作 者 ：张飞,塔西甫拉提?特依拜*,丁建丽,王伯超,王飞,买买提?沙吾提
期 刊 ：生态学报 2009年 29卷 3期 页码：1251~1263
关键词：干旱区；绿洲；土地利用/覆被变化；景观格局变化；精河县；
Keywords:arid area, oasis, land use/cover change (LUCC), landscape pattern change, Jinghe County,
摘 要 ：从宏观上运用3S技术，利用1972年MSS、1990年Landsat TM、2001年Landsat ETM+和2005年CBERS 4个时期遥感影像数据, 将GIS和景观生态学的数量分析方法相结合, 运用ArcGIS以及Fragstats, 分析了干旱区绿洲精河县1972～2005年间的土地利用/覆被和景观格局的变化。结果表明：(1)1972～2005年的33a中，精河县LUCC的总体变化趋势是绿洲面积有小幅度扩张，其中人工绿洲面积扩张尤为显著，天然绿洲面积减少。(2)研究区水域面积的变化受艾比湖湖面面积的变化影响较大，变化不显著，但总体上呈缓慢增长的趋势。(3)盐渍地面积的变化经历了先扩张后减小的一个过程。1990年达到最大值，但到2005年面积又有很大程度减少。沙地面积小幅度减小，其他地类的面积始终呈增加趋势。(4)景观在各个研究时段也发生显著变化。总的来说，整个研究区景观的密度持续增大，最大斑块指数先减小后增大，面积加权形状指数减小，形状趋于规则；斑块间的最邻近距离减小。表明1972年时景观中的优势斑块类型的连接性较2005年好，逐渐向具有多种要素的密集格局演变，景观更加破碎。同时不同斑块间的分离度增大，也说明景观破碎化程度加深。从香农多样性指数和香农均度指数的变化可以看出，景观的多样性增加，且均度增强。景观多样性及破碎化程度增加，也反映了土地利用越来越丰富。总之，要实现区域土地资源的可持续发展和景观生态功能的良性发挥，必须注重土地利用格局优化，维护景观生态过程与格局的连续性。
Abstract:Land use change has been affecting the function and structure of landscape ecological system directly or indirectly,and it influences the landscape processing in the surface of the earth. This paper uses 3S technology in macroscopic. Combined the integrated technology of ecological quantity analytical method with GIS technology through ArcGIS and Fragstats, and the author study the images of 1972,1991,2001 and 2005 and obtained land use data in Jinghe County. Then, the change of land use/cover and landscape pattern had been analyzed in this paper in Jinghe County of Xinjiang, The conclusions are as follows: (1)The trend of LUCC is that the area of oasis expends slowly in nearly 33 years between 1972 to 2005 in Jinghe County. While the area of human oasis expends fast, the area of natural oasis decreases. It is the area of farmland and human forestland increasing while the grassland decreasing in class.(2)The area of water area is mainly influenced by Ebinur lake, so the area expends a little in this period. (3)The area of salinization land expands at first and reduces later. Its area is largest in 1990 and decrease largely in 2005. The area of sand land decreases and the other land class increases while the probability of transfer is always high. The period in the middle is higher than others two-periods.(4)Landscape change is also obviously in the decades. Totally, landscape density increases, the largest path index decreases at first and expends later, the weight area index decreases and the shape of landscape becomes regulation. The nearest distances, the degrees of reunite and outspread decreases. It shows that the connection of mainly path in 1972 is better than 2005, the patch becomes more complexity. From the change of Shannon′s Diversity Index and Shannon′s Evenness Index, we know that the diversity of landscape and the Interspersion Juxtaposition Index increase. The degree of diversity landscape and fragmentation increasing also shows that the land uses become more complex. The reason of the change is that human activity influenced the path, the substance, energy and information stream changes, so the landscape pattern changes, the index of fragmentation and diversity increases too. At the inner of oasis, the patch complexity influenced by the level of agriculture, the CONTAG increases either. At the edge of oasis, the area of farmland expends, so the shape of landscape becomes complexity and the scrambling increases. All in all, it is essential to intensify the spatial relationships among landscape elements and to maintain the continuity of landscape ecological process and pattern in the course of area expansion.
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