酮(112)、5,7,4-三
羟基-3-甲氧基黄酮(113)、5,7-dihydroxy-4-methoxyflavonol-3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-glucoside
(114)、5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone-4-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucoside(115)、3,7,4-trihydroxy-
7-methoxyflavone-5-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-O-α-L-rhamno-pyranoside
(116)、8-异戊二烯基-3,7,4-三羟基-5-甲氧基黄酮(117)、六羟基黄酮-3,6-二甲醚(118)、5-羟基-
6,7,3,4,5-五甲氧基黄酮-5-O-α-吡喃鼠李糖苷(119)、kaempferol-3-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl(1→4)-O-
β-D-glucopyranosid(120)、isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-galactosyl-O-β-D-glucoside(121)分别从 C. nodosa[55]、
C. laevigata[56]、C. hirsute[57] C. javanica[58] C. marginata[59-60] C. sophera[61]、C. renigera[62]、C. grandis[63]、
C. multijuga[64]分离得到;从 C. marginata[65]中分离得到 2 个新的成分 quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl
(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1 → 6)-β-D-galactopyranoside (122)、kampferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl
(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-galactopyran-oside(123) ;在 C. fistula[66]中得到了 5,3,4-trihy-
droxy-6-methoxy-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-galactopyranoside(124) ;5,7,4-三羟基-3,6,3-
三甲氧基黄酮-7-O-(2″-鼠李糖葡萄糖苷) (125)、5,3,4-三羟基-7-甲氧基黄酮-3-O-(2″-鼠李糖葡
萄糖苷) (126)、torosaflavone- B-3-glucoside(127)、apigenin-6,8-di-C-glycoside(128)、牡荆素(129)、7,
3,4-三羟基黄酮(130)、木犀草素-7-葡萄糖苷(131)、rhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyrunosyl-(1→6)-β-D-
glucopyranoside(132)、chrysoeriol-7-O-(2″-O-β-D-mannopyranos-yl)-β-D-allopyranoside(133)、rhamnetin-3-
O-(2″-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl)-β-D-allopyranoside(134)、5,7,3,4-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone-5-O-α-L-
rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-O-β-D-xylopyranoside(135)、tamarixetin3-O-rutinoside-7-O-
rhamnoside (136)、kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucosyl-6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoes (137)、cassiaoccidentalins A
(138)、cassiaoccidentalins B(139)、cassiaoccidentalins C(140)、kaempferol-3-O-[(6-O-trans-sinnapoyl)-β-
D-glucopyranosyl(1→6) ]-β-D-glucopyranoside(141)、demethyltorosaflavone D(142)、demethyltorosaflavone
C(143)分别从以下几种植物中得到 C. occidentalis [67-68]、C. angustifolia [69]、C. nomame [70]、C. fistula[71]、
C. alata[72]、C. sophera[73]、C. italica[74]、C. avanica[75]、C. occidentalis[68]、C. angustifolia[69]、C. nomame[70]。
1. 2. 2 色酮类 该属的色酮类化合物不多,文献中报道的有(144 ~163) ,见图 3。其中红镰霉素
(144)、cassiaside(145)、红镰霉素-6-O-β-D-龙胆二糖苷(146)、cassiaside B(147)、红镰霉素-6-O-β-
D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(148)、quinquangulin-6-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(149)、uin-
quangulin-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(150)分别从 C. obtusifolia[5]、C. tora[76-78]、C. pudibunda[79]中得到;从
C. obtusifolia[28]中得到一个新颖的化合物 norrubrofusarin-6-O-β-D-(6-O-acetyl)glucopyranoside(151) ;2,
5-二甲基-7-羟基色酮(152)、2,5-二甲基-7-甲氧基色酮(153)、5,7-二羟基色酮(154)、(2S)-7-羟
基-5-羟甲基-2-(2-羟丙基)色酮(155)、(2S)-7-羟基-2-(2-羟丙基)-5-甲基色酮(156)、5-丙酮
基-7-羟基-2-甲基色酮(157)、5-丙酮基-7-羟基-2-羟甲基色酮(158)、5-丙酮基-2-甲基色酮-7-O-
β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(159)、5-acetonyl-6-glycosyl-7-hydroxy-2-methylchromone(160)、2,3-dihydro-8,10-di-
hydioxy-2,5-dimethyl-4H-naphtho[1. 2-b]pyran-4-one(161)、5-羟基-7-丙酮基-2-亚甲基色酮(162)分
别来自于 C. fistula[19,80]、C. torosa[40,51]、C. siamea[81-82]、C. multijuga[83]、C. petersiana[53,84];chrobisiamone
A(163)是一个色酮的二聚体,在决明属植物中并不多见,从 C. siamea[85]中分离得到。
1. 2. 3 其它黄酮类 根据文献报道从该属植物中还分离出了 3 个异黄酮 biochanin A(164)、5,3,4-
三羟基-7-甲氧基异黄酮(165)、5-羟基-7,4,5-三甲氧基异黄酮-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(166)分别
从 C. fistula[86]、C. alata[3]、C. sophera[73]中得到;高异黄酮 5,4-二羟基-7-甲基-3-苄基色酮(167)于
C. nodosa[55]中得到;从 C. occidentalis[87]中分离得到 2 个二氢黄酮 matteucinol 7-rhamnoside(168)、jacei-
第 6 期 李 婷,等:决明属植物的化学成分及药理作用研究进展 111
din 7-rhamnoside(169) ;儿茶酸(170)、leucocyanidin-4-O-methylether-3-O-β-D- galactopyranoside(171)、
白矢车菊素(172)、2,4-反-7,4-二羟基-4-甲氧基黄烷(173)是黄烷类,分别从 C. grandis[54]、C. javan-
ica[58]、C. marginata[59]、C. abbreviate[88]中分离得到;从 C. obtusifolia[8-9]中还分离得到 6 个 xanthones,3,
6-trihydroxy-8-methylxanthone(174)、3,7-dihydroxy-1-methoxyxanthone(175)、1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-6-
methylxanthone(176)、euxanthone(177)、isogentisin(178)、1,7-dihydroxy-3-methylxanthone(179) ,有的学
者也把 xanthones归为黄酮类(见图 4)。
1. 3 萜类
萜类在该属植物中报道的不多,羽扇豆醇(180)、桦木酸(181)、桦木醇(182)、木栓酮(183)、3β,
112 林 产 化 学 与 工 业 第 32 卷
16β,22-三羟基异何帕烷(184)、α-香树精(185)、β-amyrin palmitate(186)、butyrospermone(187)、cyclo-
art-23-ene-3β,25-diol(188)、cyclosophoside A(189)、3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→4)-(β-D-galactopyr-
anosyl-(1→ 2) )-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→ 3)β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,16α-dihydroxy-4,20-hydroxy methyl
olean-12-ene-28-oic acid(190) ,主要从以下几种植物中分离得到,C. obtusifolia[8-9]、C. fistula[19]、C.
siamea[81]、C. hirsute[44]、C. italica[12]、C. javanica[75]、C. sophera[89]、C. angustifoli[90]。
1. 4 甾体
甾体化合物在决明属植物中也不常见,已报道的有 β-胡萝卜苷(191) ;β-sitosterol palmitate(192)、
β-sitosterol behenate(193)、β-sitosterol arachidate(194)、豆甾醇(195)、(24S)-24-ethylcholesta-5,22(E) ,
25-trien-3β-ol(196)、stigmasterl-3-O-β-D-glucoside(197) ) ,主要得自于 C. alata[3]、C. fistula[19]、C. javani-
ca[75]、C. obtusifolia[8-9]、C. italica[13]、C. spectabilis[23]、C. petersiana[53]。
1. 5 生物碱类
生物碱也是决明属中为数不多的一类成分,目前已报道的有:N1,N8-dibenzoyl-spermidine(198)、
cassiadinine(199)、cassiarin E(200)、cassiarin D(201)、cassiarin C(202)、cassiarin A(203)、cassiarin B
(204)、iso-6-spectaline(205)、(-)-7-hydroxyspectaline(206)、(-)-3-O-acetylspectaline(207)、(-)-spectal-
ine(208)、(+)-3-O-feruloylcassine(209)、(+)spectaline(210)、(-)iso-6-cassine(2) (211)、(-)spectalinine
(212)、(-)iso-6-carnavaline(213) ,主要从 C. floribunda[39]、C. siamea[81-82,91]、C. spectabilis[92-95]3 种植物
中分离得到,见图 5。
图 5 决明属中的生物碱
Fig. 5 Structures of alkaloids from Cassia
1. 6 香豆素
目前,在决明属植物中有关香豆素的报道甚少,只有 5 个化合物 dalbergin(214)、isotoralactone
(215)、toralactone-9-O-β-D-gentiobioside(216)、isoscopoletin(217)、scopoletin(218)见图 6。主要从 C.
alata[3]、C. obtusifolia[5,34]、C. tora[16,76-78]、C. fistula[19]中分离得到。
1. 7 木脂素
对决明属中木脂素类化合物的报道,目前只有一篇文献。从 C. occidentalis[29]中分离得到 7 个成分
第 6 期 李 婷,等:决明属植物的化学成分及药理作用研究进展 113
seslignanoccidentaliols A(219)、seslignanoccidentaliols B(220)、threo-buddlenol B(221)、erythro-buddlenol
B(222)、hreo-buddlenol C(223)、erythro-buddlenol C(224)、hedyotisol A(225) ,见图 7。
1. 8 茋类
茋类成分在决明属植物中极为少见,在 3 篇文献中报道过,主要从 C. pudibunda[79]、C. garret-
tiana[96-97]两种植物中分离得到 5 个:trans-3,3,5,5-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxystilbene(226)、cis-3,3,5,5-
tetrahydroxy-4-methoxystilbene(227)、cassigarol B(228)、cassigarol C(229)、cassigarol A(230) ,见图 8。
图 8 决明属中的芪类
Fig. 8 Structures of stilbenes from Cassia
1. 9 其它类
根据国内外学者对决明属植物的研究报道看,该属植物还分离得到些简单的酚性成分 2-苄基-4,
114 林 产 化 学 与 工 业 第 32 卷
6-二羟基苯甲酸(231)、2-苄基-4,6-二羟基苯甲酸-6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(232)、2-苄基-4,6-二
羟基苯甲酸-4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(233)、异香草酸(234)、香草酸(235)、2,4-二羟基苯甲醛(236)、
trans-3-methoxy-4,5-methylene-dioxycinnamaldehyde(237)、肉豆蔻(238)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲醛(239)、
2,4,6-三甲氧基苯甲醛(240)、3,5-二甲氧基苯甲醛(241) ,分别从 C. obtusifolia[98]、C. fistula[19]、C.
grandis[54]中得到;cassitoroside(242)、1-hydroxyl-2-acetyl-3,8-dimethoxy-naphthalene-6-O-β-D-apiofurano-
syl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyran-oside(243)是两个萘的衍生物,分别从 C. tora[16,99]、C. obtusifolia[34,48]中分离
得到;C. petersiana[84]中的 4α-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyldihydronaphtalenone(244) ;两个内酯类成
分 cassialactone(245)、nodolidate(246)从 C. obtusifolia[5]、C. nodosa[100]中得到;此外还有 cassigarol D
(247)、5-(2-hydroxyphenoxymethyl)furfura(248)、5-羟甲基糠醛(249)、benzyl-2-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-
benzoate(250)、benzyl-2β-O-D-glucopyranosyl-3,6-dimethoxybenzoate(251)、10,11-dihydroanhydrobarakol
(252)、anhydrobarakol(253)分别从 C. garrettiana[96-97]、C. fistula[80]、C. siamea[82]中分离得到;从 C. ob-
tusifolia[8]中分离出一个新奇的聚酮衍生物(4R* ,5S* ,6E,8Z)-ethyl-4-( (E)-but-1-enyl)-5-hydroxypent-
deca-6,8-dienoate(254)见图 9。此外还从该属植物中分离出部分脂肪族类化合物。
图 9 决明属中的其他成分
Fig. 9 Structures of other components from Cassia
2 药理活性
2. 1 免疫刺激活性
Chung[15]对 C. tora进行了研究,实验证明 C. tora中的蒽醌类化合物(1)、(12)、(29)具有免疫刺激
活性,其乙酸乙酯提取部分能够刺激小鼠巨噬细胞(RAW 264. 7) ,从而显著的抑制一氧化氮的产生。
2. 2 抗菌活性
Rai等[59]用琼脂扩散法针对 5 种菌株对 C. marginata 的丙酮提取物做了抗菌活性研究,结果表明
其抗菌作用不明显。2007 年 Yadava 等[61]从 C. sophera 中分离得到的新黄酮苷(116)具有抗菌活性。
Yadava等[66]从 C. fistula中得到的化合物(124)也具有抗菌活性。研究显示 C. petersiana[84]中的化合物
第 6 期 李 婷,等:决明属植物的化学成分及药理作用研究进展 115
(244)具有抗沙门氏菌的作用。Khan等[90]对三萜类化合物(190)进行抗真菌活性测试,结果显示其具
有较好抗菌活性。
2. 3 抗寄生虫
Oshimi等[82]对 C. siamea中 4 个化合物 200~202、252 做了抗疟原虫作用研究,结果显示其对恶性疟
原虫具有一定生长抑制作用。Sartorelli等[86]对 C. fistula中得到的异黄酮(164)进行了抗利什曼原虫及
抗锥体虫活性研究,证实其具有抗寄生虫的作用。
2. 4 抗糖尿病
Jang等[25]对 C. tora 中的蒽醌成分进行活性研究表明化合物 3、7、18 和 50 具有明显的抑制 AGEs
(高聚糖最终产物)形成或 RLAR(鼠晶状体醛糖还原酶)活性;Lee 等[77]对 C. tora 中分离到的化合物
145、146 和 216 进行活性研究,表明对 AGEs的形成也具有抑制作用;这些结果表明以上化合物具有治
疗糖尿病合并症和相关疾病的潜力。Salahuddin 等[101]从口服葡萄糖耐量、空腹血糖、体质量、血脂、肝
糖原、血清胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白等方面对比研究了粉叶决明(C. glauca)水提取物对血糖含量正常的小
鼠和经 STZ诱发患糖尿病的小鼠的影响。调查结果显示,对患有糖尿病的小鼠粉叶决明水提取物表现
出显著的抗糖尿病活性,而对血糖含量正常的小鼠没有明显影响。
2. 5 抗炎及抗氧化
Ilavarasan等[102]分析了腊肠树(C. fistula)水、甲醇提取物对白化病小鼠的作用。研究表明腊肠树
的提取物具有重要的抗炎及抗氧化作用,还用多种抗氧化模型筛选也表明其具有较强的抗氧化作用。
同时 Ilavarasan等还对提取物做了毒性研究,研究表明提取物达到 2 000 mg(po)时没有表现出显著
毒性。
3 结 论
豆科决明属植物具有悠久的民间药用历史,国内外学者对该属植物已做了大量研究,已有一定的经
验水平。但仍有很大研究空间,其药理活性有待进一步开发利用。希望通过本文为深入研究和开发该
属植物提供一定参考依据。
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