免费文献传递   相关文献

Sap Flow Dynamics in the Leaf Flushing Period of a Robinia pseudoacacia Plantation in Semi Arid Region of Loess Plateau

黄土高原半干旱区人工林刺槐展叶期树干液流动态分析*


应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)于2008年4月26日至5月31日,在黄土高原半干旱区安塞县对人工林刺槐展叶期树干液流及其气象、土壤水分等6个指标进行连续测定。结果表明: 刺槐展叶期可分为芽期、展叶初期、中期和全叶期。在芽期,刺槐树干液流速率变化无明显昼夜波动; 在展叶初期至全叶期日变化呈现出从微弱波动逐渐增大到趋于平稳剧烈波动; 在展叶中期以后液流速率表现为上升快、下降缓慢的单峰曲线;在全叶期平均峰值约为0.002 7 cm·s-1;树干液流速率与光合有效辐射强度、大气温度、水蒸气压亏缺和风速呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关,其相关程度依次为光合有效辐射强度>大气温度>水蒸气压亏缺>相对湿度>风速,且可用光合有效辐射强度和大气温度线性表达式来估测;土壤水分在展叶期呈逐渐减少趋势,但对树干液流的胁迫不显著 在展叶期刺槐单株日蒸腾耗水量随直径的增大而增大并与胸径呈良好的线性关系,可用来估算展叶期刺槐人工林蒸腾耗水量。

Thermal dissipation probe (TDP) was applied to measure the sap flow dynamics of Robinia pseudoacacia in Ansai County in semi arid region of the Loess Plateau from April 26 to May 31, 2008. Soil water content, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), air temperature, relative air humidity, water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and wind speed were measured at the same time. The results showed that the leafflushing period in a R. pseudoacaciaplantation was divided into four stages: bud swollen, the beginning of leafflushing, the middle period of leaf flushing and the fully expanded leaf period. Sap flow velocity of R. pseudoacaciagradually increased along with the leaf flushing phenology and became stable untill the fullleaf period. Diurnal variation of sapflow velocity displayed a singlepeak curve with fastrising and slowdeclining trends, peak value in the full leaf period of leafflushing is about 0.002 7 cm·s-1. Sap flow velocity was significantly correlated with PAR, air temperature, VPD and wind speed, and was negatively correlated with air relative humidity during the monitoring period. The correlation coefficients declined following an order of PAR, air temperature, VPD, relative humidity, and wind speed. Simple linear equations were tightly fitted with the variables of PAR and air temperature, and the regressive coefficients were highly significant. Soil water content was gradually declined around the leafflushing period, but its‘ influence on the sap flow was not significant. Diurnal variations of sap flow velocity for four individual trees had the same trend, and total water transpiration of each individual tree was correlated with its stem diameter. A close linear relationship was detected between total water consumption for transpiration of R. pseudoacacia tree and its diameter at breast height (DBH), which may be used to estimate total water consumption for transpiration of R. pseudoacacia plantation around the leafflushing period.


全 文 :! !"" ! !#
# $ $ %$ ! %
& ’ ( )
&’()*+(, &(-.,) &(*(’,)
./01!"**/1!
,234*
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
# $ $ %
^|hP8st-VW&(C}3#
8swC890R"
%&/50# 9’,5 ( )5
<5 4=>()AEKsE|NS?@c t| 65#5$$a#4=>()A?@dA l/ 5$$$!%G
! "# d"-Qec8s"CO<+78G$ #$$9$ !% #:@u "% ;5@*b^|hP8st-AG)IVW&
(C}3#8swCOv9‘N|}E01 :"Q:PQzTH[STUVWX(C}3#R0^;#N}3p
#N=#)Y3#Sb;#*(C8swCSS@:;\WG3448ab}3p#uY3#@:;^)F#IE
480\R)a[$*i7sD48ab}3=#64wCSSV)^kYGNzDno7}UE!abY3#
*BU:x^ $1$$# 6 <=,>? 5a8swCSSxeb3K=>5HN)9iHNE<9%>?)6S^>GXz{
|*x{IIH^}{|*v{|(H+0^eb3K=>5H @)9iH @E<9%>? @{IIH @6S*4
R"eb3K=>5H))9iH!nV8c6SHa|}E0b}3#^0\DW[\*"I8swC7#V
#GXab}3#(C}g@<=FE6~]$7R)lR)=x*$^|%7!n|t*R"6ST}3#(
CVW&<=FE6S
$%&X ^|hPa(Ca}3#a8swCa-Qec+1a9‘2^
’()*+#&6591!; ,-./0#, ,12+#5$$5 ? 6!993#$$%4$! ? $$"; ? $6
>?@#X#$$9 ? $6 ? 5"S
ABCDX=>()A7‘GVW(KsVOaXCDK^|hP8st-a2E0*+xV:#’XsQ8OaCDK^|hPE|NSxRSTd9{%RChy?@X"W}W^Jv!qS
!"# $%&’ ()*"+,-. ,* /01 21"3H$%4.0,*5 617,&8 &3 " !"#$%$& ’()*+"&,&,$& 6%"*/"/,&*
,* !1+,H97,8 :15,&* &3 2&1.. 6%"/1"4
DI BJKLJIM5*# ’JNL DIL=MLO5 7I &JNLO5
<51 !"#$%$&$’ () *(%+ ,"- .,$’/ 0("#’/1,$%(" () 02%"’#’ 34,-’56 () *4%’"4’# ,"- 7%"%#$/6 () .,$’/ 8’#(&/4’# 9,":+%": 65#5$$a
#1 ;/,-&,$’ <"%1’/#%$6 () 02%"’#’ 34,-’56 () *4%’"4’# =’%>%": 5$$$!%G
9;./7"-/X +JN3=K0 PM>>M2KQM/L 23/RN<+78GSK> K220MNP Q/ =NK>I3N QJN >K2 T0/S PULK=M<> /T 8(?%"%, @#’&-(,4,4%, ML ,L>KM
’/ILQU ML >N=MHK3MP 3NOM/L /T QJN -/N>> 80KQNKI T3/= ,23M0 #: Q/ VKU ;5*#$$9 4 &/M0 SKQN3 ULQJNQM< K3KPMKQM/L<8,GG*KM3 QN=2N3KQI3N*3N0KQMWN KM3 JI=MPMQU*SKQN3 WK2/3 23N>>I3N PNTM2NNP SN3N =NK>I3NP KQ
QJN >K=N QM=N4 +JN 3N>I0Q> >J/SNP QJKQ QJN 0NKTHT0I>JMLO 2N3M/P ML K 8 4 @#’&-(,4,4%, 20KLQKQM/L SK> PMWMPNP MLQ/ T/I3 >QKON>XRIP
>S/00NL*QJN RNOMLLMLO /T 0NKTHT0I>JMLO*QJN =MPP0N 2N3M/P /T 0NKTHT0I>JMLO KLP QJN TI00UHNX2KLPNP 0NKT 2N3M/P4 &K2 T0/S WN0/8 4 @#’&-(,4,4%, O3KPIK00U ML<3NK>NP K0/LO SMQJ QJN 0NKT T0I>JMLO 2JNL/0/OU KLP RNQKR0N ILQM00 QJN TI00H0NKT 2N3M/P4 7MI3LK0
WK3MKQM/L /T >K2T0/S WN0/20KUNP K >MLO0NH2NKY QH3M>MLO KLP >0/SHPN<0MLMLO Q3NLP>*2NKY WK0IN ML QJN TI00H0NKT
2N3M/P /T 0NKTHT0I>JMLO M> KR/IQ $1$$# 6 <=,>? 5 4 &K2 T0/S WN0/ >MOLMTMKLP SMLP >2NNP*KLP SK> LNOKQMWN0U
PN<0MLNP T/00/SMLO KL /3PN3 /T 8,G*KM3 QN=2N3KQI3N*.87*3N0KQMWN JI=MPMQU*KLP SMLP >2NNP4 &M=20N 0MLNK3 NZIKQM/L> SN3N
QMOJQ0U TMQQNP SMQJ QJN WK3MKR0N> /T 8,G KLP KM3 QN=2N3KQI3N*KLP QJN 3NO3N>>MWN SN3N JMOJ0U >MOLMTM O3KPIK00U PN<0MLNP K3/ILP QJN 0NKTHT0I>JMLO 2N3M/P*RIQ MQ>qMLT0INLK2 T0/S SK> L/Q >MOLMTMWK3MKQM/L> /T >K2 T0/S WN0/ JKP QJN >K=N Q3NLP*KLP Q/QK0 SKQN3 Q3KL>2M3KQM/L /T NK
>QN= PMK=NQN3 4 , <0/>N 0MLNK3 3N0KQM/L>JM2 SK> PNQNI=2QM/L T/3 Q3KL>2M3KQM/L /T 8 4
@#’&-(,4,4%, Q3NN KLP MQ> PMK=NQN3 KQ R3NK>Q JNMOJQ<7F[G*SJMNP Q/ N>QM=KQN Q/QK0 SKQN3 I=2QM/L T/3
Q3KL>2M3KQM/L /T 8 4 @#’&-(,4,4%, 20KLQKQM/L K3/ILP QJN 0NKTHT0I>JMLO 2N3M/P4
<1) ’&78.X -/N>> 80KQNKIa8(?%"%, @#’&-(,4,4%,a0NKT T0I>JMLO 2N3M/Pa>K2 T0/SaQJN3=K0 PM>>M2KQM/L 23/RN<+78Ga<0M=KQM<
TK
(C-SN;tN;<=NycSh1HI*cZ>^|h
P&-MNE|NS8/<^B1*!""#GSMl*b
^|hP8st-*)s0VW(C&_b8/}
_NT~:}N&z\vdr1XZ*#l/0bE
|NSd9Kf7US*p%"_&-Dj6]W*
E0?#*(C&p#de-S*|}E00F=7
=b&z|}byKsVX*‘K4T&0de#|*
s0y K^!T8X*Pl/0b&07RSTU}
<">(1*!""#GS2o*+v(C&7d’FEH
}N*+E0)&cde7*[|t*c~xp-V
W&UVx&’H,lo7XZS
|$6*[6?@8c7<=FEHn_]c
8cd’d9))d9E_?@7-IXZ>*!""$GSK"-m‘eP’7-Qe+1s
<%&’()*+ ,-..-/*%-01 /(02’*:? 345GcbA^NS8
c1Mm9#:7>?z*H[c(sHiwCS
SPl~Tc8<=FEhi*dB^cDxH[
{c<=FE+Lw7Cs<67++.8&+’9’( )- &. :*
;<<#GS>’]7{|?@TUVWX8swC6x
8s*$N3/C)Hi/C12^%&^|%7
!n|t<=(*71 )- &. :*;<<9‘2^INz<~LJ1*;<<#G6O|}E0.
W{|G*J=?@8swC7:;
hiOvx9‘1wU2^7|t*R6I%&[
60R8cdex<=FE7{X|tS>’@"
-Qe+1s?@8c<=Q$ !" J1 <" $X
<"KL1*;<[D31*!""!GNMb
N<3*)1,*( 4&1$&#$.$(G-MNH[n3E.<61&7$%*( 2&%+(,8*1$,&G.&-MNH[I&3!""?G1DE>?]%7&-S^|hP3|{c
<=FE7?@I7*MN@"muH[CspG
S?6ss<>P.1*!""@G1*"s?@I$B‘{\c7
<=FEhi3_[12*"P$H[7MN^3
s*_bH[TUQ’])N7H#h1XZ*l@
"-Qe+1sbp-Iw387?@9WX4
5S^_6^|hP8st- >"$dVW(C&
^?@I‘*d"-QeHW[6H[v}3#7
8swCSSO<=FE6*=0Rv<=FEh
ix9‘2^N|}E0%&7|t*bbLwN!
(C}3#)4i[|mE0_ahiOvxwU
2^’b|t*6+W^|hP8st-(CE0
K"89Ov9wU{%(*’u+,S
; ?@-.kxRCCs
!"! opUqr
?@-7$ZKAG)U’7=>()AAG
E|NSRC&7N&RC5*;"LM ; ";" F ; >$; )*ym77^|OPFG-S9
:^di.8st)^nk69:*$B9i
#G# H*>N+h)+m)9iH0>^ $?G# H)
I !$G? H*$*BDE6 @"" )))n*v= ?H<%
^jk*EY$DE67 A!GM*xEF/C7 <@J*4b @" F ;"" )WHyk’
(&B_SJd&.y$di.23w3&\st
gP=H7s&gP-SE|CZ/CEF/C7
!"# op%&
*RC"7(C&7$AG&7SbN&RC
5*LM ; ;<# )*[\t|l !"B*[H !@B*[/B
_S(C&^ ; $
)nPQb&V*)&0N_.H^ #@"g,&)I !*
*B*$ !"G? 8)**B8h ;$G@ )S"!’(#
)*& z w H ^ $"J*v w 3 e h g< 9-$’&
#*%:)&%&G*d!0$}|b&=xy{Q !" ) K !" )7:L{&*b{
&=xy#$$|Nde|%N8sJ]N\dT%
7(C >g%zUu
@% $;@IvPQzT*HS^bV.;<]>
r,7H6Q’*1+1AFb8sl}="[=
>WXvw*@" LM ;"""A,@* <^,*%* +099’(G
! $" .yB_&A,=I0! ; &7*B:S;,
J"7 N(*1-’(wCOTXc<. O "G";; <=;G!$;*
c=X<. ^wCSS<8),.I ;Ga= O<,>) I ,>GP
,>*v= ,>) ^\wC@p-+1x%m+17
+)i’:*,> ^Y@i’:S
5 ! sXc;R$%&’! (%)*+ ,%-%./0/-) 12 )%.,3/)
{c80
Q*)/+’ %(’’
E0:
&{
3(’’ *9’P*
8h
R’-9&%P)
*$
4=RP8)
Hi/C
Q*/S00,
*(’*P8)!
; >" ;$G@ !"G@ A!GA?
! >" ;$ ;AG$ @;G!;
$ >" ;$ ;# @#G>
> >" ;> !> <$G!A
>@ & ’ ( ) >@"
}c!@.CwC6! ! !
"
# ! "
$# # %& #!’*
c=X" ^!LB{0Aa$# ^! # 0B{@7w
CSS<$%,&’ "Ga%& ^Hi/C<$%(Ga!’ ^B{
&c@&<&GS
!"# tuSTPX-
9‘2^X.{& ()) %u%3189‘kH
&*H[7Q:MN3eb3K=>5HNz9i
HNz9{IIHN6SNDj61 "*"Q:*! " +
I0_0S
|}E0Xb&’ib{&I[!$+ *"=
^&<$+bj:Lc ),- %uG*K"=^.)V
W|Zs{Tb7Cs$!% -*"-) (-@H[|
}E0*B *&A,7*B:Vh{&7|}5E
6S3|7?@VWX^ |hPAG(C3K;t
MN0$b ) . "-) $% WHyk’())/a}e"1*())0G*^ H6WH^ ()) $%S
^Hbfg)9iHxz9{IIH7\$K
d*$@@"bE<9%>?<123G"_Q:S_
"6zXcOTE<9%<5_]1*())0GX
( &<)G! ),4"" # 5672"0,-)() 8<) 9 (/),:0G3a
123 ! ( &<)G’ (; ! ( &<)G<" ’ * c=X( &<)G^ ) iHz7^)E<9%<=2;Ga)
^)9iH<>Ga(; ^dkE<9%<=2;Ga* < ^
{IIH?<=2;GS
( TUx0R
$"! v<|wxjr?@
b?@-7 /%!u -%=U*cp-(C7
}3#SPU ";RkF*(C}3#R0^;#% (4H*)@GN}3p#<- % "H- @GN=#<- %
4H"/@G)Y3#<-% "-H*)@G/"@#Sb;
#*(C8swCSSm*\WG34:;ab}3
p#64V)FWG73448m9*4@:;B
^}UE!SvF!:;[\c#p#7IE48
0\Rp:;a{|Y3#7*isD48SwW
b;#3jW}|*j9‘2^/0]!*(C8s
wCF0IE*~y3;70\}|wCSS@:
;0\sD*]u{|Y3#wCSS@:;[$
*iSb3/CR)+G7}3p#<- % "H-
@G*wCU:kY+G*-@U:c "@7 (,*{S
PU ";<{c "G’RkF*}3p#64@:
;74UBF)b{L*4T9F)b4&*4bc
"}3#4&B3IEwC%d*wW(C^bl
B{L<=ZO7E0*b;%!"z*;tQEC
cPd8:^M8*PQ8!’E0*+SP_q
0R(C#$}3|m7wC@:;89*{c
" . /V)F{$7:;hi*6{c "*( 7 / "m
7@^4*xB}3##$|m7XV@ / % (0
@N-% "@N-% ")@) -% *)@0RvwCSS
:;E*\WG3448m9*("{c7wCSS*B
:0>^ ),))) )-*),))) )( $%,&’ "*-% "@8s
wCb ")X))|QP8u "4X))H"0X))8a+)
:<),))) 4:@*),))) -): $%,&’ "G40\DEu0@
/X))8a+!*b ")@) *)@wCBb @X)))
nP8a ""X))8aU:<{c "0>^ ),))" 4:*
),))( 0* $%,&’ "a{c (0>^ ),))" ):*),))( )0
$%,&’ "G*u0@ /X)))n8a+m:SP_q0
RVWX/%zUN-% (H-@) 4@47@:;h
i0>x /% (0@N-% "@) ")@<*)@G{JS
$"$ wxjr?@@tuST)f
(,(," Z[\]^_‘aP ~y(C/3de
7PQ*&&|}E0WGDWC&&7|}!C5E6]h*) . ()) $%*B5E
6^ "(,*?*b}3PQ7 *"H[@m*B5E
6+0D!^ "),0?*:,@?*@,4?SMl*PU "
R6kF*(C8swCSS:;[\=W2|}
E0DWlDm*^ )Fx9‘2^:;{J7h
iSp -% ("@x *)@ (L79‘2^U:F0
{|*v+)U:0>^ ),))( 4:*),))( 0* $%,&’ "S
wWbH[#7|}E0I8swC#VI!*3
j)!)9‘2^Pc"_@#/0wCSS7M
N2^S
(,(,( Z[\]^bcde 9‘2^=*z9{
IIH)6Sc/0&?<=7]{2z*;<=
>5H_e‘r9pP~*}o[z9iH){I
IH7:;S6So[3jHKVa.7)!*I
8c<=!"53_[/0S2o;<=>5H)
6Sc:0&?<=FE7o[2zS;,x(C
HiwC$q*H7eb3K=>5HN?Vz9
iIHN123N6S12^7z@:;H[TU"G*U)(CHiwCb;#*vSSx9‘2^:
;hi\WG|tSb}3p#64(CHiwC
73448hix;<=>N123Oz9iIH4
8hi#b*V)^{L~y;<=>5H7R5N
)9iH7Yh){IIH7zD*wCSS0kY8aU:*%4~y;<=>5HN)9iH7
zDNz9{IIH7Rh*3’]E9%’7D
--! /# $E[1X^ |hP8st-VW&(C}3#8swC890R
U ! b(Cw}3#8swCSS)9‘2^7:;
"#$% ! &’()$* +, *(- ,.+/ ()0 1.#2(3#1 ,(13+4* 563/66) ! % "#$%&’()&)&*)
W*wCSSDm=b0@7X88@)n8a+mS
2 9% :@^DL*=b3 7;< 22Dj*wCSS
]{* (C}3#7#$|m+hU:F)@&_b
’(X}3p#*wCU:x)9iHN=>?+):
){IIH+m:$q*c$eb3K=> < ’a}
3=#OvY3#7wC+):F)b !!X88 )
n*H$w9‘%AU: ! @ A ’7MNP2cX}3p#*(C3/C!*FEW*
16d’fdI9‘2^7@7Kda}3=#O
Y3#*3/CR)*<=/CR)*FER7*h=
>Nhi)hE<9%>?I(C<=7#VS
B9 & ’ ( ) 79"
U ! (C}3##$|mm7@{c "*!wCSS@:;
#$%& ! ’() *$+,-./ 0(.-%) 12 3.4 2/15 6)/10$78 12 7() 3.94/) 7,)) :1& " .-* :1&!
.7 784$0./ *.83 $- *$22),)-7 37.%)3 12 7() /).2;2/+3($-% 4),$1* 12 ! & "#$%&’()()*(
U < (C}3#|}E089:;
#$%& < =8-.9$0 0(.-%) 12 31$/ 5.7), 01-7)-7 $- 7()
/).2;2/+3($-% 4),$1* 12 ! & "#$%&’()()*(
5 ! yzwxjr{)@8|STP "#$%&’(k$Nz!
)$*+! "#$%&’( ,’%%#-$./’( ,’#00/,/#(. ’0 .%##
&$1 0-’2 .’ ,-/3$./, 4%/5#%&
{c80
>.94/)
7,)) :1&
eb3K
=>5H
?@A
)9iH
’)94),.7+,) B?=
{IIH
A)/.7$6)
(+9$*$78
6S
C$-*
34))*
" DEFG!! DEH! DEFK!! DEHL!! DEH"!! J DEK!!! DE< DEFG!! DEHL!! DEH"!! J DEK!!! DEL DEFD!! DEH!!! DEGF!! J DELH!! DE<!!)!!0>Vhp:b + M DEDK) + M DED"7E*kGXS
’() 6./+)3 9.,N)* ! .-*!!9).- 7()8 .,) 3$%-$2$0.-7 .7 + M DEDK .-* +
M DED"*,)34)07$6)/8&
! E!E< Z[\]^bcdefgPS ^bP_
q0Rw9‘2^I(CwCSS7/0*6(C
Y3# K % "KH<" @7 "H LA,^Ac*_"
>?>> ">5HNz9iHN{IIHNB?=N6S1 K"2^
PQb{|0RSTUVW(CwCSSxk[ K
2^B^>GX{|^GX}{|*xv3 L"9‘2^^GXz{|S
v{|(H~eb3K=>5HN)9iHNB?=)
6S#8+0DmS@"7S0qQR0R{Qb
eb3K=>5HN)9iH)(CwCSS7Q
RC(5 6 yzwxjr{)@8|STPb}~!oj!
)$*+6 78-./5$%/$*-# %#9%#&&/’( 3’4#-& ’0
&$1 0-’2 5#-’,/.: $(4 0$,.’%&
{c80
>.94/)
7,)) :1&
QRC(
A)%,)33$1- )O+.7$1- !
! *2 +
" ,3" MGE!"P"DJK- Q"ED"P"DJG?@AJKEHKP"DJL DEFG LD! DEDDD
! ,3! MFE"< ,3< MKE"HP"DJK- QDEHKP"DJG?@AJLEIL ,3L MFE""P"DJK- Q"E""P"DJG?@AJGEGHP"DJL DEFD LD! DEDD"
!6kC(+RE*^ IKRS,3 ^wCSS*09,3J "a- ^)
9iH*SS’() 01-2$*)-0) /)6)/ 12 .// 7() )O+.7$1- $3 DEIKE ,3 $3 3.4
2/15 6)/10$78*09,3J "*- $3 .$, 7)94),.7,+)*S &
!;6 jr"#$r>ABD%)&’>a3|?@B^8c;sQ>E0 IIEIR"$
<=*J=7wHTwC.C6R6A^w[Jr
<=FE6<:9;*!DDQ&>?{$*L gdH[{c7}g@FE6’
(WGSTbV "78bH}0R"!&’(*U
))$|8cHi])*{dFE65]7*bH6
# )*^ !DFEHF T*{c "*< _=*0>^ "G"EFI )
"!FEK" T**$+!{c ! 7}gFEF64^
FKE!" TS
>’]57)q!DD"GU)}g&c78swCxv*$3|%7
HK! L# $E[1X^ |hP8st-VW&(C}3#8swC890R
U ! (C@.CwC6:;
"#$% ! &’()$*+ ,- .(#/0 ! % "#$%&’()&)&*) +(1 -/,2
3(/4*+ -,5 *(6’ +(71/* 85**
!n|t*^ _I(CdH@#7}gFFE6x
*$PQQR0R‘aC(X
+ 9 :;<;!, = :>?<@?c=X+ ^}gFFE6;,kcO&0$|0$hi*R6]{ba
!E*kI&0<=FE6PQSH*B)P}c
aa!E*<=FE7yHQ}SP$?@&IV
W(C&*B*$^ AB<; 67*OTF&0}g*B
FFE6^ :?;<>E DS);,&0FFE6 9}g
*BFFE6 F&0.H*OTFbbc"}3#
(C&0<=FE6^ :EEE Tuxvu
(C8swCSSdL@:;V)^;#wC
SSm*\WG34:;a}3p#Ov64V)
FWG73448m9*4@:;B^}UE!*v
F!:;[\c#p#7IE480\Rp*]u
{|Y3#7*isD48S8swCSS#4j
vdr)Hn/0*l4x|}E0)9‘1wU
2^.W{|cb^|hP
8st-*$<&7DE6)eb^?@4H[bp-MNw3{c(C7_"}3
#*cB‘7TU6^pq*Nvzbl)~!p-
(C}3#7<=FEhi*]3,P_q7?@S
|}E0c/08swCSS7MN2^%
_*&*57(G1<:@>BG1B^8cb|}E0#Vm
9z*<=6DW :?H I ABHSMl*^ _=70
RTUVWX|}E0b}3#^0\DW[\*"
I8swC7#V#GX*"_@#|}E0A^
YZ8czvd’[NS&’*/601^b|}5E6{IBZ@*8cFE9x]{!
"$<=!"^(<63j^MG79‘2^$^{
|SfeU1G?@U)eb3K=>5Hc
/0^|hP8st&-f><.)/)0)1) 2(/#3*1#2**G
8swCSS7MN9‘2^aI2z1@U)tltsN-A^3< -*1%# #456$#7/*# 3(5 %
8(10(5*&)G8swCSSceb3K=>5H)
JKL?$!"7TU*"" A"2^b#$de|
m!"#$ah9[1g<9&$/ 7/%1&)7%8G7?@VW*~y@z7a7:
;*Mr2^~%:;*o3z9iHb~ojkz
;c/0wC7Mr2^ah:1GIRl2
33< :)/*, "/*1&*"*#M /%""/$&37**G7?@B^*&cc
u7z&7+Odk8ci75I8swC%d/
0GXS^_MN0Rb9‘2^x8swCSS
7|t*B^eb3K=>5HN)9iHNJKLc
/0(CY3#78swCSS7MN9‘2^*
v{|(H)!#8^eb3K=>5H N)9i
H N JKLSwW/08swCSS7wU2zF0
Q;*)37?@X’]G#Z*[N89w&-7
{|?@*6P_q~!v/0hiS
^?@VWX(C}3#7@FE6~*$7
R)lR)*^ )|%7!n|t*{|tA^
B<@B*"^(C#}gaa!7yHQ}(*b>
?Sb?@&ca!FE6@*oNUFa!’}
cxHi/CN*$&|t*aR6STFa!)B
1*ABB:ahR>1*ABB!GSMl*/0&0<=F
E672zI7*!"#0Q;*yHQ}=/!7
XZF0Q;S^_4b"C/rbpq7+l*
R689P}ga&0<=FE7yH‘e?@
X’S
E F , -
(C‘*H{> %:@@?< k^R-MN\c8/<=!"7RC?@ %
E|NSJ4*:?^ B*1u_*h9[ % ABB>< (C3fk8swC:;hi %&’
()*!!<:GX!: = !?%
~LJ*Wfg %:@@>< d"-LfHWIjb*)G[g8swC
7?@ %l/&’)))4*AB<:GX: = ;%
~LJ*\ >*f k*1 %ABB;< d"-QeI,-.n}-I&
3VW&8sHiwC7?@ %&’()*!A<:BGXE: = E>%
"KL*O.2(5.+ P Q R% :@@;< t88swC@z89?@ %&’(
)?@*; = ESA%
">(*~ B*k_d**1 % ABB>< Kl^|-E|CZ)mxH
b2’Iq %=>E|NS()*;<:GX:; = A:%
1~_*Ies*1u_ % ABB:< D3N(C}cx&0E*FE67
yH‘e %l/&’)))4*AEOQE*~%L*l]4 % ABB?< D3NMbN8swCSS9] %d9
)4*A?<>GX:@E! = :@!B %
:9; % ABBE< Jrd’) %l/Xh1bOFfy %
}e"*T1, %ABB;< ^|hP(CVW&;t0$x|}E07
|t %=+&)A)4*A;<:GX:@ = A:%
>? & ’ ( ) !?"
I2z*~m**h n*1 ! "##$% #$ciT~8swCI9?@ !
d9);a*"&<’"GX’&(& ) ’&(*!
I2z*d!U*~op ! "##&% d"-HW?@8swCP} !d"
d9)4*’$<+GX’#,& ) ’#,- !
I !*hmt*t>q*1 ! "##,% d"-QeHWIn3VW&8
swCJ67?@ !&’()*&(<’’GX- ) ’&!
>P.*$~(*hs>*1 ! "##$% ^|8st-}|<=!"Ov
xwU2^7|t !l/&’)))4*",<(GX$( ) $+!
hR> ! "##(% &cFEn?@[& !JK&’?@*’+<"GX"( ) ",!
hR>*1u_*Ies !"##"% D3N}|WUHic(swC:;
hi7?@ !&’()*(-<$GX(’ ) (,!
hR>*rFU*1u_*1 ! "##&% MbNE2&&cFEyH?@
Cs?@ !&’()*&#<+GX’,# ) ’,$!
hP[*hQL*"JY !"##&% (C)}|VW&3K;t.H0$
hi?@ !KlJr)4*"&<’"GX""#- ) ""’&!
hB^*~]{*f/U !’**+% sKl!3t&E0d97?@ !d
9)4*’+<(GX"(" ) "(, !
h9[*1u_*tp3*1 ! "##+% S/gdefk8swC89O
/02z !d9);a*"$<(GX"(’ ) "(,!
feU*uWA !"##-% ^|hP8st-f>8swC89Ov/
02^ !d9)4*"-<&GX’(,+ ) ’(-’!
h :*hv[*$wJ*1 ! "##-% Rl2338swC7"!’(
)&0<=SO7yHk~ !&’()*&&<’GX(& ) &#!
5_]*) **h q*1 !"##,% A$8swCH[:71E{M
?V9prHOTOA:P# !d9)4*",<’#GX&’"" ) &’(’!
./012 3*456789 :! ’***%40; <=>? 7@0A1/@7@2BA 82 C/0;@D82@AE!GX’%4B@7 7>/;6>=>CF 029 1A@ >< B6@ 6@0B G0=025@ 7@B6>9! 3=02B 029
4>8=*"’$X(* ) &$!
H@/70I :*JK1=0I :*3@2I0 L!’*-#%M0B@/ ;>B@2B80= 029 A0; <=>? /0B@ 82 091=B
B/@@A ?8B6 7>8AB 029 9/F A>8= 0A 1A@9 <>/ B6@ 0AA@AA7@2B >< />>B AFAB@7
9@;B6! .8>= 3=02B*""X(& ) &’!
H6@=5F N O*H0/>= P Q*N>G@/B : L*(# *+ ! "##&%R81/20= 029 A@0A>20=
D0/80G8=8BF 82 B6@ /0980= 98AB/8G1B8>2 >< A0; <=>?X;/@985B82C B>B0= AB@7
<=>? 82 ,"&-$ #*(.* B/@@A! S/@@ 36FA8>=>CF*"&X*&’ ) *$#!
Q/028@/ T!’*-,%PD0=10B8>2 >< B/02A;8/0B8>2 82 0 R>1C=0A <8/ AB029 GF 7@02A ><
A0; <=>? 7@0A1/@7@2BA! S/@@ 36FA8>=>CF! ,X(#* ) ("# !
L0BB80A E*O/@9/8I E*T29@/A E! "##’% PD0=10B8>2 >< 6@0B G0=025@ 029 6@0B
98AA8;0B8>2 7@B6>9A <>/ A0; <=>? 7@0A1/@7@2BA 82 ;82@ 029 A;/15@! T22
O>/ 458*$-X+"$ ) +(- !
N>G@/BA :!’*,,%S6@ 1A@ >< B/@@U51BB82C B@5628V1@A 82 B6@ AB19F >< B6@ ?0B@/
/@=0B8>2A >< 70B1/@ ,"&-$ $/+%($#)"$ E! : PW; .>B*"-X,$’ ) ,+,!
M1==A56=@C@/ 4 R*L@82K@/ O H*X@/B@AAF N T! ’**- ! T /@D8@? >< ?6>=@U;=02B
?0B@/ 1A@ AB198@A 82 B/@@A! S/@@ 36FA8>=>CF*’-<-Y*GX&** ) $’"!
!"#$% hij)
*$! &# $E[1X^ |hP8st-VW&(C}3#8swC890R