全 文 ：Toxicity Effects of Water Extract of Euphorbia fischeriana
Steud． against Silkworm (Bombyx mori)
HOU Wei-zhuo，ZHEN Zhan-xuan* ，LI Yun-xiang，YANG Gui-ming，LI Ji-sheng，LI Na
Sericultural Institute of Chengde Medical College，Chengde 067000，China
Abstract ［Objective］Taking silkworm (Bombyx mori)as the test material，the research aimed to study the toxicity effects of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud．
against the insects in Lepidoptera． ［Methods］Water extract was prepared with fresh perennial E． fischeriana Steud．，which was applied in silkworm with different
methods including daubing the extract on silkworm back，soaking silkworm in the extract and feeding silkworm with the mulberry leaves daubed by the extract． ［Re-
sults］Those silkworms whose backs were daubed with the water extract had no obvious poisoning symptom． The silkworms soaked for 1 and 3 min could be survived
for about 7 d;the silkworms soaked for 5 min could be survived for about 2 d;and the silkworms soaked for 15 min could be survived for 10 h at most． Those silk-
worms fed with mulberry leaves daubed by water extract completely died after 2 d． ［Conclusions］The water extract of E． fischeriana Steud． had significant contact
toxicity and stomach poisoning against silkworm．
Key words Euphorbia fischeriana Steud．;Water extract;Silkworm;Contact toxicity;Stomach poisoning
Received:November 27，2010 Accepted:January 21，2011
Supported by Research Project Plan in Chengde Medical College (200925)．
* Corresponding author:E-mail:zhenkon． g@ 163． com
Euphorbia fischeriana steud．，also named as Langdu，Lang-
dugeda，Maoyanjing in Chinese［1］，is the perennial herb in Euphor-
biaceae［2］，the whole plant is toxic with large toxicity in root． The
toxic components obtained from E． fischeriana steud． produced in
Africa include 12-isobutyryl-13-acetyl-20-angelyphorbol，O-acetyl-
N-L-phenylalaninol and resin，etc．［1］． Its root contains diterpene
alcohol compounds，Euphorbia alcohol，saponin phenolic and tan-
nin，and Flora of China also recorded that the root of the plant
contained anhydrous acid［2］． The root of E． fischeriana steud． can
be prepared into medicine with warm character，acrid taste and tox-
icity，and the medicine has various functions，which can be used to
kill pests，mice，maggots，larvae off，and also can be used to cure
sore，lymphatic and psoriasis by external use［1 －2］． In recent years，
the application researches of E． fischeriana steud． extract in human
clinical and agriculture and forestry have been largely reported，
whereas the biological activity of E． fischeriana steud． extract
against silkworm is rarely reported． To this end，the author conduc-
ted research on the contact toxicity and stomach poisoning activity of
E． fischeriana steud． water extract against silkworm，in order to
provide basis for the development of E． fischeriana steud． pesticides
and the control of lepidopteran insects．
1 Materials and Methods
1． 1 Test silkworm The silkworms for the test were newly mo
lted fourth larva during spring rearing season(brushing-off of silk-
worm larvae on June 10，2010)．
1． 2 Test plants The fresh，air dried or low temperature (60 ℃)
dried rhizomes of perennial E． fischeriana steud． were taken and pre-
pared into water extract with boiling water extraction method［3］．
1． 3 Experimental methods
1． 3． 1 Contact toxicity test． Water extract of E． fischeriana
steud． was used to soak the silkworm body for 1，3，5，10 and 15
min，and daub on the back of silkworm body (liquid was mois-
tened with cotton pads to daub on the back of silkworm body for
one time)with a total number of six treatments，clean water soa-
king and that without soaking were set as control． 250 ml water ex-
tract of E． fischeriana steud． was poured into 500 ml beaker with
five repeats;five groups of 4 instar of silkworms with 10 heads in
each group were soaked in the above liquids and clean water for
certain time，respectively． The poisoning and recovery condition
of silkworm was observed． The recovered silkworms were contin-
ued to rear，and their growth and development conditions were ob-
served．
1． 3． 2 Stomach poisoning activity of daubed leaves on both sides
against silkworm． Three treatments including water extract of
E． fischeriana steud．，clean water and blank control were settled．
10 heads of 4 instar of silkworm were adopted as one group，and
each treatment contained two repeats． The mulberry leaves were
soaked in water extract and clean water for 3 s with the help of
chopsticks，then the leaves were placed in clean tray to remove the
excessive liquid，and subsequently used to feed silkworm． The
silkworm in blank control area was fed with normal leaves．
1． 3． 3 Stomach poisoning activity of daubed leaves on single side
against silkworm． Three treatments including water extract of
E． fischeriana steud．，clean water and blank control were settled．
10 heads of 4 instar of silkworm were adopted as one group，and
each treatment contained two repeats． Appropriate mulberry leaves
were taken and daubed with water extract and water on their back，
then the leaves were placed in clean tray to remove the excessive
liquid，and subsequently used to feed silkworm． The silkworm in
blank control area was fed with normal leaves．
2 Results and Analysis
2． 1 The contact toxicity of water extract of E． fischeriana
steud． against silkworm Contact toxicity test showed that the
variation condition of the silkworm placed in water extract and wa-
Plant Diseases and Pests 2011，2(1) :64 －66
ter was basically the same． At the beginning，the silkworm body
kept twisting in the liquid，then some individuals of silkworm did
not move after 2 min，and some individuals slightly moved after 5
min． All the silkworms were limp，showing dead state at 6 min．
As shown in Table 1，the silkworms daubed with extract on their
back did no show obvious poisoning symptoms with normal growth
and leaf feeding． The silkworms soaked for 1 －15 min were taken
out from the extract for observation． The result showed that with
the prolongation of soaking time，the survival time of silkworm was
gradually shortened． The silkworms soaked for 3 min could recover
to have 100% activities with leaf feeding actions，but they gradually
showed poisoning phenomenon［3］，and ultimately could not survive．
When the silkworms soaked for 5 min were taken out，some of them
could recover activities，but also showed deep poisoning status［3］，
they had no appetite with narrow body，and gradually died．
Table 1 Contact toxicity of water extract of E． fischeriana steud． against silkworm
Time after
taken out
Daubed water
extract on the back
Soaking time∥min
1 3 5 10 15
0 min 100% with movement 90% with movement 50% with movement 100% without movement 100% without movement 100% without movement
10 min Normal leaf-feeding 100% with movement 60% with movement 70% with movement 60% with movement 50% with movement
20 min Normal leaf-feeding － 100% with movement 80% with movement 70% with movement 60% death
1 h Normal leaf-feeding Offering with mulberry leaves Offering with mulberry leaves 85% with movement 70% with movement 70% death
3 h Normal leaf-feeding Little feeding trace on leaves No feeding trace on leaves 20% death 70% with movement 90% death
10 h Normal leaf-feeding 70% have leaf-feeding Little feeding trace on leaves 60% death 30% death 100% death
1 d Normal leaf-feeding 10% death 30% deep poisoning 70% death 80% death －
2 d Normal development 20% death 10% death 80% death 100% death －
3 d Normal development 40% death 40% death － － －
5 d Normal development 40% death 50% death － － －
7 d Normal development 80% death 80% death － － －
2． 2 The poisoning toxicity of daubed leaves against silk-
worm The growth condition of the silkworm fed with the mul-
berry leaves daubed by water had no difference with control，and
their growth was good． The silkworms fed with the mulberry leaves
daubed by water extracts on single side or both sides all showed
significant poisoning phenomenon［3］． Some of them had sup-
pressed heads and chests，vomited yellow green juice，and finally
fell down to die． The destruction of the leaves daubed on both
sides against silkworm was much stronger than that daubed on sin-
gle side (Table 2)．
Table 2 Test result of silkworm fed with the leaves daubed by water ex-
tract of E． fischeriana steud．
Treatment
Time after feeding∥h
8 24 32 48
Daubed on
single side
of leaves
30% have
poisoning
symptom
20% death，the still
alive silkworms do
not eat leaves
40% death，the still
alive silkworms do
not eat leaves
100%
death
Daubed on
both sides
of leaves
40% have
poisoning
symptom
30% death，the still
alive silkworms do
not eat leaves
50% death，the still
alive silkworms do
not eat leaves
100%
death
3 Discussion
(1)The silkworms daubed with water extract on the back had
slow action at the beginning，but they gradually recovered and did
not show obvious poisoning symptoms． They had normal develop-
ment and leaf feeding，which had no significant difference with
control． This might be that:① Water extract for daubing was in-
sufficient;② The daubed water extract was only exposed to the
back of silkworm，but did not contact with valve site． Because the
number of silkworms for daubing was relatively small，so their ob-
servation was stopped at the 7th day without further feeding and
observation．
(2)Some of the silkworms soaked in the water extract of
E． fischeriana steud． for over 5 min could recover their activities．
The silkworms without movement mostly showed the feign death
state，and their bodies gradually reduced till death． The active
silkworms did not eat mulberry leaves with slow action，and their
bodies gradually reduced till death． The silkworm soaked for 5 min
could be survival for 2 d at most;the silkworms soaked for 10 min
could be survival for about 1 d at most;the silkworms soaked for
15 min could mostly be survival for 10 h． The silkworms soaked
for 3 min could recover to have 100% activities，and some of them
could eat leaves． The number of silkworms with feeding ability af-
ter soaked for 1 min was greater than that soaked for 3 min，and
the former silkworms had larger leaf consumption． However，1 day
later，the silkworms soaked for 1 min were the same as that soaked
for 3 min，their bodies were gradually reduced till death;all of
them could not grow normally，and could only survive for about 7
d． Therefore，the water extract of E． fischeriana steud． had obvi-
ous contact toxicity against silkworm．
(3)The silkworms fed with the leaves daubed by water ex-
tract of E． fischeriana steud． gradually showed poisoning symp-
toms;32 h later，half of the silkworms fed with the leaves daubed
on both sides died，and 40% of the silkworms fed with the leaves
daubed on single side also died． Even 100% of the silkworms ate
little leaves daubed by water extract would die within 2 d． So the
poisoning toxicity effect of water extract of E． fischeriana steud．
against silkworm is more quicker than the contact toxicity．
56HOU Wei-zhuo et al． Toxicity Effects of Water Extract of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud． against Silkworm (Bombyx mori)
References
［1］CHEN YS，ZHENG S． Poisonous plants in China［M］． Beijing:Science
Press，1987:212． (in Chinese)．
［2］DU YB． Hebei wild resource plants［M］． Baoding:Press of Hebei Universi-
ty，2000:178，218． (in Chinese)．
［3］ZHEN ZX，YANG GM，LI JS，et al． Effects of water extract from Datura
fastuosa L． on silkworms［J］． Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences，2009，
37(3):1151 －1152． (in Chinese)．
［4］KONG WQ，YANG JH． Abnormal expression of silkworm Attacin gene in-
duced by 3 kinds of microorganisms［J］． Agricultural Science ＆ Technolo-
gy，2008，9(6):142 －145．
［5］ZHANG ZD，XU DC． Research advance on Fischer euphorbia Root［J］．
China Beet ＆ Sugar，2007(4):26 －28． (in Chinese)．
［6］XU SS，LI B，XU XK，et al． cDNA cloning and gemonic structure of PM/
mPA gene from B． mori［J］． Agricultural Science ＆ Technology，2009，10
(4):79 －82．
［7］WUQ C，YOU FQ，DING AW，et al． Progress in the chemical constituents
and biological activity of Bailangdu［J］． Pharmaceutical and Clinical Re-
search，2009，17(2):125 －131． (in Chinese)．
［8］ZHANG XY，CAI HY，ZHOU XJ，et al． Primary study on nosema bomby-
cis infecting insect of drosophila［J］． Agricultural Science ＆ Technology，
2009，10 (4):164 －166．
［9］WANG Y． Advance of research on the exploitation and utilization of poison-
ous plants resources in Heilongjiang Province［J］． Journal of Anhui Agricul-
tural Sciences，2009，37(9):4221 －4224，4253． (in Chinese)．
［10］ZHANG YS，ZHANG GZ，WEI YD，et al． Study on key technique of arti-
ficial insemination for silkworm，Bombyx mori［J］． Agricultural Science ＆
Technology，2009，10 (4):167 －170．
［11］YAN XH，XIE YH，JIANG YJ，et al． RP －HPLC determination of jolkin-
olide B in Euphorbiae ebracteolatae［J］． Traditional Chinese Drug Research
＆ Clinical Pharmacology，2010，21(5):521 －524． (in Chinese)．
［12］REDDY YS，MALIK FA，MAMATHA SS，et al． Lipid metabolic profile
interrelationships between the silkworm (Bombyx mori L．)and its host
plant (Morus)varieties［J］． Agricultural Science ＆ Technology，2009，10
(6):128 －134．
［13］WANG B，ZHAO HM，LU H． Euphorbia fischeriana Steud on killing on-
comelania snails and miracidiums of schistosoma［J］． Anhui Agricultural
Science Bulletin，2010，16(11):46 －48． (in Chinese)．
［14］ZHAI YJ，MA N，LIU GF，et al． Pharmacognostic study on root of Eu-
phorbia fischeriana［J］． Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs，2001，32
(1):67 －69． (in Chinese)．
狼毒大戟水浸液对家蚕的药杀效果研究
侯伟倬，甄占萱* ，李云祥，杨贵明，李季生，李 娜 ( 承德医学院，河北承德067000)
摘要 ［目的］以家蚕为试验材料，研究药用植物狼毒大戟对鳞翅目昆虫的药杀效果。［方法］取多年生新鲜狼毒大戟根制成水浸液，分别涂抹
家蚕背部、浸泡家蚕、涂抹桑叶饲喂家蚕。［结果］用药液涂抹背部的家蚕无明显的中毒症状;浸泡1、3 min 的家蚕取出后可存活 7 d 左右;浸泡
5 min的家蚕可存活 2 d左右;浸泡15 min的家蚕取出后最多可存活 10 h。家蚕取食涂抹水浸液的桑叶后，2 d内 100%死亡。［结论］狼毒大戟
水浸液对家蚕具有明显的触杀作用和胃毒作用。
关键词 狼毒大戟;水浸液;家蚕;触杀作用;胃毒作用
基金项目 承德医学院计划研究项目(200925)。
作者简介 候伟倬(1978 －)，男，河北承德人，助教，从事植物栽培研究。* 通讯作者，高级实验师，从事药用植物研究。
收稿日期 2010-11-27 修回日期
欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁欁
2011-01-21
(Continued from page 55)
6 株土壤拮抗放线菌的抗菌活性测定及初步鉴定
龙建友，夏建荣* ( 广州大学环境科学与工程学院，广东广州510006)
摘要 ［目的］初步鉴定 6株放线菌种类，并测定其发酵产物的抗菌活性。［方法］采用形态学方法鉴定 6株放线菌菌株种类，以抑制菌丝生长
速率法、孢子萌发法、盆栽和大田试验系统测定 6株放线菌菌株发酵产物的杀菌活性。［结果］形态学初步鉴定结果表明，6株菌株属于链霉菌
属。生物测定结果表明，500 μg /ml 的 6株放线菌发酵产物，对棉花枯萎病菌的菌丝生长抑制率均在 90%以上;对番茄灰霉病菌、烟草赤星病
菌、南瓜枯萎病菌的菌丝生长抑制率也在 80%以上。其中，GZ-204和 GZ-331菌株发酵产物对小麦根腐病菌和玉米弯孢叶斑病菌的孢子萌发抑
制率分别为 97． 8%、98． 2%和 99． 5%、94． 6%。盆栽试验结果表明，GZ-204 和 GZ-331菌株发酵产物对小麦白粉病的保护效果分别为 78． 8%和
87． 1%，治疗效果为 62． 4%和 68． 5%。田间试验结果表明，GZ-204和 GZ-331菌株发酵 200 倍稀释液对小麦白粉病的防治效果分别达 50． 5%，
69． 2%。［结论］研究结果为新型土壤放线菌源农药的研制奠定了基础。
关键词 放线菌;筛选;抗菌活性;生物测定
基金项目 广州市教育局项目(08C034);广东省教育厅项目(LYM08081)。
作者简介 龙建友(1977 －)，男，湖南衡阳人，讲师，博士，从事环境微生物和农用抗生素研究。
收稿日期 2010-12-08 修回日期 2011-01-17
66 Plant Diseases and Pests 2011