Neottianthe is a genus of about 12 species in Orchidaceae, mainly distributed in  the temperate and subtropical mountainous regions of Asia, with its distribution and differentiation center in Sichuan and Yunnan of China. In the present paper, all taxa of Neottianthe  hitherto recorded in China are discussed from taxonomy, phytogeography, palynology and anatomy. As a result of taxonomical revision, 12 species are recognized, of which nine are endemic to China, including four new species, N. luteola K. Y. Lang et S. C. Chen, N. angustifolia K. Y. Lang, N. oblonga K. Y. Lang and N. ovata K. Y. Lang, and one new combination, N. gymnadenioides(Hand.-Mazz. )K. Y. Lang et S. C. Chen. A key to 12 species  is provided.