全 文 ：中国橐吾属(菊科-千里光族)的分类学研究(四)：康
定橐吾和Senecio ficariifolius的名实订正
任琛, 杨亲二*
(中国科学院华南植物园， 中国科学院植物资源保护与可持续利用重点实验室， 广州 510650)
摘要： 将康定橐吾(Ligularia kangtingensis S. W. Liu)处理为细茎橐吾[L. hookeri (C. B. Clarke) Hand.-Mazz.]的异名。Senecio
ficariifolius H. Lév. & Vaniot 长期以来被处理为细茎橐吾的异名，但我们检查模式材料后发现其头状花序盘状，与头状花序辐射
状的细茎橐吾明显不同，而与头状花序盘状的贵州橐吾[L. leveillei (Vaniot) Hand.-Mazz.]没有区别 , 故将其处理为贵州橐吾的异名。
关键词： 菊科； 千里光族； 橐吾属； 分类学
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005–3395.2014.01.003
Taxonomic Studies on the Genus Ligularia Cass. (Asteraceae, Senecioneae)
from China (IV): The Identities of L. kangtingensis and Senecio ficariifolius
REN Chen, YANG Qin-er*
(Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Guangzhou 510650, China)
Abstract: Ligularia kangtingensis S. W. Liu is reduced herein to the synonymy under L. hookeri (C. B. Clarke)
Hand.-Mazz. The name Senecio ficariifolius H. Lév. & Vaniot has long been placed in synonymy under L. hookeri,
a species with radiate capitula. Examination of the type specimens of S. ficariifolius has shown that it has discoid
capitula, and thus is readily distinguishable from L. hookeri, but not essentially different from L. leveillei. We
therefore place S. ficariifolius in synonymy under L. leveillei.
Key words: Asteraceae; Senecioneae; Ligularia Cass.; Taxonomy
Ligularia kangtingensis S. W. Liu was described
on the basis of a collection from Kangding County,
western Sichuan, China, i.e. H. L. Tsiang & J. H.
Xiong 36535[1]. In the protologue, the author compared
it with L. retusa DC., a Cremanthodium-like Sino-
Himalayan species and in China known only from
southeastern Xizang (Tibet) and northwestern
Yunnan, but did not compare it with L. hookeri (C.
B. Clarke) Hand.-Mazz., also a Cremanthodium-like
Sino-Himalayan species but more widespread
in China [Shaanxi (Taibai Shan), Sichuan, Xizang,
and Yunnan] than L. retusa. Examination of the
type specimens of L. kangtingensis (Fig. 1: A–C)
has shown that they are indistinguishable from the
Kangding material of L. hookeri (Fig. 1: D). In fact,
an isotype of L. kangtingensis (Fig. 1: B) kept at the
Herbarium of Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi
Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of
Sciences (IBK) and very likely not seen by S. W. Liu,
the author of L. kangtingensis, was correctly identified as
热带亚热带植物学报　2014， 22(1)： 19 ~ 25
Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany
Received： 2012–11–08　　　　Accepted： 2013–01–14
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31170186, 31370232) and the Main Direction Program of Knowledge
Innovation of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-EW-Z-1).
* Corresponding author. E-mail: qeyang@scib.ac.cn
20 第22卷热带亚热带植物学报
L. hookeri by Y. L. Chen, a Chinese synantherologist.
We therefore reduce L. kangtingensis to the synonymy
under L. hookeri herein.
The generic placement, specific circumscription
and infraspecfic division of Ligularia hookeri have
long been in dispute. The species was regarded by some
authors as a member of the genus Cremanthodium
Benth., i.e. C. hookeri C. B. Clarke[2–4]. In 1929,
Good[3] pointed out that C. hookeri is “the most
complex and difficult group in the whole genus, and
it doubtless represents a junction of Ligularia and
Cremanthodium”. He divided the species into two
subspecies, subsp. clarkei R. Good (the correct name
should be subsp. hookeri) and subsp. polycephala
R. Good., and further divided each subspecies into
several forms. He reduced Senecio feddei H. Lév.
and S. saccoso-flabellatus H. Lév., both described
on the basis of material from northeastern Yunnan,
China (see below), to the synonymy under subsp.
clarkei f. angustiligulatum R. Good (the correct name
should be subsp. hookeri f. hookeri), and reduced
S. ficariifolius H. Lév. & Vaniot and S. leveillei
Vaniot, both described on the basis of material from
Guizhou, China (see below) to the synonymy under
subsp. polycephalum f. regulare R. Good. In 1936,
Handel-Mazzetti[5] treated S. leveillei, a plant with
discoid capitula and thus readily distinguishable
from L. hookeri, a plant with radiate capitula, as an
independent species in the genus Ligularia Cass., i.e.
L. leveillei (Vaniot) Hand.-Mazz. In 1938, Handel-
Mazzetti[6] pointed out again that Good[3] had adopted
a too broad concept of C. hookeri in merging such
different species as L. leveillei into it, and that it is
unnecessary to divide C. hookeri into two subspecies.
Handel-Mazzetti transferred C. hookeri to the genus
Ligularia and recognized two varieties instead,
namely L. hookeri (C. B. Clarkei) Hand.-Mazz. var.
hookeri and L. hookeri var. polycephala (R. Good)
Hand.-Mazz. Although Handel-Mazzetti, as mentioned
above, correctly reinstated the specific status of S.
leveillei (= L. leveillei), a plant from Guizhou, he still
followed Good in referring S. ficariifolius, also a plant
from Guizhou, to L. hookeri var. polycephala. In 1976,
Lauener[4] stated that “irrespective of whether one
regards “hookeri” as Cremanthodium or Ligularia,
Good’s treatment under Cremanthodium represents a
more practical division of the variation”, and thus he
almost totally adopted the view held by Good except
not referring S. feddei, which has three capitula, to
subsp. clarkei, but to subsp. polycephala instead. It
is not understandable that Lauener did not recognize
L. leveillei as an independent species, still referring
it to C. hookeri subsp. polycephala f. regulare. Most
of the authors agreed to treat L. hookeri as a member
of Ligularia, but they had different opinions as to its
infraspecific classification. Some authors, such as
Liu[7–9], and Liu and Illarionova[10], did not recognize
any infraspecific taxa in L. hookeri, treating it as a
polymorphic species, but other authors, such as Hu[11],
Wu[12], Chen and Liu[13], Chen and Li[14], and Min[15],
accepted Handel-Mazzetti’s treatment, recognizing
two varieties under L. hookeri, var. hookeri and var.
polycephala. It should be noted that the distributional
information given by these authors for L. hookeri and
its varieties is not accurate. Chen and Liu[14] referred
S. ficariifolius to var. polycephala, but they did not
mention the occurrence of the variety in Longli County
of Guizhou (the type locality of S. ficariifolius);
they mentioned only its occurrence on Fanjing Shan.
Min[15] referred S. feddei, S. ficariifolius, and S. saccoso-
flabellatus all to var. hookeri, but he did not mention
the occurrence of the variety in Guizhou. Liu[7–9],
and Liu and Illarionova[10] also referred S. feddei,
S. ficariifolius, and S. saccoso-flabellatus all to L.
hookeri, but they did not mention the occurrence of
the species in Guizhou and northeastern Yunnan (see
below for detailed information on the type localities of
S. feddei, S. ficariifolius and S. saccoso-flabellatus). It
seems likely that none of these authors have carefully
investigated the type localities of the three names and
checked the type specimens.
We have checked the type material of Ligularia
leveillei (Fig. 2: A–B) and confirmed it to be an
independent species of its own. We have also checked
the type material of S. saccoso-flabellatus (Fig. 3:
A) and S. feddei (Fig. 3: B) and agreed to merge
第1期 21任琛等：中国橐吾属(菊科-千里光族)的分类学研究(四)：康定橐吾和Senecio ficariifolius的名实订正
Fig. 1 Ligularia hookeri (C. B. Clarke) Hand.-Mazz. A: H. L. Tsiang & J. H. Xiong 36535 (isotype of L. kangtingensis S. W. Liu, PE), Zheduo Shan,
Kangding, Sichuan, China; B: H. L. Tsiang & J. H. Xiong 36535 (isotype of L. kangtingensis, IBK); C: H. L. Tsiang & J. H. Xiong 36535 (isotype of L.
kangtingensis, IBSC); D: Harry Smith 10710 (PE), Yulingkong (= Yulingong), Kangding, Sichuan, China.
22 第22卷热带亚热带植物学报
them into L. hookeri. The type collections of both S.
feddei and S. saccoso-flabellatus were made from
northeastern Yunnan, with that of S. feddei (Maire s.n.,
E) from Io-chan (= Yao Shan), Qiaojia County, and
that of S. saccoso-flabellatus (Maire s.n., E) from Ié-
ma-tchouan (Ye-ma-chuan), Huize County (Lauener[4]
wrongly attributed the locality Ié-ma-tchouan to
Guizhou). Our examination of the type material of S.
ficariifolius (Fig. 2: C–D), however, has shown that it
has discoid capitula, and is indistinguishable from L.
leveillei, a species from Guizhou as mentioned above.
The type collection of S. ficariifolius (Cavalerie 3366)
was also made from Guizhou (Ma-jo, Longli County).
Clearly S. ficariifolius is conspecific with L. leveillei.
It seems likely that Handel-Mazzetti also did not see
the type material of S. ficariifolius, as material of it in
the Edinburgh Herbarium (E) was not determined by
him; otherwise he should have referred S. ficariifolius
to L. leveillei. Although Lauener[4] checked the type
material of S. ficariifolius, he did not understand well
the concept of “Cremanthodium hookeri”, wrongly
referring plants with discoid capitula to it.
Through extensive herbarium survey, we found
that Ligularia hookeri, as a widely distributed species,
is itself indeed somewhat variable in the leaf shape
and particularly in the number and size of capitula, but
obviously the variability has been greatly exaggerated
with the placement of such different taxonomic entity
as L. leveillei in synonymy under it by Good[3] and
Lauener[4]. We also found that the variation in the
number and size of capitula of L. hookeri seems not
to be correlated with the geographical distribution or
any habitat preferences, we therefore follow Liu[7–9],
and Liu and Illarionova[10] in treating L. hookeri as a
polymorphic species, not recognizing any infraspecific
taxa.
On the basis of the above analyses, we make the
following taxonomic treatments.
1. Ligularia hookeri (C. B. Clarke) Hand.-Mazz.
in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 69: 127. 1938; S. W. Liu in Fl.
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 77(2): 62. 1989, p.p.; S. W.
Liu & I. D. Illar. in Fl. China 20 –21: 407. 2011, p.p.;
T. L. Min in Fl. Yunnan. 13: 490. 2004, p.p. ——
Cremanthodium hookeri C. B. Clarke, Comp. Ind.
169. 1876. Type : India. Sikkim: without precise
locality, 13000–15000 feet, J. D. Hooker 16 (holotype,
K!).
L. kangtingensis S. W. Liu in Bull. Bot. Res.,
Harbin 5(4): 68. 1985; S. W. Liu in Fl. Reipubl.
Popularis Sin. 77(2): 21. 1989; S. W. Liu & I. D. Illar.
in Fl. China 20 – 21: 384. 2011. syn. nov. Type: China.
Sichuan: Kangding County, Zheduo Shan, on slopes
in ravine, alt. 3980 m, Aug. 6, 1953, X. L. Jiang &
J. H. Xiong 36535 (holotype, SZ; isotypes, IBK!,
IBSC!, PE!).
For a fuller citation of literature and synonyms
of this species, see Liu[8], and Liu and Illarionova[2],
but Senecio ficariifolius should be moved to the
synonymy under Ligularia leveillei.
Additional specimens examined. China. Shaanxi:
Foping, P. C. Kuo1705 (CDBI, IBSC, PE, WUK);
Taibai, T. N. Liou & P. C. Tsoong 1198 (PE), T. P.
Wang 1820 (PE, WUK). Sichuan: Jiulong, Z. A. Liu
et al. 22874 (CDBI), 22929 (CDBI), Q. Q. Wang et al.
22710 (CDBI, WUK); Kangding, D. E. Boufford et
al. 27631 (P), W. G. Hu & Z. He 10608 (PE, WUK),
A. E. Pratt 465 (P), Harry Smith 10710 (PE), J. A.
Soulié 814 (P), 2145 (P); Muli, J. F. Rock 16658 (P),
17864 (P), T. T. Yu 6808 (PE, KUN), Q. S. Zhao 6410
(CDBI), 6445 (CDBI). Yunnan: Dali, Delavay 204
(P), 686 (P), 688 (P), Forrest 28125 (PE), 30783 (PE),
T. N. Liou 21159 (PE), 21253 (PE), H. T. Tsai 53874
(IBSC, KUN, PE), 53946 (IBSC, KUN, PE), 53979
(KUN, PE), Y. Tsiang 11480 (IBSC, KUN, WUK),
H. C. Wang 1239 (KUN, PE), 1244 (KUN, PE), 4549
(IBSC, KUN, PE), 4812 (PE), 4813 (PE), NW Yunnan
Exped. 10520 (KUN, PE), Zhongdian Exped. 3799
(KUN), 3931(KUN); Deqen, K. M. Feng 5406 (KUN,
PE), 6569 (KUN), Qinghai-Xizang Exped. 2710
(CDBI, KUN), 2289 (KUN), T. T. Yu 10198 (KUN,
PE), C. W. Wang 68986 (PE); Eryuan, Delavay 3056
(P), 3800 (P), 4493 (P), NW Yunnan Exped. 6088
(KUN, PE), 6132 (KUN, PE); Gongshan, T. T. Yu
22164 (KUN, PE), 22305 (IBSC, KUN, PE), 22325
(KUN), 22327 (IBSC, KUN, PE); Heqing, R. C.
第1期 23任琛等：中国橐吾属(菊科-千里光族)的分类学研究(四)：康定橐吾和Senecio ficariifolius的名实订正
Fig. 2 Ligularia leveillei Hand.-Mazz. A: Martin & Bodinier 1911(holotype, E), neighborhood of Gan-pin and Tsin-tchen, Guizhou, China; B: Martin
& Bodinier 1911(isotype, P); C: Cavalerie 3366 (holotype of Senecio ficariifolius H. Lév. & Vaniot, E), Ma-jo, Longli, Guizhou, China; D: Cavalerie
3366 (isotype of Senecio ficariifolius, P).
24 第22卷热带亚热带植物学报
Fig. 3 Ligularia hookeri (C. B. Clarke) Hand.-Mazz. A: E. E. Maire s.n. (holotype of Senecio saccoso-flabellatus H. Lév., E), Ié-ma-tchouan (Ye-ma-
chuan), Huize, northeastern Yunnan, China; B: E. E. Maire s.n. (holotype of S. feddei H. Lév., E), Io-chan (= Yao Shan), Qiaojia, northeastern Yunnan,
China.
Ching 23988 (KUN, PE); Lijiang, Z. G. Zhao 30462
(KUN, PE); Qiaojia, Anonymous 2313 (KUN); Weixi,
J. F. Rock 17159 (P); Yangbi, Zhongdian Exped. 4211
(KUN); Zhongdian, K. M. Feng 1614 (KUN, PE),
1801 (KUN, PE), 2103 (KUN), C. Y. Wu 4335 (KUN),
T. T. Yu 12283 (KUN, PE), Zhongdian Exped. 1411
(HIB, KUN, PE), 1412 (KUN, PE). Xizang: Yadong,
G. X. Fu 457 (PE), G. X. Fu & J. W. Zhang 1138 (PE),
Qinghai-Xizang Exped. 2348 (KUN, PE).
Distribution and habitat. Ligularia hookeri is
widely distributed in Bhutan, China [Shaanxi (Taibai
Shan), Sichuan, Xizang (Tibet), northwestern and
northeastern Yunnan], India (Sikkim), and Nepal. It
grows on grassy slopes, in forests or alpine meadows
at altitudes of 3000–4500 m. The record of the
occurrence of L. hookeri var. polycephala on Fanjing
Shan, Guizhou, China by Chen and Liu[13], may be
based on a misidentification. A collection from Fanjing
Shan, Sino-American Guizhou Bot. Exped. 441 (PE),
is clearly referable to L. nanchuanica S. W. Liu, a
species somewhat similar to L. leveillei. The plant
identified as L. hookeri var. polycephala by Chen and
Liu very likely belongs to L. nanchuanica.
2. Ligularia leveillei (Vaniot) Hand.-Mazz.,
Symb. Sin. 7: 1136. 1936; et in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 69:
128. 1938, p.p.; S. W. Liu in Fl. Reipubl. Popularis
Sin. 77(2): 63. 1989; S. W. Liu & I. D. Illar. in Fl.
China 20 – 21: 406. 2011. —— Senecio leveillei
Vaniot in Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 11: 346. 1902.
Type: China. Guizhou: neighborhood of Gan-pin and
Tsin-tchen, 4–13 Sept., 1897, Martin & Bodinier1911
(holotype, E!; isotypes, P!).
Senecio ficariifolius H. Lév. & Vaniot in Rep.
第1期 25任琛等：中国橐吾属(菊科-千里光族)的分类学研究(四)：康定橐吾和Senecio ficariifolius的名实订正
Sp. Nov. 8: 359. 1910. Type: China. Guizhou: Ma-
jo, Longli County, 14 Nov., 1907, Cavalerie 3366
(holotype, E!; isotype, P!).
Additional specimens examined. China. Guizhou:
Gan-chouen, Cavalerie s.n. (P); Pingba, S. W. Teng
931A (IBSC), 932B (IBSC); Zhenning, Zhenning
Exped. 150 (GZTM).
Distribution and habitat. Ligularia leveillei
is distributed in central Guizhou, China. It grows in
grasslands at altitudes of 2000–2200 m.
Acknowledgments　　We are very grateful to the curators of
CDBI, E, GZTM, HIB, IBK, IBSC, K, KUN, P, PE, and WUK
for the permission to use their scanned images of specimens
and for research facilities.
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