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作 者 ：李廷亮 谢英荷 洪坚平 刘丽萍 孟会生 邓树元 单杰 孙丞鸿

期 刊 ：植物营养与肥料学报 2011年 17卷 6期 页码：1300-1308

关键词：旱地；冬小麦；追氮；垄膜沟播；氮素利用率；

Keywords:rainfed land, winter wheat, topdressing nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency,

摘 要 ：在自然降水条件下，通过2年大田试验研究了追氮、垄膜沟播种植对晋南旱地冬小麦生育期地上部氮素吸收累积，0—2 m土层氮素残留、损失及氮肥利用率和氮素平衡的影响。结果表明: 追氮和垄膜沟播种植均可显著提高旱地冬小麦地上部氮素累积量和氮肥利用率，苗期和返青至抽穗期是冬小麦氮素吸收累积的两个高峰期，分别占到最大累积量的20%46%和29%57%。追施氮的利用率高于基施氮的利用率; 随施氮量增加，土壤残留无机氮（Nmin）增加，主要集中在0—60 cm土层，20—40 cm土层为硝态氮积累的峰值区，垄膜沟播种植可以减少土壤残留无机氮（Nmin），但增加了氮的表观损失量; 冬小麦生长季土壤氮输出以表观损失为主，氮肥表观损失率在4087%7629%之间，且主要发生在播前至返青期。本试验条件下，综合氮素吸收累积、土壤残留、氮肥利用率及氮素平衡等因素，旱地冬小麦应采取氮肥后移顶凌追施和垄膜沟播相配套的种植方式。

Abstract:Nitrogen application amount and time directly affect its uptake, accumulation and translocation in winter wheat, and furthermore affect the yield formation. Too much nitrogen fertilizer would result in low nitrogen use efficiency, high production costs and environmental pollution. Water deficit is the major restriction factor for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency in rainfed lands. Therefore, it is of great importance to apply N fertilizer and match cultivation measure rationally for increasing winter wheat yield and developing environmentfriendly agricultural production in the lands. A field experiment located in rainfed growing areas in Xiangfen county, Shanxi province, was conducted to study the effects of topdressing nitrogen and plastic film mulched ridgesowing furrow cultivation on the nitrogen accumulation rate in the aboveground part of wheat, the soil residual Nmin, apparent N losses, N recovery and N balance in 0 to 2 m soil profile during the two years field experiment period. The results show that the N accumulation rates in wheat and N fertilizer use efficiencies under both the plastic film mulched ridgesowing furrow cultivation and top dressing treatments are increased significantly. The two uptake peaks of nitrogen of winter wheat are at seedling stage and from the revival to heading stages under different treatments, which account for 20%-46% and 29%-57% of the total uptake respectively. The nitrogen use efficiency of top dressing is significantly higher than that of the base fertilization. The amount of soil residual Nmin is increased with the increase of the nitrogen application amount, which is mostly distributed in 0 to 60 cm soil layer, and the peak of NO-3-N accumulation is in 20-40 cm layer. The plastic film mulched ridgesowing furrow cultivation could reduce the residual Nmin, and increase the amount of N apparent loss. The apparent loss of nitrogen is the main pattern of soil N output in wheat growing season, the apparent loss of nitrogen fertilizer rate is from 4087% to 7629%, and mainly occurs from the sowing to revival stages. Under the experiment conditions, with considering of the N accumulation rate, the soil residual Nmin, N recovery and N balance, a planting pattern of postponing N to topdress in the soil thawing period and matching the plastic film mulched ridgesowing furrow cultivation should be taken on winter wheat in rainfed lands.

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