Temporal and spatial change characteristics of soil elements in reclaimed slope forestland Temporal and spatial change of land use in Horqin Desert and its outer area Effects of Desertification on Temporal and Spatial Change of Soil Macro-arthropod Community in Horqin Sandy Grassland Temporal and spatial characteristics of ecological risk in Shunyi, Beijing, China based on landscape structure. Temporal and spatial characteristics of Beijing Golf Courses over the past 30 years