Abstract:The purposes of our study were: (1) to determine the relationships and variability between Abies chensiensis cones and seeds in different elevations and between the core and border regions, (2) to investigate variation between natural and managed forests, and (3) to determine the sources of variation to provide management suggestions.In this study, two sampling zones were selected from the core and border regions of Qin-Ling, China, where Abies chensiensis is naturally distributed. The core region is locate...