作 者 ：臧润国,丁易
期 刊 ：生态学报 2008年 28卷 12期 页码：6292~6304
Keywords:tropical forests, vegetation restoration, secondary succession, disturbance regime,
摘 要 ：热带森林是地球上生物多样性最高和生态功能最为强大的植被类型之一，在维护全球生态平衡中起着至关重要的作用，同时也为人类社会提供着多种多样的物质资源和生态系统服务。然而热带森林是目前生物多样性消失最快和生态功能退化最为严重的生态系统之一，如何有效地保护现存的热带森林不再进一步退化，以及如何使已经退化的生态系统尽快得到恢复是生态学工作者面临的重要议题。不同方式、规模和强度的干扰对热带林的破坏程度及其以后的恢复过程产生的影响不同。除少数大型自然干扰事件外，采伐、刀耕火种、农业开发用地等人为干扰是造成当前热带森林植被大面积退化的主要原因。多种干扰交互作用、杂草与外来物种入侵、退化植被和土壤状况、残存植被组分及土壤种子库、退化植被周围的景观格局以及全球气候变化等因素都能够影响热带森林植被恢复的速度和方向。基于功能群的研究思想将可能为物种丰富的热带森林植被恢复的研究提供一个全新途径。
Abstract:As one of the world′s most important biomes, tropical forests harbor a rich array of plant and animal species and offer a wealth of goods and services to human society. Meanwhile, they have also been experiencing unprecedented severity of natural and human disturbance and suffering from ongoing deforestation. The destruction of tropical forests has imposed serious threat to the sustainable socio-economic development of the human society, such that how to effectively restore the degraded tropical forests has become one of the most urgent issues in the current biodiversity conservation. Land-use history interacts with natural forces to influence the severity of disturbance events and the rate and mode of recovery processes in tropical forests. The catastrophic natural disturbances, such as hurricane, fire, volcano, and flood, usually impact the tropical forests severely, but with very long return intervals. The main causes of tropical deforestation are several types of anthropogenic disturbances, such as logging, shifting cultivation, agricultural land exploitation, etc. The recovery process and rate of the anthropogenically-disturbed vegetation are obviously different from that of the naturally-disturbed vegetation. Compared with the community composition, the restoration rate of community structure is relative faster. Among the factors which relate to this pervasive change of tropical forests, those that influence the rate or even direction of ecological restoration include multiple disturbances and their interactions, inhabitation or competition of herbs and invasive species, the actual vegetation and soil conditions, residual vegetation components, landscape matrix around the degraded vegetation, and global climate change. In order to improve our understanding of vegetation restoration in tropical forests, the following were needed to be conduct further. The long-term data from established permanent plots can be used to generate hypotheses as objectives of short-term studies and allow analysis of vegetation responses to climate variation in the face of the ongoing global change. Apart from plants, other biota should also be studied during the secondary succession of vegetation. Because of expanding plantation in tropical regions, how to conserve biodiversity and restore ecological functioning in such artificially-constructed ecosystems will be a new topic in the future vegetation ecology studies. Our ability of predicting the direction of vegetation recovery on disturbed lands will be greatly improved when coupling with landscape is considered. The key point of ecological restoration is how to restore the ecological functioning of biodiversity. So studies based on functional groups could help us to better understand the ecological restoration process of the extremely high diversity tropical forest vegetations.
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