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Effects of LED qualities on quality and antioxidation capacity of eggplant fruits.

LED光质对茄子果实品质及抗氧化能力的影响


采用发光二极管(LED)精量调制光质和光强,以白光为对照,研究红光、蓝光和红蓝组合光对‘布利塔’长茄果实品质、抗氧化能力及产量的影响.结果表明: 蓝光处理下,茄子果肉中可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸和茄皮中花青素含量显著高于其他处理,分别比对照高15.1%、27.2%和73.6%,但果肉中类黄酮、总酚含量及产量显著低于其他处理;红光处理下,茄皮中类黄酮含量显著高于其他处理,但果肉中维生素C(Vc)和可溶性蛋白含量显著低于其他处理;红蓝组合光处理下,果肉中可溶性糖及茄皮中总酚、红色素、黄色素含量、总抗氧化能力以及产量均显著高于其他处理,其中茄皮中总抗氧化能力及产量分别比对照高43.5%和43.4%;而白光处理下,果肉中Vc、类黄酮和总酚含量及总抗氧化能力最高.茄皮中总酚及果肉中Vc含量与其总抗氧化能力呈显著正相关.设施栽培条件下,适当补充蓝光或红光均有利于改善茄子部分品质,红蓝组合光更有利于改善茄皮品质与产量形成.

 

The effects of red light, blue light, red+blue light and white light (control) generated by LED on the quality and antioxidation capacity of fruit and yield of ‘Brita’ eggplants were studied. The results showed that under blue LED, the soluble protein, free amino acids contents of eggplant pulps and the anthocyanin content of eggplant peels were significantly higher by 15.1%, 27.2% and 73.6% than control respectively, but flavonoid and phenolic contents of pulps and the yield were significantly lower than those of the other treatments. Under red LED, the eggplant peels flavonoid was remarkably increased, but vitamin C (Vc) and soluble protein contents were considerably decreased. Under red+blue LED, the soluble sugar of pulps and phenolic, red pigment, yellow pigment contents, total antioxidation capacity (TAC) of peels and the yield were significantly higher than those of the other treatments, in which, the TAC of peels and the yield increased by 43.5% and 43.4% compared with control, respectively. Vc, flavonoid and phenolic contents and TAC of eggplant pulps were the highest under white LED. There was significant positive correlation between the phenol content of peels and Vc content of pulps with TAC. Under the protected cultivation condition, an appropriate amount of blue or red LED could improve the quality of eggplant fruit, and red+blue LED was more beneficial to promote the quality of eggplant peels and the yield.
 


全 文 :LED光质对茄子果实品质及抗氧化能力的影响∗
李亚华1  陈  龙2  高荣广1  杨凤娟1,3∗∗  王秀峰1,3  魏  珉1  史庆华1,3  米庆华4
( 1山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院 /作物生物学国家重点实验室,山东泰安 271018; 2中国环境管理干部学院,河北秦皇岛
066102; 3农业部黄淮地区园艺作物生物学与种质创制重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018; 4 山东农业大学科学技术处, 山东泰安
271018)
摘  要  采用发光二极管(LED)精量调制光质和光强,以白光为对照,研究红光、蓝光和红蓝
组合光对‘布利塔’长茄果实品质、抗氧化能力及产量的影响.结果表明: 蓝光处理下,茄子果
肉中可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸和茄皮中花青素含量显著高于其他处理,分别比对照高 15.1%、
27.2%和 73.6%,但果肉中类黄酮、总酚含量及产量显著低于其他处理;红光处理下,茄皮中类
黄酮含量显著高于其他处理,但果肉中维生素 C(Vc)和可溶性蛋白含量显著低于其他处理;
红蓝组合光处理下,果肉中可溶性糖及茄皮中总酚、红色素、黄色素含量、总抗氧化能力以及
产量均显著高于其他处理,其中茄皮中总抗氧化能力及产量分别比对照高 43.5%和 43.4%;而
白光处理下,果肉中 Vc、类黄酮和总酚含量及总抗氧化能力最高.茄皮中总酚及果肉中 Vc 含
量与其总抗氧化能力呈显著正相关.设施栽培条件下,适当补充蓝光或红光均有利于改善茄
子部分品质,红蓝组合光更有利于改善茄皮品质与产量形成.
关键词  发光二极管; 光质; 果实品质; 抗氧化能力; 产量
文章编号  1001-9332(2015)09-2728-07  中图分类号  S626.9; S641.1  文献标识码  A
Effects of LED qualities on quality and antioxidation capacity of eggplant fruits. LI Ya⁃hua1,
CHEN Long2, GAO Rong⁃guang1, YANG Feng⁃juan1,3, WANG Xiu⁃feng1,3, WEI Min1, SHI Qing⁃
hua1,3, MI Qing⁃huan4 (1 College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural
University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China; 2Environmental
Management College of China, Qinhuangdao 066102, Hebei, China; 3Huanghuai Region Key Labora⁃
tory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Tai’ an
271018, Shandong, China; 4Department of Science and Technology, Shangdong Agricultural
University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China) . ⁃Chin. J. Appl. Ecol., 2015, 26(9): 2728-2734.
Abstract: The effects of red light, blue light, red+blue light and white light ( control) generated
by LED on the quality and antioxidation capacity of fruit and yield of ‘Brita’ eggplants were stu⁃
died. The results showed that under blue LED, the soluble protein, free amino acids contents of
eggplant pulps and the anthocyanin content of eggplant peels were significantly higher by 15.1%,
27.2% and 73.6% than control respectively, but flavonoid and phenolic contents of pulps and the
yield were significantly lower than those of the other treatments. Under red LED, the eggplant peels
flavonoid was remarkably increased, but vitamin C (Vc) and soluble protein contents were consi⁃
derably decreased. Under red+blue LED, the soluble sugar of pulps and phenolic, red pigment,
yellow pigment contents, total antioxidation capacity (TAC) of peels and the yield were significant⁃
ly higher than those of the other treatments, in which, the TAC of peels and the yield increased by
43.5% and 43.4% compared with control, respectively. Vc, flavonoid and phenolic contents and
TAC of eggplant pulps were the highest under white LED. There was significant positive correlation
between the phenol content of peels and Vc content of pulps with TAC. Under the protected cultiva⁃
tion condition, an appropriate amount of blue or red LED could improve the quality of eggplant
fruit, and red+blue LED was more beneficial to promote the quality of eggplant peels and the yield.
Key words: LED; light quality; fruit quality; antioxidant capacity; yield.
∗“十二五”国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD11B01)、山东省科技发展计划项目(2013GNC11013)、现代农业产业技术体系专项资金项目
(CARS⁃25⁃D)和山东省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(SDAIT⁃02⁃022⁃08)资助.
∗∗通讯作者. E⁃mail: beautyyfj@ 163.com
2014⁃11⁃20收稿,2015⁃05⁃06接受.
应 用 生 态 学 报  2015年 9月  第 26卷  第 9期                                                           
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, Sep. 2015, 26(9): 2728-2734
    光在植物的生长发育中具有特殊重要的地位.
它通过光质、光强和光照时间三方面来影响植物的
生长发育和形态建成[1] .它不仅为光合作用提供辐
射能,还作为一种环境信号影响植物生命周期中的
许多生理过程[2-4] .光质即不同波长光谱成分.大量
研究表明,光质显著影响植物的营养物质含量[5-6] .
蓝光下生长的植物的蛋白质含量较高,而红光下碳
水化合物含量较高[7];黄光对油葵芽苗菜游离氨基
酸的积累有促进作用[8] .此外,光质对植物次生代谢
物的产生也有显著影响[9-10],还可调节植物的抗氧
化物质含量[11] .其中,蓝光可显著促进草莓果实花
青苷的合成[12];红光处理下番茄果实转色期番茄红
素含量最高[13],红光还可显著提高豌豆苗的抗氧化
能力[14];红蓝组合光处理下韭菜类黄酮含量显著高
于其他单色光处理[15] .
近年来,植物的需光特性成为研究热点.研究发
现,在光强一致条件下,红色棚膜有利于培育壮苗和
茄子的生长发育[16-17] .但不同颜色棚膜下其光谱组
成较复杂,很难深入研究其具体调控机理.发光二极
管(LED)具有单色、发热少、单体尺寸小、寿命长、无
污染等诸多优点,同时 LED解决了棚膜研究中光质
不纯的问题,增加了试验的可靠性.已有研究表明,
设施栽培条件下,补充不同 LED光质对生菜的生长
发育及形态建成具有显著影响[18],但有关 LED 光
调控对茄子果实品质及产量的影响尚未见报道.因
此,本文通过 LED 精细调制光谱成分和光强,研究
LED光质对茄子果实品质、抗氧化能力及产量的影
响,以期探讨光信号对果实品质及次生代谢的调控
机制,为发展设施栽培光环境调控技术和改善果实
品质提供科学依据.
1  材料与方法
1􀆰 1  供试品种与试验设计
光源采用飞利浦(中国)投资有限公司生产的
LED模组,分别为白光(CK)、红光(663.7 nm, R)、
蓝光(450.6 nm, B)及红蓝组合光(光量子通量密度
为 1 ∶ 1).光源与植株的距离可调节,使各处理光强
均为 260 μmol·m-2·s-1 .
供试茄子 ( Solanum melongena)品种为 ‘布利
塔’,试验于 2014年 1—6月在山东农业大学园艺实
验站日光温室和人工气候室内进行.按常规方法浸
种催芽后,挑选发芽整齐的种子播于装有基质(草
炭︰蛭石 = 2︰1)的 50 穴育苗盘中,放置到日光温
室内育苗.待子叶展平后,用 1 / 2 剂量的营养液代替
自来水浇灌,待第一片真叶展平后,用 1个剂量的营
养液浇灌.营养液参照日本山崎茄子专用配方[19] .
待幼苗长至 6 叶 1 心时,选取长势一致的幼苗
定植到装有基质(草炭︰蛭石 = 2︰1)的塑料盆(口
径 22 cm×深 18 cm)中,放入人工气候室进行不同光
质处理,每处理 10 株,根据基质墒情和植株长势定
期浇灌全营养液,其他管理措施相同.处理期间,室
内温度、湿度均由计算机准确调控,昼 /夜温度为 28
℃ / 20 ℃,湿度为 50%,光周期为 12 h·d-1 .
1􀆰 2  测定项目及方法
待果实达到商品成熟时,每处理随机摘取同一
部位果实 5个,取相同部位果肉进行可溶性糖、可溶
性蛋白、游离氨基酸(FAA)、维生素 C(Vc)、类黄酮
和总酚含量的测定.其中,可溶性糖含量测定采用蒽
酮比色法[20];可溶性蛋白含量测定采用考马斯亮蓝
G⁃250染色法[20];FAA含量测定采用茚三酮溶液显
色法[20];Vc含量测定采用二甲苯萃取比色法[20] .类
黄酮和总酚含量测定参照曹建康等[21]的方法,称取
1.0 g果肉,测定其类黄酮和总酚含量.
随机选取植株同一部位、成熟一致的果实 3 个,
每个果实采用直径 1 cm的打孔器取茄皮 3片,将连
带的果肉削净,采用曹建康等[21]的方法,测定花青
素、总酚和类黄酮含量.其余果皮于 60 ℃下烘干,粉
碎过 60 目筛,采用付莉等[22]的方法测定茄皮红色
素含量,采用麻明友[23]的方法测定茄皮黄色素含
量.茄皮、果肉总抗氧化能力测定采用南京建成生物
工程研究所的总抗氧化能力测定试剂盒[24] .每处理
重复 3次.
茄子采用双干整枝法,待果实达到商品成熟时,
称量单果质量,以单株为单位统计产量,此产量为统
计至四母斗时期的结果.
1􀆰 3  数据处理
采用 Excel 2003 软件处理数据和作图,采用
DPS V14.10软件进行数据统计分析、相关性分析和
差异显著性检验(α = 0.05).图表中数据为平均值±
标准差.
2  结果与分析
2􀆰 1  不同光质对茄子果肉营养品质的影响
由图 1可知,不同光质对茄子果肉 Vc、FAA、可
溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量具有显著影响.红蓝组合
光、红光和蓝光处理下茄子果肉 Vc 含量均显著低
于对照,分别降低 38.3%、59.4%和 32.9%,表明红光
显著抑制了果肉Vc的合成;果肉FAA含量以蓝光
92729期                        李亚华等: LED光质对茄子果实品质及抗氧化能力的影响         
图 1  不同光质对茄子果肉营养品质的影响
Fig.1  Effects of different light qualities on the nutritional quali⁃
ty of eggplant pulps.
CK: 白光White light; R / B:红蓝组合光 Red+blue light; R:红光 Red
light; B: 蓝光 Blue light. 不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05) Different
letters meant significant difference at 0.05 level. 下同 The same below.
下最高,比对照显著增加 27.2%,其他处理间差异不
显著,表明蓝光较其他光更有利于 FAA 的合成.可
溶性糖含量以红蓝组合光下最高,比对照显著提高
15􀆰 0%,其次为红光处理,亦显著高于对照,蓝光处
理与对照差异不显著,表明红蓝组合光有利于果肉
可溶性糖的积累;蓝光处理可显著提高果肉中可溶
性蛋白含量,较对照提高 15.1%,红光和红蓝组合光
处理均显著低于对照.
2􀆰 2  不同光质对茄子果肉类黄酮和总酚含量的
影响
由表 1 可知,不同光质对茄子果肉类黄酮和总
酚含量的影响规律相同,即所有光质处理下,其类黄
表 1  不同光质对茄子果肉类黄酮和总酚含量的影响
Table 1  Effects of different light qualities on the contents
of flavonoids and phenolic of eggplant pulps
处理
Treatment
类黄酮
Flavonoids content
(OD325 nm·g-1)
总酚
Phenolic content
(OD280 nm·g-1)
CK 2.40±0.05a 2.61±0.03a
R / B 2.37±0.03a 2.59±0.01ab
R 2.21±0.10ab 2.48±0.06bc
B 2.15±0.11b 2.45±0.07c
CK: 白光White light; R / B:红蓝组合光 Red+blue light; R:红光 Red
light; B: 蓝光 Blue light. 同列不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05) Dif⁃
ferent letters in the same column meant significant difference at 0. 05
level. 下同 The same below.
酮和总酚含量均略低于对照,表现为 CK>R / B>R>
B,蓝光下果肉类黄酮和总酚含量分别较对照降低
10.4%和 6.1%,表明蓝光不利于茄子果肉类黄酮和
总酚的合成.
2􀆰 3  不同光质对茄皮花青素、类黄酮和总酚含量的
影响
由表 2 可知,不同光质处理茄皮花青素含量差
异显著,蓝光下其含量显著高于其他处理,较对照提
高 73.6%;其次为红蓝组合光和红光,均显著高于对
照,但两者无显著差异.而红光处理茄皮类黄酮含量
显著高于对照;其次为红蓝组合光,蓝光处理下显著
低于对照.茄皮总酚含量以红蓝组合光下最高,其次
为红光,蓝光下最低,但均与对照差异不显著.可见,
蓝光对茄皮花青素的合成有极大的促进作用.
2􀆰 4  不同光质对茄皮红色素和黄色素含量的影响
图 2 显示,不同光质对茄皮红色素和黄色素含
量的影响差异显著.红色素和黄色素含量均以红蓝
组合光处理最高,分别比对照显著提高 24. 8%和
15􀆰 2%;而红光和蓝光处理红色素、黄色素含量均比
对照显著降低,且蓝光处理下红色素降低幅度明显,
较对照降低 53.3%.表明红蓝组合光较红、蓝单色光
有利于茄皮红、黄色素的积累.
2􀆰 5  不同光质对茄皮和果肉总抗氧化能力的影响
由图3可知,不同光质对茄皮和果肉总抗氧化
表 2  不同光质对茄皮花青素、类黄酮和总酚含量的影响
Table 2  Effects of different light qualities on the contents
of anthocyanin, flavonoids and phenolic of eggplant peels
处理
Treatment
花青素
Anthocyanin
[(OD530 nm-
OD600 nm)·cm-2]
类黄酮
Flavonoids
(OD325 nm·
cm-2)
总酚
Phenolic
(OD280 nm·
cm-2)
CK 0.641±0.039c 1.063±0.010b 0.994±0.015ab
R / B 0.893±0.041b 1.073±0.002ab 1.005±0.009a
R 0.820±0.025b 1.082±0.004a 0.999±0.003ab
B 1.113±0.062a 1.021±0.006c 0.979±0.007b
0372                                     应  用  生  态  学  报                                      26卷
图 2  不同光质对茄皮红色素和黄色素含量的影响
Fig.2  Effects of different light qualities on the contents of red
pigment and yellow pigment of eggplant peels.
能力影响不同.所有光质处理下,其茄皮总抗氧化能
力显著高于对照,以红蓝组合光处理下最高,高于对
照 43.5%,其次为红光和蓝光处理.而所有光质处理
下,果肉总抗氧化能力均比对照显著降低,但红光和
红蓝组合光差异不显著,均显著低于蓝光处理.
2􀆰 6  茄子果肉和茄皮相关品质与总抗氧化能力的
相关性分析
由表3可知,茄皮总酚含量与其TAC呈显著正
图 3  不同光质对茄皮(A)和果肉(B)总抗氧化能力的影响
Fig.3  Effects of different light qualities on the total antioxidant
capacity of eggplant peels (A) and pulps (B).
表 3  茄子果实品质与总抗氧化能力的相关系数
Table 3  Correlation coefficients between fruit qualities and
total antioxidant capacity of eggplants
部位
Part
花青素
含量
Anthocya⁃
nin
content
类黄酮
含量
Flavonoid
content
总酚含量
Phenolic
content
Vc含量
Vc
content
红色素
含量
Red
pigment
content
黄色素
含量
Yellow
pigment
content
茄皮 Peel 0.333 0.463 0.940∗∗ - 0.481 0.509
果肉 Pulp - 0.391 0.509 0.911∗∗ - -
∗P<0.01.
图 4  不同光质对茄子产量的影响
Fig.4   Effects of different light qualities on the yield of egg⁃
plants.
相关,而花青素、类黄酮、红色素及黄色素含量与
TAC间无显著相关性.果肉中 Vc 含量与 TAC 呈显
著正相关,而类黄酮和总酚含量与 TAC 间无显著相
关性.表明茄皮总酚及果肉 Vc含量的增加有利于提
高茄子果实的总抗氧化能力.
2􀆰 7  不同光质对茄子产量的影响
图 4 显示,红蓝组合光下茄子产量显著高于其
他处理,较对照提高 43.4%;其次为红光,但与对照
间差异不显著;蓝光下产量最低,比对照显著降低
35.6%.这表明红蓝组合光有利于茄子产量的形成.
3  讨    论
光质即不同波长的光谱成分,是植物生命活动
的重要环境因子之一,除了作为一种能源控制光合
作用,还作为一种触发信号影响植物的形态建成、生
理代谢、生长发育及果实品质.本研究表明,不同光
质处理对茄子果实营养品质有显著影响.白光处理
茄子果肉中 Vc 含量最高,其次为蓝光、红蓝组合
光,红光下最低,这与陈娴等[15]和陈强等[25]研究结
果一致.其原因可能是:光质对 Vc 合成分解酶活性
有影响,其中半乳糖酸内酯脱氢酶(GLDH)是 Vc 合
成途径的关键酶[26],而红光可降低 GLDH 活性,蓝
光和白光则可提高其活性[27] .本研究中,蓝光处理
茄子果肉可溶性蛋白含量显著高于其他处理,红光
13729期                        李亚华等: LED光质对茄子果实品质及抗氧化能力的影响         
处理下显著低于其他处理,这与陈祥伟等[28]对乌塌
菜的研究结果一致.其原因可能是蓝光条件下呼吸
作用增强,为氨基酸的合成、碳同化及蛋白质合成提
供了能量[29];而且大分子物质蛋白质的合成需要更
多的能量,而蓝光区光量子能量较高,故蛋白质的合
成可能亦与光质的能量有关.大量研究表明,红光可
促进碳水化合物积累[30] .而本试验中,红蓝组合光
下其果肉可溶性糖含量显著高于其他处理,其次为
红光.这与莴苣[31]和彩椒[32]的研究结果一致,可能
是单色光间的互补和加性效应影响了作物对碳水化
合物的吸收[33],或者是调控了蔗糖代谢相关酶的活
性[34],从而导致可溶性糖含量的不同.其具体原因
和机理有待进一步研究.李承志等[35]研究发现,增
加蓝光或红光照射,可提高萝卜及白菜的产量.本研
究表明,茄子在红蓝组合光下产量最高,而蓝光下产
量最低,这与不同作物对光质的要求不同有关[36] .
光质是调节植物产生次生代谢物质的基本因素
之一.类黄酮类物质是一种典型的次生代谢物质,具
有保护心血管、抗氧化、抗炎症和保护神经,甚至抗
肿瘤的作用[37] .茄皮中的红色素、黄色素是花青素
类物质,而花青素是类黄酮类物质的一种,是影响茄
子果实着色的主要物质,也是最好的天然抗氧化
剂[38] .研究表明,在所有影响花青素类物质合成的
外界因素中,光尤为重要[39] .赵德修等[40]研究发现,
蓝光能显著提高水母雪莲(Saussurea medusa)愈伤
组织中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性及类黄酮类化合
物的合成,红光不利于其类黄酮合成; Ensminger
等[41]提出,蓝光可促进欧芹(Petroselinum crispum)
等植物细胞的 PAL 活性,红光则起抑制作用.但本
研究表明,红光下茄皮类黄酮含量最高,而红蓝组合
光下其总酚含量最高;果肉中类黄酮和总酚含量均
表现为白光下最高,蓝光下均最低.这与上述研究结
果不一致,可能是不同植物对光质的响应不同所致.
任锦等[42]研究表明,蓝光比例的增加有利于紫背天
葵花色苷和总黄酮的积累,并能够增加其抗氧化活
性;但苹果经红光处理后,果皮花色苷积累总量和积
累速度明显高于其他处理[43];Wu 等[14]研究表明,
红光能提高豌豆苗的抗氧化能力,使其营养价值增
加.本研究表明,蓝光处理下茄皮花青素含量最高,
红蓝组合光及红光下次之;红色素和黄色素含量均
表现为红蓝组合光下最高;同时,红蓝组合光下茄皮
总抗氧化能力最大,这与红蓝组合光下茄皮色素及
总酚含量较高有关.
前人对抗氧化能力与类黄酮等次生代谢物是否
具有相关性进行了大量研究,但结果各不相同.黑大
豆的总抗氧化能力与其总酚和花色苷含量呈显著正
相关[44];苹果果皮中类黄酮、游离酚含量与其抗氧
化活性亦呈显著相关[45] .但也有研究表明,抗氧化
活性与酚类物质间无明显相关关系[46] .本研究中,
茄皮总酚含量与其总抗氧化能力呈显著正相关,而
花青素和类黄酮含量与总抗氧化能力无显著相关
性,可能是测定样品中具有抗氧化活性的有效酚种
类和含量不同.此外,有研究表明果实 Vc 含量与抗
氧化能力具有较高相关性[47],但也有研究认为两者
并不相关[48] .本研究中,茄子果肉 Vc 含量与其总抗
氧化能力呈显著正相关,表明本研究条件下茄子果
肉的总抗氧化能力主要是由 Vc决定的.
综上可知,设施栽培条件下,适当补充蓝光可提
高茄子果肉中游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白和茄皮花青
素含量,而适当补充红光可获得较高的茄皮类黄酮
含量,使用红蓝组合光(光量子通量密度 = 1 ∶ 1)进
行补光可提高茄子产量,增加茄皮红色素、黄色素含
量及茄皮总抗氧化能力.
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作者简介  李亚华,女,1989年生,硕士研究生. 主要从事设
施蔬菜与无土栽培研究. E⁃mail: lyh126yx@ 126.com
责任编辑  孙  菊
4372                                     应  用  生  态  学  报                                      26卷