全 文 ：　[ 收稿日期] 2010-10-13
　[ 基金项目] 湖北省教育厅资助项目(B2010130)
　[ 第一作者简介] 吴　楚(1965-),男 ,湖北天门人 ,理学博士 ,教授 ,主要从事植物生理生态学研究.
doi:10.3969/ j.i ssn.1673-1409(S).2010.04.014
磷胁迫对冬珊瑚幼苗根系构型与异速生长的影响
　　吴　楚 ,何开平 ,吴立双　(长江大学园艺园林学院 , 湖北 荆州 434025)
[摘要] 采用沙培方式研究了磷胁迫对冬珊瑚根系构型和异速生长的影响。 结果表明 , 在冬珊瑚幼苗生长期
间 ,其拓扑学指数随磷处理浓度而增大。磷胁迫使其根系构型呈分枝状 , 而非通常情况下的鲱鱼骨状。 在
所有磷处理条件下 , 异速生长指数都小于 1 ,表明冬珊瑚在幼苗期间其生物量主要用于地上部分的生长。
[关键词] 磷胁迫;根系构型;异速生长
[中图分类号] Q945.78 [ 文献标识码] A　　[文章编号] 1673-1409(2010)04-S047-05
磷是植物生长发育所必需的大量营养元素之一 ,是植物体内进行能量代谢 、核酸和膜生物合成的重要
物质 ,在光合作用 、呼吸作用以及众多酶的调节方面具有重要的作用。在植物所吸收的无机营养元素中 ,
磷对植物生长发育以及代谢的影响是最大的。然而 ,地球上磷矿资源非常有限。据估计 ,全球磷矿资源将
在 50 a 后枯竭[ 1 , 2] 。另一方面 ,尽管土壤中含有很多磷酸盐 ,但有效磷酸盐的浓度非常低 ,即使在肥沃的
土壤中 ,有效磷的浓度很少超过 10 μmol/L[ 3] ,而且磷在土壤中的运动速度非常慢[ 4] ,比硝酸盐低 4 ～ 5个
数量级[ 5] ,这样很容易在植物根系周围形成一个磷酸盐耗竭区[ 6] 。因此 ,植物常常处于磷胁迫状态 。磷胁
迫引起根系发育与生理的改变 ,如根系发育进程[ 7] 、根构型[ 8 , 9] 、簇根的形成[ 10 , 11] 、有机酸的分泌[ 11 , 12] 。人
们研究磷胁迫反应 ,使用了模式植物和重要的农作物和林木 ,而对花卉的磷胁迫反应研究很少。本研究以
冬珊瑚为材料 ,研究其对磷胁迫的反应及其异速生长 ,以期了解花卉根系在磷胁迫条件下的生长状况 。
1　材料与方法
1.1　材料培育
冬珊瑚种子采自长江大学植物园 。将河沙清洗干净 ,然后装入塑料盆中(直径15 cm ,高 15 cm),将事
先催芽的冬珊瑚种子均匀播种于河沙表面 ,然后以洗净的河沙覆盖 ,以不见种子为度。将塑料盆移入温
室 。待种子萌发后 ,浇水和浇营养液交替进行(1 d水 1 d 营养液)。营养液的成分梯度为 2.5 、5 、10 、20
μmo l/L ,以 1 mmol/ L为对照 。上述各浓度分别以 1 、2 、3 、4 、5代表 。培养 45 d后 ,将冬珊瑚幼苗取出 ,用
于分析 。
1.2　根系扫描
使用WinRhizo 根系分析系统对根系进行扫描和分析 ,取得总根长 、总表面积 、总投影面积 、总体积以
及根尖数等参数。
1.3　拓扑学指数和异速生长分析
根系高度(μ)和外部根节路径长度总数(α)的定义和计算根据Wu 等[ 8]的方法进行 , lgα和 lgμ之间直
线关系的斜率为拓扑学指数 。异速生长分析按照吴楚等[ 1 3] 的方法进行。
1.4　数据处理
各个磷浓度处理均取 50棵幼苗用于分析 ,各个参数以 SPSS V10.0 软件分析各个处理之间的差异 ,
显著性水平为 0.05 。
·47·长江大学学报(自然科学版)　2010年 12月 第 7卷第 4期:农学Journal of Yangtze University(Nat Sci Edit)　Dec.2010 , Vo l.7 No.4:Agri Sci
2　结果与分析
2.1　磷胁迫对冬珊瑚幼苗根系特征和构型的影响
磷胁迫对冬珊瑚幼苗根系构型具有很大的影响。在磷 2.5 ～ 10 μmol/ L 浓度范围内 ,根系总长度随
磷浓度而增加 ,当磷浓度增大时(20 μmol/L 和 1 mmol/ L),总根长度反而下降(图 1A)。总表面积和总投
影面积的变化趋势与总根长度的变化趋势相似(图 1B和 C)。这 3个参数都只在第三(10μmol/ L)和第四
(20μmol/ L)处理之间存在显著差异 。总体上 ,根系体积随磷处理浓度而增加 ,前 4种浓度处理(2.5 ～ 20
μmo l/L)之间无显著差异 ,但它们与对照(1 mmo l/L)之间存在显著差异(图 2A)。从第一到第四处理(2.
5 ～ 20 μmol/L),根节平均直径随磷浓度而增加;当磷浓度达到 1 mmol/ L 时 ,根节平均直径反而下降(图
2B)。第一种处理(2.5μmol/ L)和第三 、第四处理(10和 20 μmol/ L)之间存在显著差异 ,第二和第三种处
理(5和10μmo l/L)与第四种处理(20μmol/L)之间存在显著差异 ,第四种处理与对照(1 mmol/ L)之间存
在显著差异。整个根系的根尖数量在 10μmol/ L 时达到最大 ,与其他几种处理存在显著差异(图 2C)。根
系分叉数量和根节数量的变化趋势相同(图 3A和 B),且都存在第三种处理(10 μmo l/L)与其他处理之间
存在显著差异 。
图 1　磷有效性对总根长度 、根表面积和根投影面积的影响
Figure 1　The effects of phosphate availabil ity on the total root length , root surface area, and root projected area
图 2　磷有效性对根总体积 、根节平均直径和根尖数的影响
Figure 2　The effects of phosphate availability on the total volume , the average
diameter of links per seedling and the number of root tips
根系高度(μ)为根系沿着主根的根节数量 ,外部根节路径长度总数(α)为整个根系一级根根节数的总
和 ,反映了根系空间结构。这 2个参数是分析根系构型的一个重要指标[ 14 , 15] 。在磷胁迫处理下 ,这 2个
·48· 　 长江大学学报(自然科学版) 2010年 12 月
参数都在10μmo l/L 时达到最大(图 3C和 D)。 lgα和 lgμ之间直线关系的斜率为指示根系构型的拓扑学
指数。从图 4可以得知 ,随着磷浓度增大 ,拓扑学指数逐渐增大。
图 3　磷有效性对分叉数 、根节数 、根系高度和外部根节路径长度的影响
Figure 3　The effects of phosphate availability on the numbers of forks and the links, altitude , and external path length
图 A ～ E分别代表处理 1～ 5
图 4　拓扑学指数变化
Figure 4　The changes in toplogical index
·49·第 7 卷 第 4 期:农学 吴　楚等:磷胁迫对冬珊瑚幼苗根系构型与异速生长的影响 　
2.2　磷胁迫对冬珊瑚幼苗异速生长的影响
异速生长分析建立在根系生物量(Wr)和地上部分生物量(Ws)的对数之间的直线关系的基础上 ,其
直线关系的斜率即为异速生长指数。从图 5可以看出 ,无论磷的处理浓度如何 ,直线的斜率(异速生长指
数)都小于 1 ,这表明在冬珊瑚幼苗阶段 ,生长偏向于地上部分 ,因此 ,这种生长特性引起生物量分配偏向
于地上分配(图 6)。在 10 μmo l/L 时 ,冬珊瑚的总生物量(即地上部分和地下部分生物量的总和)最小 。
图 A ～ E分别代表处理 1～ 5
图 5　根茎异速生长分析
Figure 1　Allometric analyses of roots and shoots
3　讨论
图 6　磷有效性对根和地上部分干重的影响
Figure 　The effects of phosphate availability
on root and shoot dry weight
3.1　磷胁迫对冬珊瑚根系构型的影响
磷胁迫对冬珊瑚的根系构型产生了很大的
影响(图 1 ～ 4)。然而 ,拓扑学指数随着磷浓度而
增大(图 4),这表明低有效磷浓度引起冬珊瑚幼
苗根系呈现更大的分枝性 ,而不是通常的结果
(即鲱鱼骨型)。此结果与其他研究刚好相
反[ 8 , 14 ～ 16] 。其原因可能是冬珊瑚幼苗根系在低
磷条件下对磷吸收效率较低 ,而在高磷条件下对
磷吸收的效率较高 。如果真是如此 ,则说明冬珊
瑚幼苗根系在低磷条件下可能没有产生高亲和
力的磷酸转运蛋白 ,或产生的高亲和力的磷酸转
运蛋白很少。
·50· 　 长江大学学报(自然科学版) 2010年 12 月
3.2　磷胁迫对冬珊瑚异速生长的影响
无论在磷胁迫条件下(2.5 ～ 20 μmol/L)还是在磷充足的条件下(1 mmo l/L),冬珊瑚幼苗的根系的异
速生长指数都小于 1(图 5),这表明冬珊瑚在幼苗期间 ,生物量的分配都倾向于地上部分 ,从而出现图 6所
显示的结果。在许多情况下 ,磷胁迫会导致生物量分配倾向于地下[ 13 , 17] ,由此看来 ,在磷胁迫条件下 ,冬
珊瑚在幼苗期间根系发育状况与许多植物不同 。在磷胁迫条件下 ,植物根系对磷胁迫的反应与植物生长
素的再分配有关[ 18] ,因此 ,在磷胁迫条件下冬珊瑚幼苗根系发育受到生长素再分配的影响较大 ,从而导致
生物量向地上部分的分配超过了向地下部分的的分配(图 6)。
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·51·第 7 卷 第 4 期:农学 吴　楚等:磷胁迫对冬珊瑚幼苗根系构型与异速生长的影响 　
(PNR)
041 Effects of Starvation on Energy and Substance Consumption in Oreochromis aureus ×O.
niloticus
CHAI Yi ,LUO Jing-bo
ZHANG Yuan-jiong 　 Col lege o f Anima l Science ,Yang tz e Universi ty , J in gzhou , Hubei 434025 , China
Abstract:The metabolic course of energ y substance in the muscle during s tarvation peri-
od was s tudied.Samples were picked up in the 1st , 4th , 8th , 16th , 24th , 32nd , 40th , 48th
day during starvation period and the chemical composition(moisture , lipid , protein and
ash)in the whole fish and the muscle w ere detected.The results showed that content of
moisture and ash decreased , while the content of lipid and pro tein increased.During the
starvation period , the pro tein compostion in the muscle decreased from 18.82% to
16.42%.The rate of protein consumption was -12.66.T he lipid compo sion in the mus-
cle decreased f rom 1.79% to 1.03%while the rate of lipid comsumption was -44.62.
At the sametime , the protein compostion in the who le fish decreased f rom 17.43% to
15.85%.And the rate of protein consumption was -9.84 while the lipid compositon in
the whole fish decreased from 2.98% to 2.11%.The rate of lipid consumption was -
31.05.
Key words:Oreochromis aureus ×O.niloticus;s tarvatio n;material consumption
044 Cloning of BcMF4 Gene from Purple Cai-tai(Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis var.pur-
puraria)and Construction of Its RNAi Plant Expression Vector
LIU Le-cheng ,LINXiao-fang 　(Col lege o f Horticulture and Gardening ,Y angtze Universi ty ,J ingzhou , H ubei 434025 , China)
Abstract:According to the sequence of the gene BcMF4 , which is related w ith the male
sterility of common Chinese cabbage-pak-choi (Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis , syn.
B.rapa ssp.chinensis), a pair of special primers w ere desig ned , and then a 710 bp gene
segment w as cloned f rom purple Cai-tai (B.campestr is ssp.chinensis var.purpurar ia).
U sing Gateway technology , a RNAi (RNA interference)plant ex pressio n vector of Bc-
MF4 gene was constructed.The s tudy has laid the groundwo rk for understanding the in-
fluence of BcMF4 gene on the pollen development and male sterility of purple Cai-tai by
silencing this gene.
Key words:purple Cai-tai(Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis var.purpurar ia);BcMF4;
clone;RNAi(RNA interference);expression vector
047 Effects of Phosphate Availability on Root System Architecture and Allometric Growth of
Solanum pseudocapsicum Seedlings
WU Chu , HE Kai-ping ,WU Li-shuang 　 Col lege o f Hort icul tur e and Garden ing , Yang tz e Univer sity ,
J in gzhou , Hubei 434025 , China
Abstract:Sand culture was used to investig ate the effects of low phosphate availability on
root system architecture and allometry of Solanum pseudocapsicum seedling s.The re-
sults showed that topological indexes increased as the phosphate concentrations in-
creased , suggesting the roo t sy stem architectures of these seedlings under low phosphate
· Ⅵ ·
availability had branching patterns , not the herring bone-like roo t sy stems like other
plant species under low phosphate availability.The allomet ric indexes were less than 1
under all phosphate t reatment , suggesting that main biomass were allocated to shoo ts.
Key words:phosphate deficiency;roo t system architecture;allometry
052 Response of Leersia herxandra Root Growth Status Subjected to Flooding Stress and Re-
scission
ZHU Gui-cai 　 Col leg e o f Hort iculture and Gard ening ,Y angtz e Universi ty , Jing zhou , H ubei 434025 , Ch ina;
Col leg e o f Li fe S ciences , SunY atsen Universi ty , Guangzhou , Guangdong 520075 , China
GAO Shu-jie 　(Taiz i Mountain Forest A dminist rat ion Bureau o f H ubei Province , J ingmen , Hubei 431822 , Ch ina)
ZHANG xia 　(Col lege o f Hort icul tur e and Garden ing ,Y ang tz e Un iver sity , J ing zhou , H ubei 434025 , China)
Abstract:Leersia herxandra was a kind of g rass with high survival rate under condition
of submerging and drought.Five t reaments were simulated , which were g rowing in test
field w ithout cont roling (CK), waterlogged (V1), submerging (V2), raising f rom bot-
tom to middle after submerging (V3)and revelation af ter submerging (V4).The root
grow th parameters of L.herxandra were mensurated under condition of the above-s tated
5 t reaments.Results showed that:(1)The roo t length , roo t lenpervol , root surfarea and
root projsurfarea of L.herxandra were dynamically subjected to flooding stress and re-
scission of stress , and their value were V1>CK>V2>V3>V4.Moreover the value of
V1 were mo re sig nificant than those of the other treaments.(2)The roo t leng th and the
root lenpervol of L.herxandra subjected to V2 were 3 times of that subjected to V 1 , but
the differences betw een V2 ,V3 and CK were not significant.(3)The root avgdiam value
of L.her xandra were V2>V1>CK>V3>V4.Both value of V1 and V2 were sig nifi-
cantly more than CK , while the differences betw een V2 and V 1 were not sig nificant.A l-
so there were not significant differences betw een V3 , V4 and CK.(4)The rootvolume
value of L.herxandra were V1>V2>CK>V3>V4 , and differences among V1 and o th-
er treaments w ere the ex tremely sig nificant.Both the rootvolume value of V3 and V4
were sig nificantly low er than those of V2 and CK.
Key words:Leersia herxandra;f looding st ress;stress rescission;root g row th parameters
056 Study on Effect of Acetochlor and Atrazine Mixture Spraying over Soil on Security of Mil-
let [ Setaria italica (L.)Beauv.] by Matalaxy Wrapping Seed
CHENGLiang 　 Shan xi Vocat ional Insti tute o f Bio-App licat ion techno logy , Depar tment o f
B io logical pharmaceu tical en gineer ing , Taiyuan , Shan xi 030031 , China
Abstract:The morphology indexes and physiology indexes of millet which was w rapped
by matalaxy and diatomite and planted in soil sprayed w ith acetochlo r and atrazine were
stndied.In addition , the effects on millet s safety in this condition were discussed.One
month after the soil w as sprayed w ith mixture of acetochlor and at razine , millet seeds
w rapped by matalaxy(0.6%)and diatomite w ere planted.The results showed that matal-
axy could alleviate the phy totoxicity of the mixture of acetochlor and at razine to millet ,
and the millet yield increased.
Key words:matalaxy;mix ture of acetochlor and atrazine;millet [ Setar ia italica(L.)
· Ⅶ ·