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‘豫大籽’与‘突尼斯’石榴的种子结构及硬度比较



全 文 :DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20150391
‘豫大籽’与‘突尼斯’石榴的种子结构及硬度比较
薛 辉,曹尚银*,陈利娜,李好先,牛 娟,张富红,赵弟广
(中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所,郑州 450009)
摘 要:【目的】比较硬籽和软籽 2个石榴品种‘豫大籽’和‘突尼斯’的种子大小、种子硬度及种子结构等,了解影响
种子硬度的主要因素。【方法】以花后 20、40、60和 120 d的‘豫大籽’‘突尼斯’种子为研究对象,测量花后 120 d 2个
品种的种子大小、种子硬度及木质素含量,并采用解剖镜对花后 20、40、60 d的种子结构进行观察。【结果】花后
20 d,‘突尼斯’和‘豫大籽’2个品种的种皮、胚均未发育;花后 40 d,种皮开始形成,胚未发育;花后 60 d,种皮与胚均
已形成;花后 120 d,种子的大小、硬度、木质素含量均为‘豫大籽’>‘突尼斯’,且木质素含量与种皮硬度呈正相关,
相关系数为 0.946(P<0.01)。【结论】石榴 2片子叶相互缠绕,先形成种皮、后形成胚,种子硬度与木质素含量呈正相
关关系。
关键词:石榴;种子;硬度;结构;木质素
中图分类号:S665.4 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-9980(2016)05-0563-07
收稿日期:2015-09-06 接受日期:2015-12-31
基金项目:我国优势产区落叶果树农家品种资源的调查与收集(2012FY110100);中国农业科学院科技创新工程:特色果树资源与育种
(CAAS-ASTIP-201X-ZFRI)
作者简介:薛辉,女,硕士,研究方向为果树遗传育种。Tel:15537131881,E-mail:zgqxmx1990@163.com
*通信作者Author for correspondence. Tel:13937192127,E-mail:13937192127@163.com
果树学报 2016,33(5):563-569
Journal of Fruit Science
Comparison of seed structure and hardness between‘Yudazi’and‘Tu⁃
nisia’
XUE Hui, CAO Shangyin*, CHEN Lina, LI Haoxian, NIU Juan, ZHANG Fuhong, ZHAO Diguang
(Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009,Henan,China)
Abstract:【Objective】Pomegranate is one kind of excellent fruit tree with social, ecological and econom⁃
ic benefits, ornamental value and health functions. Recently, many studies have verified the health bene⁃
fits associated with pomegranate. It is supported to show efficacy against hyperlipidemia, hypertension
HIV, infectious diseases, coronary heart disease and brain disorders. Pomegranate can be divided into
soft-seed and hard-seed variety according to seed hardness. Different seed hardness varieties are signifi⁃
cantly different in seed appearance, seed hardness, seed structure and so on. Seed development and forma⁃
tion of pomegranate are controlled by genes. But the research on the seed of pomegranate was mainly con⁃
centrated on the classification and the extraction of oil material. The purpose of this experiment was to dis⁃
tinguish the seed morphology of two kinds of pomegranate including seed size, seed hardness, seed struc⁃
ture and seed development process.【Methods】Studies were conducted using‘Tunisia’soft-seed pome⁃
granate and‘Yudazi’hard-seed pomegranate trees grown in Zhengzhou Fruit Institute, Chinese Acade⁃
my of Agriculture Sciences. The seeds of‘Yudazi’and‘Tunisia’at 20 days, 40 days, 60 days and 120
days after flowering were observed . The seed size, seed hardness and lignin content of two varieties were
measured at 120 d after flowering. And the seed structures of 20, 40 and 60 d after flowering were ob⁃
served respectively. The diameter of 10 seeds for each variety was measured with a digital vernier caliper.
果 树 学 报 第33卷
石榴(Pomegranate)是石榴科(Punicaceae)石榴
属(Punica L.)落叶灌木。因其具有较高的经济效益
及观赏价值与保健功能[1],深受世界各国人民喜爱。
近几年研究表明,石榴种子中含有的一些酚类等抗
氧化物质对高血脂、高血压、HIV、传染性疾病、冠心
病、前列腺癌症等[2-4]具有显著疗效。石榴栽培历史
悠久,经历数千年的发展,形成了很多品种。硬籽石
榴种子硬度较高,种子咀嚼吞咽较为困难,食用时吐
The fresh mass and dry mass of the seeds were measured by using 1/10000 electronic balance. Seed water
content was calculated by seed fresh mass-dry mass/ seed fresh mass. Lignin content of seed was determi⁃
nate by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Seed hardness was measured using TA-XT texture analyzer. 30
seeds from the middle were taken for each fruit. All measurements were repeated three times and the
mean value was taken. Excel Office and SPSS17.0 software were used to analyze the seed size, hardness
and lignin content and relationship between two pomegranate cultivars.【Results】The results showed that,
at 20 days after flowering, the testa and embryo of the two cultivars did not develop. The arils appearance
of the two varieties was similar. Both of them were white and the size of the two varieties had little differ⁃
ences. At 40 days after flowering, testa developed, but the embryo did not developed. The arils size of
‘Yudazi’was larger than that of‘Tunisia’. The arils color of‘Tunisia’was pink, while‘Yudazi’was
white. At 60 days after flowering, both the testa and embryo developed. At 120 days after flowering, the ap⁃
pearance and size of the two varieties were obviously different. The color of the arils of Tunisia was bright
red, and the color of‘Yudazi’was lighter. The seed size of‘Yudazi’was larger than that of‘Tunisia’.
The thickness of the testa in‘Yudazi’was thicker than in‘Tunisia’. The aril longitudinal and transverse
diameter of‘Yudazi’was 1.11 mm, 0.43 mm larger than that of‘Tunisia’, respectively. The mass of 100
arils in‘Yudazi’was 10.87 g larger than that of‘Tunisia’. Meanwhile, the seed longitudinal and trans⁃
verse diameter of‘Yudazi’were 0.98 mm, 0.08 mm greater than that of‘Tunisia’, respectively. 100 seed
mass of‘Yudazi’was 1.464 2 g greater than that of‘Tunisia’. The mass of 100 seed testa in‘Yudazi’is
21.6 g, and the mass of the 100 seed embryo was 8.3 g. And the ratio of testa mass to seed mass was
72.24%. The mass of 100 seed testa in‘Tunisia’was 9.2 g; the mass of the 100 seed embryo was 9.1 g.
And the ratio of testa mass to seed mass was 50.27%. Compared to the ratio of testa mass to seed mass, the
difference of the embryo mass of the two varieties was smaller. The measurement of seed hardness results
showed that the hardness of dry seed was lager than that of the fresh seed in both varieties. And the fresh
seed hardness of‘Yudazi’was 7.007 kg, while the seed hardness of‘Tunisia’was 2.119 kg. The fresh
seed hardness of‘Yudazi’was 4.888 kg greater than that of‘Tunisia’. The content of lignin in‘Yudazi’
and‘Tunisia’was 28.86% , 25.56% respectively. Thecorrelation analysis showed that lignin and seed
coat hardness was positively correlated with the correlation coefficient 0.946 (P<0.01). Paraffin sections
of the 120 days after flowering seed showed that the testa thickness of‘Tunisia’was smaller than that of
‘Yudazi’. The number of testa cells in‘Yudazi’was more than in‘Tunisia’, and testa cells in‘Yudazi’
was more compact than in‘Tunisia’.【Conclusion】The two cotyledons in seed intertwined with each oth⁃
er. The development process of the seed was that the testa developed at first, and then the embryo devel⁃
oped.‘Tunisia’(soft-seed) and‘Yudazi’(hard-seed) were significantly different in the seed hardness,
size and structure, especially in testa. Seed hardness was positively correlated with seed coat thickness
and lignin content, which provided physiological evidence for the comparison of soft and hard seed pome⁃
granate.
Key words: Pomegranate; Seed; Hardness; Structure; Lignin
564
,等:‘豫大籽’与‘突尼斯’石榴的种子结构及硬度比较第5期
籽使种子中的营养物质流失。软籽石榴果实硕大、
汁液甘甜、籽多、仁软,食用时种子易随果肉一起吞
咽。其中具有代表性的是‘突尼斯’软籽石榴,其优
良的经济性状堪称石榴果中珍品,发展潜力非常大,
市场售价是普通品种的 2~4倍,是增加农民收入的
好品种。
前人对石榴种子的研究集中在分类[5-7]、种子烘
干技术 [8-10]、影响石榴种子发芽的因素 [11-13]、种子中
的含油量 [14]、磷脂含量 [15]、酚类物质 [2]和化学组
成 [16-17]等方面。其中,石榴可按种子硬度分为软籽
品种(种子硬度<3.67 kg·cm-2)、半软籽品种(种子
硬度为 3.67~4.20 kg · cm- 2)和硬籽品种(种子硬
度 > 4.2 kg·cm-2)3类 [18]。陆丽娟等 [19]认为,石榴种
子硬度可能是由微效多基因控制的数量性状,并可
能有与环境条件相关的调节基因存在。Dalimov
等[16]指出石榴种皮中含有较高的木质素,是影响籽
粒硬度的主要成分。Dai等[20]通过对山楂软硬内果
皮的转录组分析得出,内果皮的软硬程度与木质素
的合成相关。前人的研究发现,石榴种子的硬度可
能与木质素的合成有关,但木质素的具体含量多
少、石榴种子结构的相关报道较少。我们以‘豫大
籽’(硬籽)与‘突尼斯’(软籽)2个石榴品种为研究
对象,通过对其种子大小、硬度、木质素含量及其不
同时期的种子结构进行测量与观察,旨在了解 2个
石榴品种种子的形态差异及其影响因素,以及种子
生长发育过程中形态和结构的变化,为揭示软籽石
榴种子形成机理提供依据。
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料
试验于 2014年 5月开始,材料取自中国农业科
学院郑州果树研究所试验基地河南省荥阳市河阴石
榴园。分别在花后 20、40、60及 120 d取‘突尼斯’
和‘豫大籽’的种子,测量花后 120 d 2个品种的种子
大小、种子硬度及木质素含量,并采用解剖镜及石蜡
切片的方法对花后 20、40和 60 d的种子结构进行
观察。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 种子大小测量 从石榴成熟果实中,取出石
榴籽粒,用纱布等将种子外边的果肉去掉。取 10粒
种子,用数显游标卡尺测 10粒种子的纵横径,取平
均值作为单粒种子纵横径。取 100粒种子使用万分
之一的电子天平测种子鲜质量与干质量,将鲜种子
放入烘箱至恒重后测量干种子质量。种子含水量=
(种子鲜质量-种子干质量)/种子鲜质量。3次测量
取平均值。
1.2.2 种子硬度的测量 使用 TA-XT质构仪测定
种子硬度。每个果实取中部籽粒 30粒,3次测量取
平均值。
1.2.3 种子木质素测量 采用紫外光分光光度计
法[21]测石榴种子木质素含量:
称取木质素粉末约 0.01 g 放入 20 mL 试管
中,加入质量分数 25%溴乙酰 -乙酸溶液 5 mL和
高氯酸 0.2 mL,加上玻璃塞,于 70 ℃ 恒温水浴
30 min,每隔 10 min 振荡试管。将反应液完全移
入已装有 10 mL 2 mol·L-1 NaOH 和 25 mL 冰乙酸
混合液的容量瓶内,振荡充分混匀并用冰乙酸定
容至 100 mL。以冰乙酸为空白溶液,用紫外分光
光度计对样品溶液在波长 200~600 nm 进行扫描
测定吸光度。溶液吸光率(Absorptivity)按下式
计算:
Absorptivity =(Abs×Liters)/(W 木)
Abs 为样品溶液木质素吸光度,Liters 为样品
溶液定容体积/L,W 木为样品的干质量/g,以吸光率
的平均值作为标准吸光率。
计算木质素含量: Lignin/% =Abs × Liters ×
100 Wsample×Astandard
Astandard为石榴木质素标准吸光率。
每个石榴种子样品重复测定 6次,取平均值。
1.2.4 种子的解剖观察 采用 SZX10 奥林巴斯体
视显微镜观察 2个品种不同时期的种子。
1.3 数据分析
使用 Office Excel和 SPSS17.0软件对 2个石榴
品种种子大小、硬度及木质素含量等进行方差及相
关性分析。
2 结果与分析
2.1 种子大小比较
‘豫大籽’和‘突尼斯’2个品种花后 120 d(即成
熟期)时,籽粒外观及大小有明显差别(图 1,表 1)。
从外观上看,‘豫大籽’的籽粒颜色比‘突尼斯’浅,呈
粉红色。将种子横切,‘豫大籽’种皮的厚度大于‘突
尼斯’;虽然‘豫大籽’的种子明显大于‘突尼斯’,但
2者胚的大小相似。
薛 辉 565
果 树 学 报 第33卷
‘豫大籽’的籽粒纵、横径比‘突尼斯’的分别长
1.11 mm、0.43 mm;100粒籽粒质量,‘豫大籽’比‘突
尼斯’高 10.87 g。而 2者种子的纵、横径,豫大籽比
突尼斯大 0.98 mm、0.08 mm;100粒鲜种子质量,‘豫
大籽’比‘突尼斯’高 1.46 g。‘突尼斯’种子含水量比
‘豫大籽’高 8.66%。
A.‘豫大籽’籽粒;B.‘突尼斯’籽粒;C. 2 个品种的种子,上边是‘豫大籽’,下边是‘突尼斯’;D. 2 个品种的种皮和胚,上边是‘豫大籽’,下边是
‘突尼斯’。
A. Arils of‘Yudazi’; B. Arils of‘Tunisia’; C. The seed of two cultivars,upper is‘Yudazi’,lower is‘Tunisia’; D. The testa and embryo of two culti⁃
vars,upper is‘Yudazi’,lower is‘Tunisia’.
图 1 ‘豫大籽’(硬籽)与‘突尼斯’(软籽)种子形态比较
Fig. 1 Comparison of seed morphology between‘Yudazi’(hard-seed) and‘Tunisia’(soft-seed)
表 1 ‘豫大籽’(硬籽)与‘突尼斯’(软籽)种子大小比较
Table 1 Comparison of seed size between‘Yudazi’(hard-seed) and‘Tunisia’(soft-seed)
品种
Cultivar
豫大籽 Yudazi
突尼斯 Tunisia
籽粒 Arils
纵径
Longitudinal
diameter/mm
13.78 a
12.67 b
横径
Transverse
diameter/mm
9.95 a
9.52 b
100粒质量
Mass of
100 arils/g
64.33 a
53.55 b
鲜种子 Fresh seed
纵径
Longitudinal
diameter/mm
8.42 a
7.44 b
横径
Transverse
diameter/mm
3.53 ns
3.45 ns
100粒质量
Mass of 100
arils/g
4.49 a
3.03 b
100粒干
种子质量
Mass of 100
dry seeds/g
2.65 a
1.52 b
含水量
Water
content/%
41.05 b
49.71 a
注:小写字母代表差异显著(P<0.05);ns表示无显著差异。
Note: Small letters represent significant difference at P<0.05; ns represents for no significant difference.
2个品种的种子横切,将种皮与胚分离后分别
测量 2者质量,发现‘豫大籽’100粒种子的种皮质
量为 21.6 g,胚的质量为 8.3 g,种皮占种子质量的
72.24%;‘突尼斯’100粒种子的种皮质量为 9.2 g,胚
的质量为 9.1 g,种皮占种子质量的 50.27%。与种皮
的质量相比,2者胚质量的相差较小。
2.2 硬度比较
2个品种的干种子硬度的平均值比鲜种子大,
且具有显著差异(P<0.05)。‘豫大籽’的鲜种子硬度
(7.007 kg)比‘突尼斯’(2.119 kg)大 4.888 kg;而‘豫
大籽’(9.585 kg)的干种子硬度比‘突尼斯’(2.315
kg)大 7.270 kg。
2.3 木质素含量比较
‘豫大籽’种子的木质素含量为 28.86%,显著高于
‘突尼斯’(25.56%)。结合种子硬度与木质素含量发
现,种子硬度大的,其木质素含量相应的也比较高,2
B
AC D
A
566
,等:‘豫大籽’与‘突尼斯’石榴的种子结构及硬度比较第5期
D
CB
E F
G H I
KJ
A
者呈正相关关系,相关系数为 0.946(P<0.01)。
2.4 种子解剖结构观察
采用解剖镜对花后 20、40和 60 d的种子结构
进行观察发现,花后 20 d‘豫大籽’与‘突尼斯’2个
品种的籽粒外观相似,整体为乳白色,大小差别不
大,没有果肉与种子的分离(图 2)。从石榴果实的
横切面上看,种子的种皮与胚还未开始发育,果肉中
心是水状物,细胞未分化。
花后 40 d,2者的外观发生变化。‘豫大籽’的籽
粒大于‘突尼斯’;‘突尼斯’的籽粒颜色为粉红色,
‘豫大籽’为白色。2者的果肉均从外往里开始逐渐
透明。将 2个品种的种子进行横切发现,2者的种
皮开始形成,‘突尼斯’的种皮比‘豫大籽’薄一些。
但 2者的胚还未分化成形,种皮中心还是水状物。
花后 60 d,‘豫大籽’的籽粒仍然比‘突尼斯’大;
‘突尼斯’的籽粒颜色为粉红色,‘豫大籽’为白色。2
者外观与花后 40 d 相比,籽粒大小稍大,颜色相
似。将 2个品种的种子横切发现,2者的种皮已经
形成,‘突尼斯’的种皮比‘豫大籽’薄。此时,2者种
子的胚已经分化成型,石榴的 2片子叶相互缠绕。
‘突尼斯’种子的子叶排列较紧密,‘豫大籽’的子叶
缠绕不紧密。
花后 20 d:A.‘豫大籽’籽粒;B.‘突尼斯’籽粒;C.‘豫大籽’幼果横切;D.‘突尼斯’幼果横切。花后 40 d:E.‘突尼斯’籽粒(左)和‘豫大籽’籽粒
(右);F.‘突尼斯’横切;G.‘豫大籽’横切。花后 60 d:H.‘豫大籽’籽粒;I.‘突尼斯’籽粒;J.‘豫大籽’横切;K.‘突尼斯’横切。
Days after flower(DAF)20: A. Arils of‘Yudazi’; B. Arils of‘Tunisia’; C.‘Yudazi’crosscutting;D.‘Tunisia’crosscutting. DAF 40: E. Aril of‘Tuni⁃
sia’(left)and‘Yudazi’(right); F.‘Tunisia’crosscutting; G.‘Yudazi’crosscutting. DAF 60: H. Arils of‘Yudazi’; I. Arils of Tunisia; J.‘Yudazi’
crosscutting;K.‘Tunisia’crosscutting.
图 2 ‘豫大籽’与‘突尼斯’的种子形态观察
Fig. 2 Seed morphology of‘Yudazi’ and‘Tunisia’
薛 辉 567
果 树 学 报 第33卷
3 讨 论
石榴属于子叶出土型,影响种子发芽的关键因
素是种皮硬度,而影响种皮硬度的关键因素是种皮
中的木质素含量。本试验通过对软籽、硬籽 2个石
榴品种籽粒大小、种子大小及种皮占种子的比例研
究表明,2者的胚大小相似,影响种子质量及大小的
关键是种皮的厚度。而对 2个品种种子硬度及木质
素含量的测量发现,木质素的含量与种子硬度呈正
相关。山楂内果皮的转录组[20]分析发现,在山楂内
果皮硬度与木质素生物合成相关酶 C4H、HCT、
C3H、CCR、CCoA-OMT、F5H、CAD 的编码基因,以
及 4个 NAC转录因子编码基因和 12个 MYB转录
因子编码基因在软核山楂‘开原软籽’果实中转录水
平显著下调。在杨树[22]上的研究发现,MYB转录因
子与毛果杨木质素的生物合成有关。
石榴的 2片子叶与桃、花生等双子叶植物的子
叶形态不同。桃等 2片子叶靠在一起,但石榴的 2
片子叶是相互缠绕,紧密结合在一起的。石榴种子
的发育过程为筒状花经传粉受精后,在胚珠里边形
成合子,胚珠膨大,种皮形成,胚形成。
本试验从石榴种子的发育和形态观察发现,影
响种子硬度的关键因素之一是木质素含量。想要弄
清软籽与硬籽石榴种子形成的分子机理,还需要进
一步的分子生物学研究。
4 结 论
石榴的 2 片子叶在种子中呈相互缠绕状态。
‘突尼斯’(软籽)与‘豫大籽’(硬籽)2个石榴品种的
种子硬度、大小与结构显著不同,种子大小区别集中
在种皮厚度,且种子硬度与木质素含量之间呈显著
相关。石榴种子的发育顺序为先形成种皮,后形成
胚。
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