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2期 孙军，等：复口吸虫的研究进展
4复口吸虫对螺和鱼的危害性
复口吸虫在中间寄主阶段能对中间寄主螺类和鱼
类产生明显的致病性，而有关成虫对终末寄主影响的
研究非常缺乏，这里将不作介绍。
4．1对螺的危害性
椎实螺被匙形复口吸虫毛蚴感染后，由于其胞蚴
在椎实螺中进行发育，可能导致椎实螺性腺不能正常
发育而失去繁殖能力【8’50】。血吸虫胞蚴在钉螺
(a忉cDme肠刀肠Jii即绷s括)体内的发育过程中，胞蚴的
不断繁殖刺激寄主释放出神经肽而诱使寄主性腺退化
【511，但尚不清楚复口吸虫胞蚴的发育过程中是否也有
类似的影响。在实验室里，没有感染复口吸虫的螺往
往比那些感染的螺的寿命长，即复口吸虫的感染可引
起寄主螺死亡；但是在自然条件下，尚没有证据表明
感染复口吸虫后不能繁殖的螺比那些性腺正常的螺的
寿命更短弘J。
4．2对鱼的危害性
流行病学调查表明：复口吸虫病是自然条件下鱼
类种群死亡的一个重要原因，复口吸虫诱使寄主死亡
的直接实验证据来自小规模的实验研究，寄主死亡率
与寄主体内寄生虫的数量密切相关瞄21。
尾蚴的侵入能致使寄主鱼产生很多病症，甚至可
引起死亡。潘金培和王伟俊【4】研究发现由于湖北复口
吸虫和倪氏复口吸虫囊蚴在鲢体内的移行途径不同，
所引起的病理变化也不相同，湖北复口吸虫囊蚴主要
阻碍血液循环和造成脑充血，严重的可致鲢大量死亡；
倪氏复口吸虫囊蚴主要对中枢神经系统造成机械损
伤，引起鲢弯体，严重的可致鲢大量死亡。寄主鱼被
尾蚴侵袭后是否引起死亡不仅与鱼体大小有关，更主
要的是取决于寄主鱼感染尾蚴是急性连续感染还是断
续性感染14J。
在复口吸虫后囊蚴轻度感染的条件下，后囊蚴由
于避光性在寄主鱼晶状体呈限制性分布；但在重度感
染中，后囊蚴分布在晶状体的整个球面上【531。然而，
不论复口吸虫后囊蚴在寄主鱼眼球中是以何种方式分
布，都可使寄主鱼视力下降、突眼、甚至失明，严重
感染时可使寄主鱼产生“白内障”或者其晶状体被后囊
蚴完全破坏后导致视网膜脱落【2。3】，而这些症状都可使
寄主鱼改变摄食或其它行为，特别是失明的或者患有
“白内障”的鱼，这就是为什么被感染的鱼生长比较慢
的原因[4】。寄主鱼的视力下降的程度还与寄生的复口
吸虫种类和数量有关，Owen等【54]通过实验证实，当
三棘刺鱼寄生4个匙形复口吸虫和D．朋s胞加s纪f的后
囊蚴后，其主动摄食能力显著下降；当三棘刺鱼寄生
7个匙形复口吸虫和D．g娜纪，．∞捌的后囊蚴后，其发
现猎物和主动摄食的距离大大缩短；而当只有5个匙
形复口吸虫后囊蚴单一种类感染时，三棘刺鱼视力仅
仅下降了大约10％，其主动摄食的能力也下降较少。
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万方数据
万方数据
复口吸虫的研究进展
作者： 孙军， SUN Jun
作者单位： 暨南大学水生生物研究所,广州,510632
刊名： 生态科学
英文刊名： ECOLOGIC SCIENCE
年，卷(期)： 2005,24(2)
被引用次数： 1次

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