休眠卵是桡足类的重要生存策略,其在沉积物中的丰度对水体种群的补充具有重要意义.干塘是池塘养殖管理的重要措施,对池塘生态系统具有重要影响.2014年2月15日(干塘前)和3月2日(干塘后),分别采集广州市南沙区养殖池塘内表层沉积物,研究沉积物中桡足类休眠卵对浮游种群的潜在补充及影响因素.结果表明: 干塘前未冷藏沉积物样品在盐度20时的潜在补充量和孵化率最高,4 ℃冷藏4周后最高值出现在盐度为15的处理组.干塘后未冷藏沉积物样品在盐度15时的潜在补充量和孵化率最高,冷藏4周后最高值出现在盐度为20的处理组.这说明干塘前桡足类休眠卵的潜在补充量显著高于干塘后,且干塘对沉积物中休眠卵的持续孵化时间有影响.
The formation of resting eggs is an important survival strategy for copepods. The abundance of resting eggs in sediment is of great significance to the recruitment of copepod population in aquatic environment. Desiccation is an important approach of aquaculture management in ponds, which has great influences on pond ecosystem. Surface sediments of aquaculture ponds in Nansha, Guangzhou were sampled before (15th Feberary 2014) and after (2nd March 2014) the desiccation separately to explore the potential recruitment of resting eggs into planktonic copepod population, and environmental factors influencing the hatching success of copepod resting eggs. Results showed that without desiccation and cooling, the highest potential recruitment and immediate hatching rates of resting eggs were observed at the salinity of 20 experimental group, while after cooling to 4 ℃ for four weeks, the hatching rate was highest at the salinity of 15. When exposed to desiccation, the highest potential immediate recruitment and hatching rate of resting eggs were observed at the salinity of 15, while after cooling to 4 ℃ for four weeks, the highest hatching rates were observed at the salinity of 20. It was concluded that desiccation reduced the potential recruitment of resting eggs in sediment significantly (P<0.05), and desiccation had a negative impact on their hatching duration.
全 文 :池塘桡足类休眠卵对浮游种群的潜在补充
及其影响因素
田 恬 王 庆 罗洪添 杨宇峰∗
(暨南大学水生生物研究所 /水体富营养化与赤潮防治广东省教育厅重点实验室, 广州 510632)
摘 要 休眠卵是桡足类的重要生存策略,其在沉积物中的丰度对水体种群的补充具有重要
意义.干塘是池塘养殖管理的重要措施,对池塘生态系统具有重要影响.2014 年 2 月 15 日(干
塘前)和 3月 2日(干塘后),分别采集广州市南沙区养殖池塘内表层沉积物,研究沉积物中桡
足类休眠卵对浮游种群的潜在补充及影响因素.结果表明: 干塘前未冷藏沉积物样品在盐度
20时的潜在补充量和孵化率最高,4 ℃冷藏 4周后最高值出现在盐度为 15 的处理组.干塘后
未冷藏沉积物样品在盐度 15时的潜在补充量和孵化率最高,冷藏 4 周后最高值出现在盐度
为 20的处理组.这说明干塘前桡足类休眠卵的潜在补充量显著高于干塘后,且干塘对沉积物
中休眠卵的持续孵化时间有影响.
关键词 养殖池塘; 桡足类; 休眠卵; 潜在补充量; 干塘
Potential recruitment into planktonic population and influencing factors on the hatching of
copepod resting eggs in ponds. TIAN Tian, WANG Qing, LUO Hong⁃tian, YANG Yu⁃feng∗ ( In⁃
stitute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University / Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Control,
Education Department of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510632, China) .
Abstract: The formation of resting eggs is an important survival strategy for copepods. The abun⁃
dance of resting eggs in sediment is of great significance to the recruitment of copepod population in
aquatic environment. Desiccation is an important approach of aquaculture management in ponds,
which has great influences on pond ecosystem. Surface sediments of aquaculture ponds in Nansha,
Guangzhou were sampled before (15th Feberary 2014) and after (2nd March 2014) the desiccation
separately to explore the potential recruitment of resting eggs into planktonic copepod population,
and environmental factors influencing the hatching success of copepod resting eggs. Results showed
that without desiccation and cooling, the highest potential recruitment and immediate hatching rates
of resting eggs were observed at the salinity of 20 experimental group, while after cooling to 4 ℃ for
four weeks, the hatching rate was highest at the salinity of 15. When exposed to desiccation, the
highest potential immediate recruitment and hatching rate of resting eggs were observed at the salini⁃
ty of 15, while after cooling to 4 ℃ for four weeks, the highest hatching rates were observed at the
salinity of 20. It was concluded that desiccation reduced the potential recruitment of resting eggs in
sediment significantly (P<0.05), and desiccation had a negative impact on their hatching duration.
Key words: aquaculture ponds; copepod; resting eggs; potential recruitment; desiccation.
本文由国家自然科学基金项目(U1301235,41503072)和农业部公益
性行业(农业)专项(201403008)资助 This work was supported by the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1301235, 41503072),
and Special Fund for Agro⁃scientific Research in the Public Interest
(201403008) .
2016⁃01⁃05 Received, 2016⁃03⁃14 Accepted.
∗通讯作者 Corresponding author. E⁃mail: tyyf@ jnu.edu.cn
浮游动物由水体中的现生种群和沉积物中的休
眠种群两部分组成[1] .当现生种群面临环境压力时,
沉积物中的休眠卵有利于种群的保存和延续,维持
生物多样性,调节水体中浮游动物丰度和改变水体
中浮游动物种群动态和群落结构[2] .休眠卵形成和
孵化是桡足类的重要生存策略.其在沉积物中的丰
度和活度对水体桡足类种群结构及演替具有重要影
响.桡足类遇到不良环境时,通过产生休眠卵,并在
沉积物中累积形成卵库,待环境适宜时孵化,以补充
应 用 生 态 学 报 2016年 6月 第 27卷 第 6期 http: / / www.cjae.net
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, Jun. 2016, 27(6): 2009-2014 DOI: 10.13287 / j.1001-9332.201606.024
浮游种群丰度,从而维持种群稳定[3-5] .据 2014中国
渔业经济统计数据,咸水池塘养殖产量占全国海水
养殖产量的 13%[6] .干塘是养殖户处理因积存大量
腐殖质淤泥而改善水质的一种通用手段.每年干塘
后曝晒池底、清淤消毒,可有效改良水质,增强池塘
底质的通透性,加快池塘底部物质循环速度,降低养
殖生物病害发病率[7] .但有关干塘处理对池塘沉积
物中桡足类休眠卵的影响尚未见报道.
南沙区位于广州市东南部,是广州通向海洋的
重要通道,受珠江径流、广东沿岸径流和外海水的综
合影响,形成生态类型多样、物种组成丰富的独特生
态环境[8] .南沙区因其优越的地理环境优势,现主要
以鱼、虾和蟹等经济水产养殖为主,在南沙区龙穴岛
形成了一定规模的咸水养殖区域.本研究选取了广
州市南沙区咸水养殖池塘作为研究水域,对比了干
塘前、后养殖池塘沉积物休眠卵对浮游桡足类种群
的潜在补充,以及对冷藏和盐度变化的响应.研究结
果对阐明水环境中桡足类种群补充机制和环境演变
具有重要的科学意义.
1 材料与方法
1 1 样品采集与分离
采样点位于广州市南沙区龙穴岛咸水养殖池
塘.该池塘具有较长的虾蟹养殖历史,每年年初对池
塘进行干塘暴晒.
2014年 2 月 15 日,于干塘前用彼德逊采集表
层沉积物;经干塘暴晒后,于 2014 年 3 月 2 日采集
干塘后表层沉积物.干塘前水温和盐度等用美国 YSI
plus多参数水质分析仪现场测定,带回实验室后测
定高锰酸钾指数(CODMn)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和
叶绿素(Chl a)含量等指标.水体桡足类采集使用 25
号浮游生物网,甲醛溶液固定(终浓度 4%).
1 2 样品孵化与分析
样品带回实验室后分成两份:一份立即进行孵
化,另一份置于 4 ℃冷藏 4 周后进行孵化.首先,使
用 200 μm 筛绢过滤 15 cm3样品,去掉样品中大颗
粒杂质,再用 50 μm筛绢收集网上小颗粒于 100 mL
烧杯中.为研究沉积物中桡足类休眠卵对盐度的响
应模式,将研究区域海水用 0.45 μm滤膜过滤,将其
稀释或加人工海盐配置为 0、5、10、15、20 和 25 的溶
液,共 6 个处理组,每组设置 3 个平行,置于 GXZ⁃
300C型智能照明培养箱中培养[温度: (24±1) ℃,
光照: L︰D=12 h︰12 h].该处理方法代表了自然
环境条件下沉积物再悬浮后桡足类卵的最大孵化
率,所得萌发量即为桡足类卵库对其浮游种群的潜
在补充量[9] .每天用 20 μm筛绢滤取沉积物上清液,
收集孵化出的无节幼体使用鲁格氏液固定,置于 5
mL计数框内,于 Olympus BX51 解剖镜下镜检孵化
幼体数,并更换新鲜的对应盐度 10 ~ 20 mL 海水使
其继续孵化,若连续一周没有观察到无节幼体孵出,
即判定活的休眠卵全部孵出.4 ℃冷藏 4 周后的样
品按上述方法孵化并计数.另取平行样品,利用蔗糖
悬浮法[10-12]统计样品中总休眠卵个数,根据孵化的
无节幼体数计算孵化率,即孵化出的无节幼体数与
休眠卵总数的比值.
1 3 数据处理
文中数据采用 SPSS 21.0 进行统计学分析,采
用单因素方差分析(one⁃way ANOVA)和独立样本 t
检验比较不同盐度之间、冷藏前后及干塘前后休眠
卵潜在补充量和萌发率的差异.P<0.05 表示差异显
著.利用 Origin 9.0软件进行绘图.
2 结果与分析
2 1 水环境特征和桡足类组成
2014年 2 月 15 日干塘前水温 18. 4 ℃,盐度
10.25,pH 7.73,溶解氧 DO 1.80 mg·L-1,化学需氧
量 CODMn 8.26 mg·L
-1,总氮含量 1.32 mg·L-1,总
磷含量 0.36 mg·L-1,叶绿素含量 1.70 μg·L-1 .干塘
前水体中桡足类优势种为双齿许水蚤(Pseudodia⁃
ptomus dubia).
2 2 桡足类休眠卵的丰度和潜在补充量
干塘前沉积物中休眠卵总丰度为(44.1±6.6) ×
105 eggs·m-3,干塘后休眠卵总丰度为(14.8±2.3)×
105 eggs·m-3 .样品经 4周的冷藏处理后,盐度为 10
的处理组中,干塘前沉积物中休眠卵潜在补充量为
(33.6±10.6) ×105 eggs·m-3,干塘后沉积物中休眠
卵潜在补充量为(6.5±0.7) ×105 eggs·m-3 .未冷藏
的样品,盐度为 10 的处理组中,干塘前沉积物中休
眠卵潜在补充量为(18.8±8.4)×105 eggs·m-3,干塘
后沉积物中休眠卵潜在补充量为(5. 1 ± 0. 6) × 105
eggs·m-3 .干塘前休眠卵总丰度和潜在补充量均显
著高于干塘后(P<0.01)(图 1).
2 3 干塘前后不同盐度条件下休眠卵的潜在补充
量和孵化率
在未冷藏样品中,除盐度 0外,干塘后各组休眠
卵潜在补充量较干塘前显著下降.干塘前休眠卵潜
在补充量在盐度为 20 的处理组中最高,为(21.8±
4.4)×105 eggs·m-3,是该盐度干塘后样品潜在补充
0102 应 用 生 态 学 报 27卷
量的 4倍(图 2a).
在冷藏后样品中,所有处理组干塘前休眠卵的潜
在补充量均显著高于干塘后.在盐度为 10 的处理组
中,干塘前休眠卵潜在补充量为(33.6±10.6) ×105
eggs·m-3,为该盐度条件下干塘后样品的 5倍(图 2b).
在盐度为 5 ~ 25 的条件下,干塘前沉积物样品
在冷藏前后的潜在补充量均显著高于干塘后样品
(P<0.05).
图 1 干塘前后沉积物中桡足类休眠卵丰度和潜在补充量
Fig.1 Abundance and potential recruitment of copepod resting
eggs in the sediments before and after desiccation.
A: 干塘前 Before desiccation; B:干塘后 After desiccation. ∗ P<0.05.
下同 The same below. N1: 休眠卵总数 Abundance of copepod resting
eggs; N2: 冷藏后潜在补充量 Potential recruitment after cooling; N3:
冷藏前潜在补充量 Potential recruitment before cooling;
图 2 不同盐度条件下干塘前后桡足类休眠卵的潜在补充
量和孵化率
Fig.2 Potential recruitment and hatching rate of copepod rest⁃
ing eggs in the sediments before and after desiccation under dif⁃
ferent salinities.
a) 未冷藏 Before cooling; b) 冷藏后 After cooling; r:潜在补充量 Po⁃
tential recruitment; h: 孵化率 Hatching rate.下同 The same below.
2 4 不同盐度条件下休眠卵冷藏前后的潜在补充
量和孵化率
干塘前未冷藏样品在盐度 20 时的潜在补充量
最高,平均为(21.8±1.4) ×105 eggs·m-3,孵化率为
49 5%.冷藏 4 周后,在盐度 15 时的潜在补充量最
高,平均为(34. 1 ± 8. 9) × 105 eggs·m-3,孵化率为
77.3%.除盐度 5 以外,其他处理组冷藏 4 周后比未
冷藏的潜在补充量和孵化率均有所升高(图 3A).
干塘后未冷藏样品在盐度 15时的潜在补充量最
高,平均为 (8. 3 ± 0. 3) × 105 eggs·m-3,孵化率为
55 9%.冷藏 4周后,在盐度 20时的潜在补充量最高,
平均为(14.7±3.5)×105 eggs·m-3,孵化率为99.4%.在
盐度 10~25的条件下,样品冷藏 4周后,休眠卵潜在
补充量和孵化率均高于未冷藏样品(图 3B).
在盐度为 10~25的条件下,冷藏后的干塘前和
干塘后沉积物样品的潜在补充量和孵化率均高于冷
藏前样品.
2 5 休眠卵孵化持续时间
在 6 个盐度处理组中,干塘前样品无论是否经
过冷藏,孵化时间集中在第 10 ~第 15 天,低温储存
对其持续时间没有显著影响(图 4A).干塘后冷藏前
样品的孵化时间约为 10 d,低温冷藏 4 周后孵化时
间延长至 25 ~ 30 d,盐度 10 ~ 25 处理组冷藏后孵化
持续时间比冷藏前明显延长(P<0.05, 图 4B).
图 3 不同盐度条件下桡足类休眠卵冷藏前后的潜在补充
量和孵化率
Fig.3 Potential recruitment and hatching rates of copepod rest⁃
ing eggs in the sediments before and after cooling under different
salinities.
11026期 田 恬等: 池塘桡足类休眠卵对浮游种群的潜在补充及其影响因素
图 4 桡足类休眠卵冷藏前后的孵化持续时间
Fig.4 Hatching duration of copepod resting eggs before and af⁃
ter cooling.
3 讨 论
休眠卵是桡足类的重要生存策略,主要有静止
卵(quiescence egg)和滞育卵(diapause egg)两类.静
止卵是即孵卵在产出后受到外界不良环境的刺激而
产生的发育停滞现象,一旦条件合适就可进行孵化.
即孵卵(subitaneous egg)是桡足类在环境适宜的情
况下所产的不需受精即能发育的卵[13] .滞育卵是产
出后不能直接孵化的休眠卵,因其发育至一定阶段
后停滞,需要经过刺激(冷藏或加热)才能度过不应
期(refractory phase),否则即使环境条件适宜也不进
行萌发[14-16] .本研究采样区域位于珠江口半咸水池
塘,盐度季节性变化较大.为了降低养殖病害,池塘
定期进行干塘处理.干塘后养殖池塘注水,适宜的环
境使沉积物中休眠卵孵化,快速补充水体中的浮游
动物群落.但目前关于干塘对桡足类休眠卵形成和
孵化的影响尚未见报道.
3 1 干塘对桡足类休眠卵的影响
干塘是维持养殖池塘良好水质的一种有效手
段.由于养殖过程中大量的残饵、粪便等有机物沉到
池塘底部腐败分解,不仅消耗水中溶氧,更产生亚硝
酸盐和硫化氢等有毒物质,严重影响鱼、虾、蟹的健
康和生长.干塘(暴晒塘底沉积物)有利于杀灭池塘
底部存在的细菌等病原生物[17] .本研究结果显示,
干塘后沉积物中桡足类休眠卵总数仅为干塘前的
33%,且干塘后桡足类休眠卵潜在补充量比干塘前
显著降低(图 1 和图 2),表明干塘环境不利于桡足
类休眠卵的保存,影响休眠卵的孵化.
沉积物含水率、温度、光照及 pH 等环境因素对
沉积物中休眠卵具有重要影响[2,18] .陈亮东等[19]研
究发现,桂山岛海域桡足类休眠卵潜在补充量和沉
积物含水率呈极显著正相关关系.沉积物含水率直
接影响沉积物的力学性质,随着含水率的增加,底质
沉积物的强度逐渐降低,贯入阻力越小,休眠卵越容
易埋藏在沉积物内部,从而躲避其他动物的捕食,减
轻不利环境的影响,有利于在沉积物中积累与存
活[20] .因此,沉积物含水率是影响休眠卵潜在补充
量的重要因素.本研究中干塘暴晒致使沉积物含水
率降低,干塘后休眠卵潜在补充量显著低于干塘前,
与陈亮东等[19]研究结果一致.此外,徐兆礼[21]和廖
一波等[22]研究发现,环境温度改变是影响桡足类群
落结构变化的重要因素.本研究中,干塘前池塘水体
的存在保证了沉积物环境处于相对稳定的状态,干
塘后沉积物缺少了水层的保护,直接暴晒于阳光下,
沉积物温度以及表面光照强度较干塘前显著增加,
不利于桡足类休眠卵在沉积物中的保存.因此,干塘
后沉积物中桡足类休眠卵的潜在补充量显著低于干
塘前.而且干塘过程中沉积物直接暴晒于阳光下,沉
积物中的含水率降低、温度升高和光照强度增加是
干塘后沉积物桡足类休眠卵潜在补充量低于干塘前
的主要原因.
3 2 低温冷藏对桡足类休眠卵孵化的影响
低温冷藏可刺激滞育卵度过不应期[23],因此低
温冷藏对休眠卵孵化具有重要影响[24] .法国 Seine
河口的桡足类休眠卵平均孵化率为 2.4%,在 4 ~ 5
℃冷藏后的孵化率 ( 4. 5%) 比未冷藏前孵化率
(0.7%)显著提高[25] .长时间处于低温(10 ℃)时期
的 Pseudodiaptomus grani休眠卵比处于 20 ℃时期的
孵化率更高,说明较长的低温刺激可能有助于提高
P. grani休眠卵的孵化率[26] .本研究得到相似的结
果,干塘前和干塘后沉积物冷藏 4 周后潜在补充量
显著高于未冷藏样品(图 1 和图 3),冷藏后孵化的
休眠卵主要为未度过不应期的滞育卵.
3 3 盐度对桡足类休眠卵孵化的影响
不同的桡足类种类适应不同的盐度条件.本研
究中,沉积物样品中的休眠卵能在盐度 0 ~ 25 的条
件下孵化,表明其在沉积物中具有适应不同盐度种
类的休眠卵,能在相应的盐度条件下孵化以补充水
体中的桡足类种群,从而保证了桡足类在盐度变化
中维持种群的延续.有研究表明,浮游动物群落受盐
度变化干扰后的恢复是由于现存卵库的作用[27-28] .
2102 应 用 生 态 学 报 27卷
汤式纺锤水蚤(Pseudodiaptomus hessei)休眠卵在盐
度为 0时孵化率最低(11.4%),随盐度增加孵化率
提高,当盐度为 25 时孵化率最高(84 5%) [29] .本研
究中,低盐度范围内休眠卵孵化率随着盐度的升高
而增加,最高孵化率出现在盐度 15~20,随后盐度上
升孵化率则下降,表明该水体桡足类休眠卵对盐度
适应范围具有一定的弹性空间.
本研究发现,低温冷藏 4 周后休眠卵的孵化率
比未冷藏的高,但盐度为 5 的处理组在干塘前后两
组样品中却出现相反的结果,可能是因为采样前虾
塘长期处于低盐度中,桡足类所产的卵为即孵卵或
静止卵;而高盐度下孵化的休眠卵为适应高盐度桡
足类所产的滞育卵,在 4 ℃的低温刺激下,其度过不
应期于高盐度条件下重新孵化.
3 4 休眠卵的孵化模式
桡足类休眠卵孵化类型根据孵化时间的长短,
分为零星孵化型和同步孵化型.不同孵化类型受到
温度、光照和光周期等环境因子的影响[30] .干塘后
沉积物经过低温冷藏后,对其持续孵化时间有显著
影响(图 4).陈亮东等[19]在对桂山岛海域沉积物中
的休眠卵研究发现,桡足类休眠卵孵化持续时间长
达 10~34 d,与本文孵化持续时间接近.干塘后样品
经低温冷藏后孵化持续时间延长,可能与沉积物中
滞育卵的不应期长短有关.
致谢 感谢暨南大学柴召阳同学在数据分析和论文格式修
改方面给予的指导和帮助.
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作者简介 田 恬,女,1990年生,硕士研究生. 主要从事浮
游动物生态学研究. E⁃mail: tian90911@ 163.com
责任编辑 肖 红
田恬, 王庆, 罗洪添, 等. 池塘桡足类休眠卵对浮游种群的潜在补充及其影响因素. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27(6): 2009-2014
Tian T, Wang Q, Luo H⁃T, et al. Potential recruitment into planktonic population and influencing factors on the hatching of copepod
resting eggs in ponds. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(6): 2009-2014 (in Chinese)
4102 应 用 生 态 学 报 27卷