全 文 ：
Millettia speciosa (Millettia): A Kind of Medicinal and Edible Plant1
ZHAO Zhenyu, LIU Pinghuai,*, MA Shasha, WANG Shenglin, LI Ang, LIU Jiguang, WANG Meng
(Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University/ Key Laboratory of
Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resources (Hainan
University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China)
Abstract: Millettia speciosa (Millettia): Millettia speciosa (Millettia) belongs to the Leguminosae Millettia
speciosa Champ. and as a kind of medical and edible plant with good healthful effect, it is popular in the south of
China. Millettia speciosa is widely distributed in Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Guizhou province
in China. It has antibacterial, antioxidant effect. Furthermore, it is clinically indicated for the treatment of lumber
muscle strain, rheummatic arthritis, pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, chronic hepatitis, spermatorrhea,
leukorrhagia, nephritis and other chronic ailments. The signature ingredients in Millettia speciosa are formononetin
and maackiain. At present, more than 50 compounds are isolated from it which includes alkaloids, terpenoids,
flavones, phenylpropanoids, volatile oil, phytosterol and so on. About nutrition constituents, it has a lot of
polysaccharides, celluloses, etc., thus, it can provide nutrients needed for the human body. Modern experiments
indicate that Millettia speciosa is reported to possess anti-inflammation, liver protection, antithrombotic, antitumor,
and immunity enhancement, etc activities. But, the study of toxicology is still limited. As an emerging important
south herbal medicine and functional food, Millettia speciosa has a potential for the treatment of many diseases
and healthcare functions, an especially strain of lumber muscle, rheumatic arthritis, pulmonary tuberculosis,
chronic bronchitis, chronic hepatitis, nephritis and protecting liver and kidney. Many traditional uses of Millettia
speciosa have been validated by previous investigations. However, further studies should be undertaken to study
the clinical effects, nutrient constituents, toxicity, medicinal mechanism and pharmacokinetics and to set criterion
for quality control. In this paper the traditional uses, botany, chemical component, nutrient, pharmacology and
toxicology in this plant are reviewed. Furthermore, the possible trends and the prospect of medicine and food of
this plant are also discussed.
Keywords: Review; Millettia speciosa; Botany; Pharmacology; Nutrition; Toxicology; Chemical components.
药食同源植物牛大力的研究进展
赵震宇，刘平怀,*，马莎莎，王盛林，李 昂，刘积光，王 孟
（海南大学材料与化工学院/海南大学热带作物种质资源保护与开发利用教育部重点实验室，海南 海
口 570228）
摘要：牛大力为豆科美丽崖豆藤属植物，作为一种药食同源植物在中国南方广泛种植。牛大力在中国主要
分布在福建，湖南，广东，广西，海南，贵州省等。它具有抗菌，抗氧化作用，同时，临床试验表明，牛
大力还具有缓解腰肌劳损，风湿性关节炎，肺结核，慢性支气管炎，慢性肝炎，遗精，白带异常，肾炎等
一系列慢性疾病。牛大力中的标志性成分是高丽怀素和芒柄花素。目前，已有超过 50 种包括生物碱，黄酮
类化合物，苯丙素类化合物，挥发油成分，甾醇类等化合物从牛大力中分离出。牛大力富含多糖，纤维素
等成分，可以提供人体所需的营养元素。现代科学实验证明，牛大力具有抗炎，保肝，抗癌，提高免疫力
基金项目：国家科技型中小企业技术创新基金项目(13C26244604892)；海南省产学研一体化项目
（CXY20150034）；海南省中药现代化科技专项(ZY201327)；国家科技支撑计划项目(2011BAD14B01)
作者简介：赵震宇（1993—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为药食同源植物/微藻及其代谢产物研究开发。
E-mail: zhenyuzhao@hainu.edu.cn
*通信作者：刘平怀（1967—），男，教授，硕士，研究方向为药食同源植物/微藻及其代谢产物研究开发。
E-mail: pinghuailiu@aliyun.com
2016-08-26
1
网络出版时间：2016-08-29 10:48:09
网络出版地址：http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.2206.TS.20160829.1048.054.html
等功效。但是目前对于牛大力的毒理性研究还较少。牛大力作为传统南药和功能性食品，在治疗腰肌劳损，
风湿性关节炎，慢性支气管炎，肺结核，肾炎，保肝和提升免疫力作用上有显著功效。目前，牛大力一系
列功效已经在之前的研究中得到证实，但是，对于牛大力在临床功效，营养成分，毒理学分析，药理机制
和药物动力学等方面制定严格的标准还有待进一步的研究。本文将会对牛大力的传统功效，植物学，化学
成分，营养成分，药理活性和毒理性进行较为全面的阐述，并为牛大力的进一步研究提供理论依据。
关键字：综述；牛大力；植物学；药理学；营养学；毒理学；化学成分
中图分类号：S59 文献标志码：A
Introduction
Millettia speciosa (Millettia) is widely distributed in Fujian, Taiwan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan,
Guizhou, Jiangxi, Hainan province, China, and about two hundred species of Millettia are distributed in
ubtropical and tropical Africa, Asia and Australia, and many plants of the species are used as medicinal drugs,
insecticide, or for stupefying fish in China [1]. It grows in the deep mountains and forests, and gives off a rare
fragrance. Millettia speciosa is often used in persons who have deficiency of kidney energy, rheumatism or
who are frequent coughing and have chronic bronchitis. Furthermore, Millettia speciosa is a kind of
commonly used Chinese herbal medicine and traditional food, which is why the Southern Chinese often use
it with Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae and Phaseolus Calcaratus to cook porridge and soup.
According to Lingnan Caiyaolu (a famous Chinese traditional medicine monograph during the Republic
of China) and South Medicine Development and Utilization, the indications of Millettia speciosa are
moistening lung, tonifying body, stimulating the circulation of the blood and causing the muscles and joints
to relax, reliving lumbar muscle degeneration, rheumatic arthritis, lung heat, lung deficiency, cough,
tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, chronic hepatitis, spermatorrhea, and leukorrhea.
On the basis of The Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Millettia speciosa’s drug properties: its root
shape is cylindrical or like a string of several spindles with light yellow or ochre and tiny odor, slightly sweet
in taste. It feels a bit rough around edges and has ring-like grains. The commodities are usually cut into piece,
the long is about 4-9 cm, the wide is about 2-3 cm, the thickness is about 0.5-1 cm. The transection is nearly
white. The inner layer is an inconspicuous brown ring-like grain. The middle section is nearly white and
slightly loose and the quality shows powdery. The old root is similar to the wood, tenacious, the tender root
is very brittle and easily broken. The one with white color, big piece, sweat tasting and in powder form is the
best.
1 Traditional Uses
The main chemical components of Millettia speciosa contain alkaloids, coumarins, saccharides, etc. , and
these chemical components mutually contribute to the significant effects on hepatoprotection, preventing
cough, anti-asthma, enhancing immunity and so on. [2] . Its edible history can trace back to the late Ming and
early Qing periods, and its property of medicine is firstly recorded in Shengcao Yaoxing Beiyao (a famous
Chinese traditional medicine monograph during the Qing dynasty) and Luchuan Bencao (a famous Chinese
traditional medicine monograph during the Qing dynasty) also recorded: it has the significant function on
removing heat from the lung to relieve cough, resolving toxin with clearing coolness, treating hemoptysis,
dysentery and dizziness. As described in these book, the taste of Millettia speciosa is sweet and texture is
tenacious. In addition, it possesses extensive pharmacological activities such as antipyresis, antioxidant,
sedate, and antituberculosis functions. Besides, in folk, many people immerse it in the liquor and drink the
liquor to enhance immunity and protect liver. Meanwhile, the women of Li nationality, living in Hainan
province, always put Millettia speciosa, Artemsia Indica, motherwort, ginger and Cinnamomum burmaniibl
together to decoct. The pregnant women use this kind of method to prevent postpartum diseases.
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Furthermore, Millettia speciosa was stated in some other books like Linnan Caiyaolu and South Medicine
Development and Utilization. According to these book, it, appropriately decocted with lean mean, could help
to enrich the blood, nourish liver and spleen. Moreover, when puerperae bear babies, they usually eat
Millettia speciosa mingled with rice, thus, could nourish blood, strengthen the body and remove toxin [3]
In the early 1970s, Millettia speciosa had been used as the main raw material in many Chinese patent
medicines to treat nephropathy. People now have growing awareness of Millettia speciosa with the
development of traditional Chinese medicines and functional foods because of its rich source of flavonoids,
isoflavonoids and starch [1], at the same time, it has been used in some health care liquors, health teas and
functional beverages.
Now, the traditional uses of Millettia speciosa will be listed according to Table 1.
Table 1 The traditional uses of Millettia speciosa in China
Preparation
name
Main compositions Traditional uses Reference
Ancient Method
1
Prepared rehamannia root, the tuber of multifower
knotweed, sealwort, Millettia Speciosa, Radix fici
simplicissimae
Treating psychasthenia “South Medicine
Development and
Utilization”, vol. 1
Ancient Method
2
Millettia speciosa, Pork Treating the weakness of
spleen, liver and kidney
“South Medicine
Development and
Utilization”, vol. 1
Cervical
Vertebra Ling
Millettia speciosa, flemingia philippinensis, the tuber
of multifower knotweed, Caulis Spatholobi
Treating cervical spondylosis “South Medicine
Development and
Utilization”, vol. 1
Zi Shen Ning
Shen Pills
Prepared rehamannia root, the tuber of multifower
knotweed, Radix paeoniae alba, rhizoma polygonati,
Fructus ligustri lucidi, Semen cuscutae, Rosa
laevigata michx, Schisandra chinensis, Semen ziziphi
spinosae, Poria cocos, Albizia julibrissin, The root of
red-rooted salvia, Millettia speciosa
Tonifying kidney “Guangdong Chinese
Materia Medica
Standards”, vol. 1
Prescription 3 Millettia speciosa，Drynaria rhizome, Coix seed,
Radix liquirtiae, Rhizoma atractylodis, Costusroot,
Rhizoma cibotii, Flemingia philippinensis, Eucommia
Treating lumbago and
tonifying kidney
“Traditional Chinese
herb medicine formula”,
vol. 1
Prescription 4 Millettia speciosa，Drynaria rhizome, Cynomorium
songaricum, Radix liquirtiae, Rhizoma atractylodis,
Costusroot, Herbal lycopi, Flemingia philippinensis,
Eucommia, Radix notoginseng
Treating lumbago and
tonifying kidney
“Traditional Chinese
herb medicine formula”,
vol. 1
2 Botany
Millettia speciosa (Fig. 1) is erect or curled subshrubs approximately 1-2 m high. The roots of this plant
grow down firmly in the soil, approximately 1 cm long. Yong branches are angular with sparse white
pubescence. The leaves alternate are triangular and temately trifoliolate with two stipules and sparse
pubescence, approximately 1 cm long. The petioles are 2-3 cm with pubescence. The leaflets are oblong to
ovate-lanceolate with lengths of 4-9 cm and widths of 2-3 cm, the top of leaflets is blunt or acute sometimes,
meanwhile, the leaflets are entire and the back margin of the base are densely covered with pubescence,
above which short sparse pubescence covers, below which long dense pubescence covers. It has two stipels,
and the stipels are linear. The flowers are bisexual, hypogynous and axillary with short dense raceme, and
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have ten stamens, single one pistil and yellow, round anthers. The lengths of flower stalks are 1-1.5 cm. The
buds separate into two. The calyxes are lanceolate and separate into five and the bottom one is the longest.
The corollas are pink and slightly longer than calyxes. The vexilla are round, and have vertical purple veins
outside, the bases of vexilla are white. The bases of alae are also white, and the leading bases are purple. The
number of carinas is two, which bases are light white, the stamens and pistils are wrapped in the leading
carinas. The lengths of pods are 8-9 mm and the diameters of them are 5 mm [4].
This plant is native to South and Southeast Asia, including China, Indonesia, Japan, Thailand, ect. And It
is widely cultivated in many south provinces of China, including Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian,
Guizhou, Taiwan, etc. Its fruit is harvested in October, and the seeds are collected and dried under the sun.
The flowering period is from August to September.
Fig. 1. (A) Whole Millettia speciosa plant. (B) The flower of Millettia speciosa. (C) and (D) The root of Millettia speciosa.
3 Cultivation
Millettia speciosa has been grown for thousands of years. The increasing number of studies that have
found high edible and medicine value in this plant and the cultivation of this plant has been also increasingly
attracted attention.
Many studies were committed to find the optimal way to increase the yield of Millettia speciosa. Huang et
al. had found that the best efficiency on Millettia speciosa seeds germination was soaking with clean water
and culturing in sands [5]. Meanwhile, Huang et al. signified that the optimum rooting medium was 0.5
Murashige and Skoog (MS) + Indole-3-Butytric acid (IBA) 0.5 mg/L + indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) 0.5 mg/L
[6].
In addition, Wei et al. showed that the optimum disinfection treatment time of 1 g/L HgCl2 for seed and
stem was 10 and 15 min respectively. The best hormone combination for callus and adventitious buds
induction was 1.5 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) + 0.5 mg/L 1-naphthlcetic acid (NAA) + 0.3 mg/L
IBA , the highest callus induction rate of seeds and adventitious buds of stem with a bud was 95.8 % and
45.8 % , respectively. The best medium for differentiation of adventitious bud was 2.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0.5
mg/L NAA , the differentiation rate was 58.3 %. The best rooting medium was 0.5 MS + 1.5 mg/L NAA +
1.0 mg/L IBA ; the rooting rate was 70.8 %. The best matrix was mixture of equivalent volume of loess, peat
and river sand, the survival rate of 90 days after transplantation reached 73.3 %[7]. Furthermore, Wei also
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indicated that Millettia Speciosa could be mass produced by the way of tissue culture and the best cultivation
nutrient medium was 0.5 MS + IBA 0.5 mg/L + 1AA 0.5 mg/L [2] .
Moreover, according to Yao et al. , the mean length and width of seeds were 1042.24 mm, 925.34 mm,
respectively. Length to width ratio 1.13 , weights per thousand seeds were 45.00 g and content of moisture
was 2.51 % . Seeds under soaking time for 24 hours gained the highest germination rate when other
conditions were the same. Germination rate under illumination was significantly higher than those under
dark. With the increasing of temperature, the germination rate raised firstly and then fell, and 25-30 was ℃
optimum. Different beds had influence on germination tare, while top of paper obtained the highest rate and
index, the maximum numbers of initial germination and the shortest germination days. Top of paper, soaking
time for 24 hours, 25 , illumination were the optimum condition for seed germination of ℃ Millettia speciosa
[8].
4 Chemical Components
At present, more than 50 compounds have been isolated and identified from Millettia speciosa in China,
Japan, and other countries [9]. Many kinds of flavonoids are included in the root of this plant, for example,
flemiphilippinin C, flemiphilippinin D, 5, 7, 3, 4-tetrahydroxy-6, 8-diprenylisoflavone, lupeol, β-sitosterol.
Meanwhile, some compounds are isolated and identified from the stem and the leaves of this plant [10] (Table
2 and Fig 2-8). In this section, the structures of the main compounds of Millettia Speciosa, the methods for
isolation of the fractions and the main biological properties are described.
4.1 Alkaloids
Alkaloids are one of the effective physiological activity components in many medicine herbs [11, 12], and
they are now accepted that there are integral interaction between plants and their environments and that
species-specific alkaloids [13, 14]. The alkaloids are isolated from Millettia speciosa include N-methylcytisine
(1), sanguinarine (2), erythroidine (3) [15-17] (Fig. 2).
4.2 Flavonoids
Flavonids are a kind of secondary metabolites of plants, which are widely distributed in almot all plants
owing to huge diversity in the category and configuration. Flavonids, with unique chmical structures, are
bearing many important physiological and biochemical effects on mammals and other types of cells [16].
Adequate intakes of flavonoids are reported to be associated with reduced risks of cancer, tumor,
cardiovascular disease, lipid peroxidation and osteoporosis [17, 18], some effects such as their anti-oxidative
and radical scavenging capacities are broadly discussed in literature [19, 20]. The predominant flavonids
include shionone (4), bisdemethoxycurumin (5), nardosinone (6), isoliquiritigenin (7), maackiain (8),
perocarpine (9), medicarpin (10), homopterocarpin (11), stigmasterol 3-o-β-D-glucoside (12), formononetin
(13), millettiaspecoside D (14), khaephuoside B (15), seguinoside K (16), albibrissinoside B (17),
millettiasaponin A (18), millettiasaponin B (19), ψ-baptigenin (20) [15, 58] (Fig.3)
4.3. Coumarins and ligins
Coumarins have been found to have many biological activities, such as anti-HIV, anti-tumor,
anti-hypertension, anti-arrhythmia, anti-osteoporosis, assuaging pain, anti-asthma and anti-sepsis [21]. The
coumarins and ligins are isolated from Millettia Speciosa include psoralen (21), syringaresinol (22) [15]
(Fig.4)
4.4 Triterpenes and steroids
Steroids have the effects of lowering serum cholesterol, confronting human carcinoma cells and
inflammation etc.[22]. The triterpenes and steroids are isolated from Millettia speciosa include
7-carbonyl-β-sitosterol (23), 7β-hydroxylathyrol (24), stigmasterol (25), β-daucosterol (26),
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dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (27), phytol (28), lupeolcaffeate (29), aurantiamide acetate (30),
phytadiene (31), syringin (32), pedunculoside (33) [19,25] (Fig.5)
4.5 Organic acids
To date, limited studies have been carried out to investigate the organic acids in Millettia speciosa. In few
reports, the organic acids of root, vine and leaf of Millettia Speciosa were isolated, and the constituents were
analyzed bu GC/MS [23]. Eight organic acids were identified: maleic acid (34), vanillic acid (35), syringic
acid (36), glycyrrhizic acid (37), pyracrenic acid (38), gentisic acid (39), linoleic acid (40), rotundicacid (41),
docosanoic acid (42), hexacosanoic acid (43) [15,60,63] (Fig.6)
4.6 Rotenoids
Retenoids from derris have been an important sioflavonoid with insecticidal activity. Their biological
activity is generally attributable to inhibition of reduced nicotinamide adenine nucleotides. In addition, they
also have great effect on anti-tumor function. Two new rotenoids, millettiaosas A (44) and millettiaosas B
(45), were found in the root of Millettia speciosa [24,62] (Fig.7).
4.7 Other compounds
In addition to these compounds mentioned above, one stilbenes named
(E)-3,3’-dime-thoxy-4,4’-dihydroxystibene (46) is isolated from the root of Millettia speciosa [25]. Wang et al.
also isolated two compounds from the root of this palnts, aurantiamide acetate (47), schisandrol B (48).
Wang et al., Lai et al. And Ping et al. isolated five compounds from the vine and leaf of the plant,
5-hydroxymethylfurfural (49), ethyl linolenate (50), ethyl palmitate (51), methyl linolenate (52),
ethyl linoleate (53), tetracosane (54), octadecane (55), butein (56), β-sitosterol acetate (57) [25,59] (Fig.8)
Table 2 Chemical compoundsisolatedfrom Millettia speciosa
Classification No. Chemical component Part of plant Extracts Main biological properties
Alkaloids 1 N-methylcytisine Roots Ethyl acetate Molluscacide
2 Sanguinarine Roots Ethyl acetate Antibacterial, insecticidal and
anticancer functions
3 Butein Roots Ethyl acetate Antioxidant and anticancer
fucntions
4 Erythroidine Vines ad leaves Petroleum ether Antibacterial, antalgic and
sedative functions
Flavonoids 5 Shionone Roots Petroleum ether Anticancer, antiallergic,
antiphlogistic, and
antihypertensive functions
6 Bisdemethoxycurumin Roots Ethyl acetate Antihemorrhagic function
7 Nardosinone Roots Chloroform Sedative, antiepileptic, anticancer,
antibacterial, antihypertensive and
antimalarial functions
8 Isoliquiritigenin Roots and stems Ethyl acetate Anti-ulcerative and antitetanic
fucntions
9 Maackiain Roots and stems Ethyl acetate Antifungal function
10 Perocarpine Roots Ethyl acetate Antioxidant function
11 Medicarpin Roots Ethyl acetate Antibacterial and antifungal
functions
12 Homopterocarpin Roots Ethyl acetate Anticancer function
13 Stigmasterol Roots Ethyl acetate Antiviral and antiphlogistic
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3-o-β-D-glucoside functions
14 Formononetin Roots Ethyl acetate Anticancer function
15 Millettiaspecoside D Roots n-BuOH Antioxidant and anticancer
functions
16 Khaephuoside B Stems n-BuOH Anticancer and anti-HIV functions
17 Seguinoside K Stems n-BuOH Anticancer function
18 Albibrissinoside B Stems n-BuOH Antioxidant function
19 Millettiasaponin A Roots 70 %EtOH Anticancer function
20 Millettiasaponin B Roots 70 %EtOH Anticancer function
Coumarins
and ligins
21 Psoralen Roots Ethyl acetate Antibacterial and insecticidal
functions and resistant of vitiligo
22 Syringaresinol Roots Ethyl acetate Antioxidant, antiphlogistic,
antidepressant, anti-gastric ulcer
functions
Triterpenes
and steroids
23 7-carbonyl-β-sitosterol Roots and stems petroleum ether Anti-cough and anticancer
functions and cholesterol lowering
effect
24 7β-hydroxylathyrol Roots Chloroform Antibacterial, antiphlogistic and
antalgic functons
25 Stigmasterol Roots and stems Ethyl acetate Cholesterol lowering effect
26 β-daucosterol Roots and stems Ethyl acetate Antibacterial, antiviral,
antiphlogistic functions
27 dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl
alcohol
Roots Ethyl acetate Antioxidant function
28 Phytol Roots and stems Petroleum ether It is used to prepare and synthesize
vitamin E or K1
29 Lupeolcaffeate Roots Petroleum ether Anticancer, antidepressant,
hypoglycaemic functions
30 Aurantiamide acetate Roots Petroleum ether Antidepressant function
31 Phytadiene Roots and stems Petroleum ether Natural fumet
32 Syringin Roots Ethyl acetate Astrictive and anti-hepatotoxic
function
33 Pedunculoside Vines ad leaves Ethyl acetate Antiphlogistic, anticancer and
antalgic functions
Organic acids 34 Maleic acid Roots Petroleum ether Food additives
35 Vanillic acid Roots Ethyl acetate Antibacterial and antifungal
functions
36 Syringic acid Roots Ethyl acetate Antibacterial, antifungal, antalgic
and local anaesthetic functions
37 Glycyrrhizic acid Roots Ethyl acetate Anticancer and anti-HIV functions
38 Pyracrenic acid Roots Ethyl acetate Anticancer function
39 Gentisic acid Roots Ethyl acetate Antiviral, antibacterial,
antirheumatic functions
40 Linoleic acid Roots Petroleum ether It is used to synthesize
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pharmaceutical in organic
synthesis industry and cholesterol
lowering effect
41 Rotundicacid Vines ad leaves Ethyl acetate Antiphlogistic, anticancer and
antalgic functions
42 Docosanoic acid Vines ad leaves Ethyl ether It is used to synthesize
pharmaceutical in organic
synthesis industry
43 Hexacosanoic acid Vines ad leaves Ethyl ether It is used as lubricant
Rotenoids 44 Millettiaosas A Roots Petroleum ether Insecticidal and anticancer
functions
45 Millettiaosas B Roots Petroleum ether Insecticidal and anticancer
functions
Other
compounds
46 (E)-3,3’-dime-thoxy-4,4’-dih
ydroxystibene
Roots Chloroform Anticancer function
47 Aurantiamide acetate Roots Petroleum ether Detumescence
48 Schisandrol B Roots Chloroform Anti-hepatotoxic function
49 5-hydroxymethylfurfural Roots Ethyl ether Prevent neurodegenerative
diseases
50 Ethyl linolenate Vines ad leaves Petroleum ether Strengthen cell activity and
prevent cell aging
51 Ethyl palmitate Vines ad leaves Petroleum ether It is used to synthesize
pharmaceutical in organic
synthesis industry
52 Methyl linolenate Vines ad leaves Petroleum ether Prevent the loss of nutrition
53 Ethyl linoleate Vines ad leaves Petroleum ether Cholesterol lowering effect
54 Tetracosane Vines ad leaves Ethyl ether It is used as meteorological
chromatographic stationary liquid
55 Octadecane Vines ad leaves Ethyl ether It is used as meteorological
chromatographic stationary liquid
56 ψ-baptigenin Vines ad leaves Ethyl ether Natural pigment
57 β-sitosterol acetate Vines ad leaves Ethyl acetate Anti-cough and anticancer
functions and cholesterol lowering
effect
N
O
N
H
H
O
O
N+
O
O
N
O
O-
N+
H
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1 2 3
Fig. 2. Chemical structures of the alkaloids in Millettia speciosa
O
H
H
OH
O
O
OH
HH
H
H
O
O
O
H
4 5 6
HO
O
OH
OH
H
H
O
OO
O
H
H
OH
O
O
7 8 9
O
O
O
OHH
H
O
O
O
O
10 11
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O O
H
H
H
HO OH
H
OH
H
HO
H
O OH
O
O
O
OH
OCH3
H
OH O
O
O O
OH OH
OH
CH3 H OH H
OH
H
OO
OH OH
HO
HO
O
12 13 14
O
OH
O
HO O
O
OH
O
OH
O
O
OH
O
OO
HO
OHO
OH
O
HO O
O
OH
OH
O
O
OH
O
O
OH
15 16
O
OHO
O
HO
O
HO
O
OH
O
O
O
OH
O
HO OH
O
HO
HO
OH
O
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
HO
HO
COOH
O
CH2OH
H
OAc
COOH
O
HO
HO
OH
O
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
HO
HO
COOH
O
CH2OH
HOH2C
H
O
O
17 18 19
O
O
O OH
O
20
Fig. 3. Chemical structures of the flavones in Millettia speciosa
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O OO
OH
O
O
OO
H
H
HO
O
O
21 22
Fig. 4. Chemical structures of the coumarins and ligins in Millettia speciosa
H
HH
HO O
H
O
HO
HO HO OH
HO
H
H
H
H
H
H
23 24 25
O O
OH
HO
OHHO
H
H
H
H
HO
O
O
OH
O
HO
26 27
OH
H
HO
HO
O
O
H
H
H
HH
H
28 29
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O N
N
O
O
O
H
H H
H
H
H
30 31
O O
O O
OH
OH
HO
OHHO
HH
O
O
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
OH
H
H
HO
H
OH
32 33
Fig. 5. Chemical structures of the triterpenes and steroids in Millettia speciosa
O
O OH
HO H
H
OH
O
OHO
OH
OO
HO O
O O
OH
HO OH
O
HO
O
HO O
HO
H
H
H
O
OH
O OH O
34 35 36 37
O
O
HO
HO
H
H H
H
HH
O
OH
OH
HO
O OH
HO
O
H
H
H
H
38 39 40
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OHHO
H
HH
OH
HO O
HO
O HO O
41 42 43
Fig. 6. Chemical structures of the organic acids in Millettia speciosa
O
O
R1
R2
OH
44 R1+R2=-OCH2-O-
45 R1=OCH3 R2=H
Fig. 7. Chemical structures of the rotenoids in Millettia speciosa
OH
OMe
MeO
HO
H
H
N
O
N HO
H
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
46 47 48
O
HO
O
H
O
O
H
H
H
HH
H
O
O
49 50 51
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O
O
O
O
H
H H
H
52 53 54
O
OH
OH
H
H
OH
HO
O
O
HH
H
55 56 57
Fig. 8. Chemical structures of the other compounds in Millettia speciosa
5 Nutrient components
The root of Millettia speciosa was chosen as research material to analyze the content of water, ash ,fiber,
carbohydrates, protein, vitamin, grease, amino acid and the mineral elements. The contents of ash and water
are measured according to Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. The content of carbohydrates
is measured with the method of anthrone and that of protein Biuret method. The measurement of the content
of fiber and vitamin C and the extraction of vitamin A and vitamin E are followed by related the State
Standard of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) [26]. The content of tryptophane is also measured
according to PRC using UV spectrophotometer. The contents of vitamin A, E, B2, B3, B6, B12 are measured
by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and the contents of the mineral elements are
measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MES)[15].
In this section, the contents of the main nutrient compounds of Millettia speciosa are described.
Meanwhile, the comparison of nutrient compounds between Millettia speciosa and other common foods are
also described.
5.1 Nutrient composition compound
The main nutrient compositions in the root of Millettia speciosa are water, ash ,fiber, carbohydrates,
protein, vitamin, grease, amino acid and the mineral elements (Table 3), they all play an irreplaceable role in
human body. Millettia speciosa contains various nutrients and diet fiber, it is easy to be digested and
absorbed [27]. Chen et al. Showed that the content of water, ash, fiber, carbohydrates, protein, vitamin, grease,
common amino acid in human bodies and the essential mineral elements were about 9 %, 4 %, 31 %, 25 %,
5 %, 0.05 %, 0.1 %, 3.29 % and 2 % [28].
Table 3 Nutrients Components in the root of Millettia speciosa
Conventional Nutrients Percentage Composition
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Water 8.69%~9.85 %
Ash 4.04%~4.16 %
Fiber 31.09%~32.95 %
Carbohydrates 25.04%~25.34 %
Protein 2.28%~5.60 %
Grease 1.53%~1.61 %
Vitamin Content (µg/g)
VA 7.10±0.14
VB2 40.92±1.27
VB3 0.70±0.03
VB6 292.18±10.07
VB12 16.02±6.69
VC 179.97±6.69
VE 0.52±0.02
Total content of vitamin 542.17
Percentage content 0.05 %
Amino Acid Content (g/100g)
Asp 0.0033
Ser 0.1147
Glu 0.0071
His 0.0054
Arg 0.0201
Val 0.0028
Met 0.0006
Ile 0.0017
Phe 0.0011
Thr 0.0089
Ala 0.0064
Pro 0.0472
Cys 0.0974
Tyr 0.1660
Lys 0.0013
Leu 0.0026
Try 0.0006
Gly 0.0201
Total content of amino acid 0.3494
Percentage content 3.49 %
Mineral Elements Content (mg/kg)
B 5.20
Mg 2206.40
Al 42.73
Ca 2827.20
V 0.14
Mn 18.72
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Cr 0.16
Rh 0.01
Cu 5.97
Fe 118.85
Co 0.17
Ni 3.02
Sr 56.93
Zn 13.27
Se 0.03
Mo 0.86
Re 0.01
Total content of mineral elements 5350.67
Percentage content 0.54 %
5.2 Comparison of nutrient components
According to table 4 (Table 4), the contents of magnesium, iron in the root of Millettia speciosa are higher
than rice, wheatmeal, millet and cornmeal’s contents, the content of calcium is higher than cow’s milk and
egg.
Table 4 Comparision of mineral elements contents in the root of Millettia speciosa and other food like rice and milk
Mineral
elements
Content (mg/kg)
Millettia
Speciosa
Rice Wheatmeal Millet Cornmeal Cow’s milk Egg
Ca 2878.20 581.32 1906.23 2844.43 2497.04 1092.02 981.21
Mg 2206.40 244.53 244.53 410.21 222.44 1043.53 480.11
Fe 118.85 15.33 9.41 35.02 32.33 3.02 20.43
Zn 13.27 13.92 16.41 18.72 14.21 4.22 10.02
To ascertain difference of nutrition and medicinal quality of Radix Millettia speciosa collected from
Hainan and Guangxi provinces in China, the conventional nutritional methods were applied to determine
carbohydrates, starch, fiber, protein, amino acid, dietary fiber, fat, ash, VB2 and VC, and the content of
maakiain was determined by HPLC. The conclusion showed that the nutrition and medicinal qualities of
Radix Millettia speciosa were different between Hainan and Guangxi materials [33] (Table 5).
Table 5 Comparision of conventional nutrient contents in Radix Millettia speciosa from Hainan and Guangxi province
conventional nutrients
Content (%)
Hainan Guangxi
Carbohydrates 24.12±2.5 7.83±0.51
Starch 44.93±2.0 26.96±1.61
Fiber 14.54±0.75 60.49±1.95
Protein 2.58±0.063 0.31±0.031
Amino acid 0.067±0.0033 0.011±0.001
Dietary fiber 0.67±0.03 0.82±0.012
Fat 0.315±0.059 0.59±0.053
Ash 1.75±0.052 1.77±0.037
VB2 (mg/kg) 0.166±0.012 0.156±0.007
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VC (mg/kg) 1.67±0.42 1.02±0.03
In recent studies, Millettia speciosa was used as fodder, Wang et al. Showed that Millettia speciosa had
some great nutritional value. The result of breeding experiment showed that this plant could significantly
improve growth rate, live weight, slaughter weight, half-eviscerated weight, eviscerated weight, carcass
weight, breast muscle weight, leg muscle weight, pH of breast muscle and leg muscle. Millettia speciosa
could significantly decrease drip loss of leg muscle and breast muscle, while had no significant effect on
crude fat, ash content, wing weight, slaughter rate and water content. The result indicated that Millettia
speciosa could improve growth rate in the experiment period, improve slaughter performance and perfect
meat traits of guinea fowl to some extent [34, 35].
6 Pharmacology
Modern experiments indicate that Millettia speciosa is reported to possess anti-inflammation, liver
protection, antithrombotic, antitumer, and immunity enhancement, etc activities [36] (Table 6).
Table 6 Pharmacology effects of Millettia speciosa
Pharmacology effects Extracts/compounds Minimal active
concentration/dose
In vitro/in vivo Reference
Effects on immunity
enhancement
Water extract
Water extract
Water extract
100 mg/(kg·d)
5 g/(kg·d)
5 g/(kg·d)
In vitro
In vitro
In vitro
[38] Shi et al. (2008)
[39] Zhou (1994)
[40] Wei et al. (2009)
Anti-fatigue effects Water extract
Water extract
212.5 mg/(kg·d)
5 g/(kg·d)
In vitro
In vitro
[41] Luo et al. (2014)
[42] Huang et al. (2014)
Effects on liver protection Water extract 5 g/(kg·d) In vitro [43] Zhou et al. (2009)
Expectorant, antitussive
and antiasthmatic effects
Water extract 5 g/(kg·d) In vitro [61] Liu et al. (2009)
Antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory and
antineoplastic effects
Water extract
Water extract
5 g/(kg·d)
0.2 µg/ml
In vitro
In vitro
[45] Zheng (2008)
[46] Chen et al. (2014)
Effects on protecting DNA Water extract 5 g/(kg·d) In vitro [49] Chen et al. (2013)
Effects on protection of
hemopoietic system
Water extract 5 g/(kg·d) In vitro [49] Chen et al. (2013)
6.1 Effects on immunity enhancement
Millettia Speciosa has immune regulating and stimulating properties that have been found to restore good
health, especially during winter [37] .
Models of immunosuppressed mice were established by treating with cyclophosphamide and
tumor-bearing. Different doses of Millettia speciosa were orally administered to the mice, MTT method was
used to observe the proliferation of lymphocytes and the function of macrophages in abdominal activity. The
results showed that this plant enhanced the function of macrophages, increased the amount of plaque
forming cells, and promoted the proliferation of lymphocytes [38].
Special pathogen free KM mice were used as the experimental animal. Effects of RMS in high, middle
and low dose ( 20 , 10 , 5 g/(kg·d) ) on spleen index, thymus index, and carbon clearance index as well as on
serum hemolysin level and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in
normal mice were observed. Meanwhile, effects of RMS in high middle and low dose on spleen index,
thymus index and carbon clearance index were also observed in prednisone acetate induced
immunodepressive mice [39].
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Wei et al. indicated that Millettia Speciosa increased spleen index, thymus index and enhanced carbon
clearance index in normal mice, and inhibited DNCB induced DTH in the model mice to various degrees,
but the difference was insignificant. Millettia speciosa significantly enhanced serum hemolysin level in the
model mice, and increased spleen index, thymus index and carbon clearance index in immunodepressive
mice. Furhtermore, Millettia speciosa can improve the immune function in normal and immunodepressive
mice to various degrees [40].
6.2 Anti-fatigue effects
The anti-ftatigue effect of polysaccharides from Millettia Speciosa was studied by models of mice
pole-climbing and loaded swimming. The pole-climbing time, loaded swimming time, the values of blood
lactic acid, blood lactate dehydrogenase-L, and blood urea nitrogen were determined. The results indicated
that this plant could significantly prolong the pole-climbing and loaded swimming time of mice, reduce the
levels of blood lactic acid and blood urea nitrogen and improve the content of blood lactate dehydrogenase-L.
Luo et al. showed that Millettia speciosa had an excellent anti-fatigue effect and 425 g/(kg·d) might be the
limit of gavage after considering the absorption effects of mice [41].
Huang et al. established 7 Millettia speciosa dose groups with low (5 g/kg) , medium (10 g/kg) , high (20
g/kg) and negative control group by the special pathogen free (SPF) male mice, and showed that Millettia
speciosa could significantly prolonged the survival time in weight loading swimming test, hypoxia tolerance
test, low temperature resistance test and high temperature resistance test. As the dose increased, the mice
survival time was prolonged. Therefore, the Millettia speciosa had the effects of anti-fatigue and anti-stress
[42].
6.3 Effects on liver protection
Zhou et al. indicated that Millettia speciosa could decrease the aspertate aminotransferase (AST) and
alanine transaminase (ALT) activities in serum, malonaldehyde (MDA) content in liver homogenate and the
liver index, and increase the thymus gland index. Thus, Millettia speciosa had protective action on acute
liver injury in mice [43].
6.4 Expectorant, antitussive and antiasthmatic effects
Liu et al. found that Millettia Speciosa increased the excretion of phenol red from mice trachea, promoted
the movement of prepared Chinese ink in the pigeon trachea and decreased the frequency of mice cough
induced by ammonia and guinea pigs cough induced by acetylcholine solution[44]. This plant showed certain
expectorant, antitussive, and antiashmatic effects [61].
6.5 Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic effects
Polysaccharide of Millettia Speciosa effectively inhibited the growth of Hela cell and significantly
suppressed xylene induced mouse ear edema, markedly promoted serum hemolysin production and increased
immune organs index. In addition, Millettia speciosa can effectively suppress the cervical carcinoma cells in
vitro. The polysaccharide of this plant has activities on anti-inflammatory and can improve immunefunction.
It can effectively scavenge free radical and antioxidant, either. The polysaccharide of Millettia speciosa was
worthy of being further exploited and utilized, it was a kind of natural product with many kinds of
pharmacological activities and good health care function [45].
Antioxidant activity in vitro of different extractions from Millettia speciosa were studied by testing the
scavenging effects of ·OH, DPPH· and lipid peroxidation. Water extraction, ethanol precipitation and crude
polysaccharide could effectively remove ·OH, DPPH· , lipid peroxidation [46].
6.6 Effects on protecting DNA
There were 40 mice divided into negative control group, radiation model group, Millettia speciosa group
with low (5 g/(kg·d)) , middle (10 g/(kg·d)) or high (20 g/(kg·d)) doses. In order to establish the radiation
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model in mice and the negative control group, the other mice were irradiated with 5 Gy 60Co γ-rays [47].
Millettia speciosa group mice were given with Millettia speciosa for 4 days before irradiation and then
continuously administered with Millettia speciosa for 10 days after irradiation, negative control group and
radiation model group were given with normal saline by gavage, once a day. After the last dose 24 hours,
mice DNA damage of liver, kidney, lung, testicular, spleen cells was detected by comet assay [48]. Compared
with radiation model mice group, Tail DNA% and Tail Moment of liver, kidney, lung, testicular, spleen cells
in Millettia Speciosa group had significantly lower, and with the concentration of Millettia speciosa
increasing, Tail DNA % and Tail Moment gradually reduced, its effects were dose-dependent. In conclusion,
Millettia Speciosa had protection on mice DNA damage induced by 60Co γ-rays [49].
6.7 Effects on protection of hemopoietic system
Forty mice were divided into negative control group, radiation model group, Millettia Speciosa group with
low (5 g/(kg·d)) , middle (10 g/(kg·d)) or high (20 g/(kg·d)) doses. Except in the negative control group, the
other mice were irradiated with 5 Gy 60Co γ-rays. Millettia Speciosa group mice were given with Millettia
Speciosa for four days before irradiation and then ten days after irradiation, and negative control group and
radiation model group were given with normal saline by gavage once a day. After 24 hours of the last dose,
the number of the red blood cells (RBC) , white blood cells (WBS) , platelets (PLT) , lymphocytes (Lymph)
and the spleen index and thymus index were detected. DNA damage of bone marrow cells and spleen cells
were detected by comet assay [50, 51]. Compared with the negative control group, the number or RBC, WBC,
PLT, Lymph, spleen index and thymus index of the mice in the radiation model group and Millettia Speciosa
groups significantly reduced, and Tail DNA rate and Tail Moment of bone marrow cells and spleen cells
significantly increased. However compared with the radiation model group, the number of RBC, WBC, PLT,
Lymph, spleen index and thymus index of the mice in Millettia Speciosa groups significantly increased, and
Tail DNA rate and Tail Moment of bone marrow cells and spleen cells significantly reduced in dose
-dependent manner [52]. Millettia Speciosa has protective effect on mice hematopoietic system damage
induced by 60Co γ-rays, but cannot completely antagonize [7].
7 Toxicology
For thousands of years, Millettia speciosa was commonly considered to be a kind of safe traditional
medicine. Up to now, the researches on Millettia speciosa mainly focuses on the analyses of chemical
components and pharmacology, while few are reported about the relation in toxicology [38]. In this section,
the methods are made to research the toxicology of this plant is described.
7.1 Mouse bioassay toxicity
The reference for security of drug usage in clinical practice is offered by observing whether Millettia
speciosa has chronic toxicity to rats .
Rats were continuously administrated with this plant for 13 weeks at doses of 6.3, 12.5, 25 g/kg
( respectively 12.5, 25.0, 50.0 times of clinical daily dose ). During the treatment and within 14 days of
stopping administration, the growth condition were observed, the organ coefficients, indexes of hematology
and biochemistry in rats were measured, the pathological examination were carried out [53]. Yang et al.
indicated that during the treatment and within 14 days of stopping administration, compared with normal
saline (NS) group, Millettia speciosa reduced Crea in blood, the difference is significant. But the content of
Crea was in the correct rang, the outer appearance and behavior, weight, organ coefficients, indexes of
hematology and other indexes of biochemistry in rats has no significant difference compared with NS group.
The pathological examination didn’t discovery significant change. Through a series of long-term toxicity on
rats, the safety dose of Millettia speciosa for rates is 25.0 g/kg [54].
7.2 Heavy Metal Elements
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The poisonous heavy metals like lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, tin etc. could pollute the Millettia
speciosa through all kinds of paths, and enter the human body along the food chain, and do harm to human
body [29, 30]. Therefore, the determination of heavy metal content is quite essential. The content of heavy
metal elements are compared with PRC to determine whether they are exceed (Table 7).
Table 7 The content of heavy metal elements in the root of Millettia Speciosa
Heavy Metal Elements Content (mg/kg) Limitation of Quantity (mg/kg)
Cd 0.06 0.3
As 0.03 2.0
Hg 0.11 0.2
Pb 1.29 5.0
According to Li et al. , the contents of calcium, magnesium, selenium, zinc and manganum were
abundant[31], and the contents of carbohydrates and fiber proved to be high and those of heavy metal
elements did not exceed the standard [28, 32].
8 Discussions and conclusions
Up to now, Millettia speciosa has been the subject of increasing interest in recent years, and many
traditional uses of this plant have been validated by pharmacological studies. Furthermore, previous animal
investigations, nutrition ingredient analysis and in vitro studies with plant preparations have revealed that
Millettia speciosa possesses significant nutritional value, and there is no evidence of virulence observed in
mouse bioassay toxicity, at the same time, the heavy metal elements in Millettia speciosa are lower than
national standards. Despite continued progress on various aspects of this plant, the development and
discovery of a new functional food or even allopathic phytomedicine from this plant will require more
detailed preliminary studies in both the preclinical and clinical venues. Meanwhile, currently, Chinese
medicine healthcare products have an extremely huge market space for development. Chinese medicine
healthcare industry bases on raw materials that consists of Chinese herbal medicine is very dynamic and it
will conduct explosive growth and will become a new economic growth point [55, 56].
Nevertheless, most Millettia speciosa people ate is still in wild and lacks regulation. It can not be
acquainted entirely on the aspects of botany, biology and genetic property. Wild Millettia speciosa
reproduces by seeds, there are some problems about slow seed germination, low germination rate, slow
growing, and low reproductive rate [57]. In these circumstances, wild Millettia speciosa can not satisfy
people’s requirement.
In addition, due to the complex composition of agents used in herbal medicine and functional food, the
researches of nutrient components, toxicology and medicinal mechanism are still reported little and the
criterion of quality is also to be worked out. Meanwhile, there are very few studies to date on the parts of
Millettia speciosa than its roots. Consequently, to ensure full utilization of the possible medicinal potential of
this plant, it is necessary to investigate the chemical constituents, nutrient components, medicinal mechanism
and pharmacological effects of its leaves, fruits, stems and other parts of Millettia speciosa.
In this paper, the traditional uses, botany, cultivation, chemical components, nutrient components,
pharmacology, and toxicology of Millettia speciosa have been systematically reviewed and provided
comprehensive information as well as some parts of methods on this plant. Hoping this paper could serve a
number of purposes: first, encouraging more scholars have further study on this plant, and discovery more
values on the basis of current research; second, set criterion of this plant to standardize production and
rational use on this resource; third, emphasize the importance of Millettia speciosa and provide some
directions for the future development and utilization of this plant.
9 Acknowledgment
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The authors acknowledge the technical assistance of Analytical and Testing Center of Hainan University.
This work is supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program of China
(2011BAD14B01) , the Provincial Science and Technology Program on Modernization of Traditional
Chinese Medicine of Hainan (ZY201327), the Innovation Fund Project for Technology Based Firm
(13C26244604892), and the Provincial Industry, University and Research Cooperation Project of Hainan
(CXY20150034).
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